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THE TRADITIONAL CENTRAL THAI HOUSE


The traditional Thai house, with its characteristic features of a wooden house on a high platform, pre-fabricated wall panels and gables, and elegantly tapering roof is among the most beautiful wooden houses found in Southeast Asia. Regionally, the traditional Thai houses are subjected to be different. This paper will be dedicated for the traditional Thai house in central region of Thailand where geographical, cultural and religious conditions had designed the house as they were.


The central region Thai house has a high platform and spacious terrace, which is well-suited to the tropical climate, avoids annual flooding and provides space underneath of the house for traditional activities such as the Thai New Year. The pre-fabricated wall panels and gables were suitable for a country where land was abundant and houses could be moved easily. For the roof covering, Gaps at the apex of the roof structure need a special tiled or thatched cover to prevent leaking.


In the past, the house in central region of Thailand was considered as an integral part of a village community. As a culture, villagers helped each others in building their houses and village communities. Considering the village, geographical condition is a major determinant in the look of the village.


By types of village, riverside villages, villagers depended mainly on water for domestic and agricultural uses as well as transportation so that the community expanded in a linear formation along the waterway.


Cluster-type village was usually located on high ground above the rice fields. Villagers would build their houses in a single cluster in the outlying fields on the edges of community. In that period of time, main rains and annual flooding naturally formed a large water pond, in which supports all lives in the village.


Loose village is another type of village, which grew out of many isolated houses scattered among their own fields over a large area. These houses may originally have developed from rice field huts. Due to their physical isolation, villagers could hardly develop a close - knit community like other communities.


Family structure and the way of life have influenced on traditional central Thai house planning. It could be typed in five different ways.


A nuclear family single house the residences are a husband, a wife and their unmarried children. The house itself comprised of sleeping unit, kitchen, verandah and terrace. A sleeping unit is divided into three span structures. One is used as an open hall. The other two are bedrooms. A verandah is normally covered and located in front of the sleeping unit, connecting the latter to a terrace. The terrace then connects to the kitchen.


A stem family clustered house this type of house grows out from a nuclear family single house after one of the children gets married. It is a Thai custom for married men to live with the wife's family . The house, thus, needs adding or changing to accommodate a new family member. Normally, the family chooses to build a separate house connected to the old house.


A wealthy family house basically the size is larger and the design is more elegant than the clustered house. It consists of the main house of the group, minor house and central hall. The structure of the house has only three walls, the forth next to the verandah being left open as a living area. The kitchen is at the back and the right angle to the main house of the group.


Kuti there is no distinction in Thai architecture between the styles used for religious and secular buildings. Thus, the traditional Thai dwelling was also be used to house monks. Typically, the size of Kuti is small enough for a single monk. Three to six urban Kuti, however, share the same composition, floor plan and structural elements of the traditional clustered house. All Kuti are generally arranged in groups or rows, connected by a central terrace with a dining hall or prayer hall in the middle.


Riverside shop houses early Thais depended largely on rivers and canals for domestic use, irrigation and transportation. Riverside shop houses were thus settled. With trading at front and residential uses at the back of the house, all shop houses are connected with a wooden walkway bridge.


Roadside shop houses similarity to riverside shop houses, land-based shop house has a dual-purpose of trading and residential uses. A verandah is situated at front for trading and displaying goods. It is lower than the main house and it is raised less than sork (a Thai unit of measurement equivalent to the span of an adult's elbow) above the ground. The underneath of the house is for storing carts.


Structural characteristics of the traditional central Thai house are mainly the prefabricated and portable structure. All the components are wood. It is essentially a post-and-beam structure, the gravitational factors being transmitted from the roof to the ground. The floor area is wider than the space at the top on all sides. A wider base has some benefits. It confers structural strength and stability. It also helps in attaching the walls.


In addition to house construction, Thai people in the past believed in superstition and magic. Astrologers and monks who have knowledge in magical, astrological and Brahministic beliefs were asked conduct many procedures for house construction such as ceremony for land guardian spirit. They chose an auspicious location and selected an appropriate moving-in time. From the Buddhism religious beliefs, during the first, second, fourth, sixth, ninth and twelfth lunar months will bring happiness and good fortune, while the rest in lunar months are believed to bring suffering and disease.


According to evidence on Dvaravati stone (Buddhism literatural name of stone), first Thai house appears in the 8th century. However, after a period in the second half of the twentieth century, Thai houses were being pulled down many times faster than modern concrete houses and condominiums were being built. Today in Bangkok and its vicinities, they are hard to find. Many Thais do not appreciate them, finding them contrast to modern cities.


From my point of view, they are as precious diamond, which are priceless. They are perfect dwellings that represent Thai culture, architecture, art, religion and so forth.


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES


Chaichongrak, Ruethai. The Thai House. Connecticut Weatherhill Inc, 00.


Completed important information on traditional Thai house, plus various useful photographs and drawings. Provides in deep knowledge in Thai cultures of architecture.


Whitton, Alexander H, Chamsai Jotisarikorn, Virginia Di Croccu. In the Thai Style. Hong Kong Periplus Editions Limited, 00.


Contains good examples of traditional Thai style by examining Thai art, temples, palaces and houses.


William Warren and Jean M. Beurdeley. Jim Thompson The House on the Klong. Editions Didier Millet, 001.


Detail on a house, which is best preserved and represents traditional central Thai house. Also many beautiful interior photographs are included.


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES


Chaichongrak, Ruethai. The Thai House. Connecticut Weatherhill Inc, 00.


Completed important information on traditional Thai house, plus various useful photographs and drawings. Provides in deep knowledge in Thai cultures of architecture.


Whitton, Alexander H, Chamsai Jotisarikorn, Virginia Di Croccu. In the Thai Style. Hong Kong Periplus Editions Limited, 00.


Contains good examples of traditional Thai style by examining Thai art, temples, palaces and houses.


William Warren and Jean M. Beurdeley. Jim Thompson The House on the Klong. Editions Didier Millet, 001.


Detail on a house, which is best preserved and represents traditional central Thai house. Also many beautiful interior photographs are included.


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