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(1st Q)

Poussin's "Holy Family on the Steps (1648)" and Rubens' "Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c.160)", these two contrasting styles picture influenced to art of the late 18th � early 1th each way.

Poussin's "Holy Family on the Steps", this is a classical style picture. The beautiful architecture is placed in the background. The architectures and sculptures are from Roman style. The human figures wear classic clothes with natural color. Sculpture relief is inclined to be a same plane. Horizontal and vertical lines tend to construct a mathematical formation. All human figures make a big triangle and each small group makes some small triangles in the big triangle. So the triangles create a balance compositionally. And two women look at each other diagonally. Two babies also look at each other diagonally, and they are a kind of precision in the composition. Synthetically, the picture is a stable, symmetrical and concise composition. And there is a stiff composition, even though some slight movement is appeared.

Rubens' "Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus" is painted with the subject from Greek-Rome mythology. The composition is very different with the Poussin's picture, briefly. One woman is twisting and the other woman is like airborne. Two women do not overlap. This scene likes chaos. Those movements make tensions and excitements. The power of movement is the salient traits of the picture. The picture's brushstroke that seems to be his gesture of power on the canvas is heavy. The emotional feeling oozes through the powerful movement.

Neo-classicism artist, David is coming out of Poussin. Delacroix is, who comes out of Rubens, the great leader of Romanticism. These 1th century styles, Neoclassicism and Romanticism, are based on 17th century. The two 17th-century styles tend to parallel each other to 1th century. And each style influences Neoclassicism and Romanticism, separately.

Poussin is exemplified in classicism principles and static principles. These backgrounds also influenced to Neoclassicism. In the neoclassicism picture, a stable, symmetrical and concise composition is like a fundamental notion. A triangle is an important source to make picture well balanced.

In the Romanticism style, heavy brushstrokes, emotional scene, power of movements and diagonal composition are important characteristic like Rubens' style. And some figures come from Rubens'. For instance, in the Delacroix's "the Death of Sardanapalus", the twisted woman and the horse is similar to Rubens' figures.

(nd Q)

"History painting' has a strong educational character. So the picture is not only scene representing actual historical events, but also to scenes from legend and literature of a morally instructive kind. The history, which is told in picture making by artists, is treated in a suitably grand and noble way. And the subject matter comes from out of artist's mind. In academic theory, history painting was considered the highest branch of art.

Benjamin West's "Death of General Wolfe (1770)" and David's "Battle of the Sabines (17)" are the good example for history paintings. In this period, painting had to be didactic and serve a moral purpose in society.

"Death of General Wolfe" represents the battle between France and Great Britain in Canada. And when this picture is painted, the Royal academy, which is in London, is just founded at that time. Benjamin West was a historical painter for George who founded the Royal academy. The subject matter comes from a recent history. It is focused on contemporary hero. It is grand style of history painting. There is the sense of distance between front layer and back layer. The costumes are recent style. Furthermore, the scene is realistic. Even he represented the smoke behind figures.

"Battle of the Sabines" represents the moment that a few years after the legendary abduction, when the women, who can be both wives and mothers, stop the progress of a battle between their Roman husbands and the Sabine men who have come on an unnecessary rescue mission. The subject matter comes from an ancient history. In this period, the French revolution was happened in 178. This picture is painted well to incite the people to have a revolution spirit. The relief of the human figures is inclined to be a same plane. The horizontal composition is the evidence of neoclassicism. The heroin's costume is classic and male figures are nude. David is inspired by the idea that the Greek represented its heroes in nude. He painted it more morally than physical. In addition, David didn't concentrate on the masculine beauty. He striped away anything that was unnecessary, and then David represented heroic simplicity.

(rd Q)

Neo-Classicism is the influential movement in European art in the late 18th and early 1th centuries. It is characterized by a desire to recreate the heroic spirit and the ornaments of the art of Greece and Rome. After the discoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum, a new and more scientific interest in classical antiquity was one of the features of the movement, and it is also seen as a reaction against the light-hearted and frivolous Rococo style.

In the David's "Oath of the Horatii (1785)", neo-classicism styles appear at important points.

In the subject matter, this picture describes the ancient early Rome where was the republic, not the empire. So republicanism appears in the picture. The subject matter is important things for moral education in neo-classicism. This picture's scene is kind of an educational drama. Each figure makes some triangles, and each triangle makes an opposition of sense of movement going different direction. So the picture's weight is uniform. Behind of the figures, the three arches divide the whole picture into three equal parts. So the picture becomes three different parts but they are unified together. Therefore, the whole picture is very well balanced and differences tend to create the sense of harmony. And then, the background is very shallow space. The male figures' muscle is very realistic. Each person wear Roman style clothes which is adorned with natural color.

Fragonard's "Swing", this is a Rococo style picture. The scene is represented in the beautiful forest, a woman is on a swing and an old man, who looks like her husband, is pushing it behind. Front of her, a man, who looks like her boyfriend, hides in a thicket and look at inside of her skirt. The whole scene is painted by beautiful color. Sculptures, costumes and most things in the picture are gorgeous. These things make the picture is like a dream. However, the inside story is the period's lifestyle which is a dissipation and a sexual disorder. In this period, the subject matter is only about an aristocracy. Therefore the peculiarity of Rococo style picture is very esoteric style.

Greuze's "Broken Eggs", this picture's background is the culture of the countryside. The scene is represented in the timber house, a young girl sit down and broken eggs are side by her. Behind her, a man and an old lady are standing up, and the old lady get angry. At the right side, a young child stands up. This group makes a triangle and it helps the picture well balanced. This picture is not Rococo style. Because of the background and the composition. Nonetheless, it is also not the Neoclassicism style. The woman's shape comes from Rococo style. Furthermore, the subject matter is not for education. The broken eggs are suggestive things. It means like "broken virgin' or something happened between the man and woman. And the child could be their future baby. So the picture's story is erotic which is never being Neoclassicism style. Therefore, this picture is in a time of transition from Rococo style to Neoclassicism style.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Kayaking energy systems, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Kayaking energy systems paper at affordable prices ! Kayaking utilises all of the energy systems over different durations of time, and throughout different intensitys of exercise. At any one time, all energy systems are in use, however, the emphasis between each is proportional and related to the nature of exercise.

The ATP-PC system is used for short, sharp intensities of exercise, which produce a lot of work or force over a small period of time. The lactic acid system is used for longer durations, of a lesser intensity. The aerobic system is different; as it requires oxygen rather than stored energy to perform various exercises. This system becomes effective as the dominant source of energy a lot longer than the two anaerobic systems, and is sued for much longer duration's of minor intensity.

a.) Typically, the ATP-PC system becomes most effective at supplying the body with energy between 5 and 10 seconds. This is where the peak energy production occurs and is used for several different Kayaking manoeuvres. The ATP-PC system is also closely linked to fitness components including muscular strength, muscular power, speed, agility and reaction time.

The majority of kayaking's most basic skills; when taught to cognitive learners like myself, are broken down into part practice which require tedious but small repetitive actions. These are typically performed in between to 10 seconds, like the sweep stroke action, the proper-action for the forwards and backwards stroke and even short rescue manoeuvres like the Eskimo roll, as it would have taken less than 0 seconds of fairly intense body movement. These little exercise would utilise the ATP-PC system either on their own, or in conjunction with slow steady paddling. In regards to this slow steady paddling, if the kayak starts to turn to the left sharply, then I am required to perform a quick and hard sweep stroke on the left hand side � pushing the hardest at the last stage of the stroke.

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Another time when the emphasis between the systems is predominantly ATP-PC during exercise would be when we are performing an emergency stop. This requires us to paddle as fast as we can towards a fixed object and then paddle in reverse as strongly as possible once given a cue, so that we end up moving in reverse after 4 little jab strokes into the water.

Kayaking is classified as a gentle form of exercise, which has, at times, short little manoeuvres which only take between 5 and 0 seconds to perform, with maximum effort or intensity. For exercise of this duration, and of a fairly high intensity, the ATP-PC system would have been the dominant supplier of energy to the body.

b.) The anaerobic lactic acid system would be utilised for exercise intensities less than that of the ATP-PC system, but of a slightly longer duration. These would typically occur over 0 - 45 seconds of hard exercise, for maximum energy production. However, the lactic system can last up to minutes before the Aerobic system becomes the dominant energy supplier. The lactic acid energy system is closely linked with several fitness components like anaerobic power, local muscular endurance, speed, and muscular power.

In Kayaking, lactic acid system would be used for activities like moderate to hard bursts of speed, going through thick scrub or even in a full in water rescue situation, as these are of a moderate intensity and performed in and around 1 minute.

Short friendly races or sprints would require me to paddle at almost maximum intensity; up to and around one minutes duration. This sort of movement or group of actions has a duration too long for that of the ATP-PC system and is too much of an intensity for the aerobic system. This means that sprints and short races require use of the body's lactic acid energy system. Going through thick scrub, like Murray Bridge's "Lovers Lane" requires careful movement and Kayak stability in order to go through without hitting trees or capsizing. This requires continuous direction corrections like sweep strokes, or even draw strokes and different speed. Because all fo these actions are performed If I continue to paddle at this same moderate to hard intensity, I can really start to feel tight pain in my arms and shoulders, (depending on the effectiveness of my action). This is an indication that the lactic acid system is accumulating lactic acid in the muscles, and the intensity must be dropped if I don't want to hit the wall and over step my lactate threshold.

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· Introduction page

· Intellectual Property And Public Health page

Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Rights to Health In Developing Countries

· Stake For The Pharmaceutical Laboratories (Companies) page

· Environment and Politics page

· The Ethical Dilemma page 10

· Is There A Solution page 1

· Source, References and Interesting Related Readings page 14

Introduction

The problem regarding the sales of essentials drugs in developing countries is a very vast and a very complex issue, interacting with human rights and intellectual property, localization differences, for instance over the different issue, the north of Africa is treated differently than the south, some developed countries support some developing countries and not others,….

I did not know anything about that topic before that, so first part of my work here has been to found out, collect, read, analyze, all the information I have mostly found on the internet to explore this issue.

I will focus on giving an overall overview of that tremendous issue and the ethical dilemma generated thru these different commercial agreement and intellectual property rights. A lot of African medical web site are dealing this tremendous problem in these countries.

After having explained in short the recent agreement conclude with the WTO last August 0th, 00, I'll focus on the different

Intellectual Property And Public Health

The intellectual property is the key issue in that problem. Once a laboratory discover a molecule potentially efficient, it patent it. From the date of the patent, the company (laboratory) has 0 years to exploit, produce and market its drug, before the patent is getting public and thus give the possibility for different laboratories the rights to copy, produce and sale it as a generic drug. The average price of a generic drug is about 0% less than the original (up to 50% in some cases).

The main organization regulating these different agreement, are the world trade Organization (WTO) and in some case the world health organization is involved (WHO).

The Overview

In April 001, pharmaceutical companies gave up the legal proceedings which they had brought against the South-African government in order to prevent it from giving access to the population drugs at low prices. By withdrawing their complaint, the companies gave up disputing the right of the governments to profit from the protection clauses from the agreement from the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the rights of intellectual property. The African governments asked the Council of the TRIPS ( trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights) of WTO, which is in charged to take care of the implementation of the agreement, to examine their claims. They estimate indeed that the intellectual rights and the patents prevent the poor countries from obtaining the drugs which they need to fight against the diseases which devastate their continent (especially contagious disease).

What Is The TRIPS And Its Obligations (trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights)

The agreement on the TRIPS obliges the 140 governments members of WTO to ensure during a 0 years protection by copyright and patent of new products. During this period, nobody can use, manufacture or sell a product without the authorization of his inventor (laboratories). After the expiry of the patent, other companies then have the right to sell generic versions of the product. The TRIPS also protect the trade marks and the trade secret. The industrialized countries were to adopt national laws in conformity with the TRIPS before January 16. The majority of the developing countries and the countries of the old Soviet block were to be put in conformity before 000, while the least advanced countries (LAC) have until January 006 to conform to it. These poorest countries have however the possibility of requiring an extension to WTO. The countries which do not have a national legislation in conformity with the TRIPS expose to penalties, and in particular to commercial sanctions.

The TRIPS define minimal standards making it possible to protect the holders of patents, but these rights do not have anything absolute. Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, general Directrice of the WHO pointed out the following The current system of international trade agreements aims at reconciling the rights of the holders of patents and the patients rights and the agreement on the TRIPS comprises significant protection clauses of the public health". These protection clauses allow the countries which wish it to be exempted obligations of the TRIPS by granting obligatory licences, while proceeding to parallel imports and by calling upon the provisions known as Bolar.

Public Interest Against Private Sector

India and Thailand belong to the countries that have authorized companies to produce generic "versions" of drugs having been patented in industrialized countries, using methods of production different from those developed at the point by the manufacturers from original one. The drugs are then sold also at very low price to other developing countries. Seven years after the first marketing of the ciprofloxacin (which is used to prevent the intestinal infections of HIV-positive person person) 48 laboratories produce in India a generic versions of this drug, which is patented in Europe and in the United States.

The Indian company Cipla recently spoke about proposing some triple cocktail of anti-retrovirus drugs at the price of 600 dollars (cost by year/person) for the African governments and of 50 dollars for a nongovernmental organization present in Africa. The cocktail of these three anti-retrovirus drugs is now usually used in the fight against the AIDS virus. Thanks to these drugs, a HIV-positive person is not condemned any more to died but can on the contrary live a longer time. In United States, these drugs cost of 10 000 to 15 000 dollars year per person.

In fact, the pharmaceutical groups make pressure, in particular to the governments, so that the latter are not supplied by the generic manufacturers of drugs. These manufacturers copy existing pharmaceutical products without seeking to develop new drugs. But, the poorest countries and in particular in sub-Saharan Africa, cannot buy at high price the drugs which make it possible to fight against fatal diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS/HIV. However the situation is far from being clear, because Brazil and South Africa, two developing countries which dared to interpret the substantive patent law in the interest of their population, are the subject of international legal proceedings. Brazil was shown by the United States to contravene the provisions of the TRIPS, the disputes has been settled by the WTO.

In 16, Brazil adopted a law authorizing the local production of five anti-retrovirus drugs essential used in the United States. Some of these drugs, such as for example the TZA, which prevents the transmission of the HIV of the mother to the child, had been patented before 15, i.e. before the entry into force of the provisions of WTO. The TRIPS thus do not apply to the case of these drugs. In accordance with its substantive patent law, Brazil authorizes the production of these drugs, without any royalties being versed to the laboratories. They were able then to manage to provide free drugs to the people infected by the HIV/AIDS. Recently, Brazil succeeded in persuading the American company Merck to reduce the prices of two of its drugs against the AIDS, Crixivan and Stocrin, while threatening to grant obligatory licences if Merck did not reduce its prices by 50 %.

From the American government, the Brazilian laws involve a discrimination against the foreign holders of patents. In accordance with one of its law aiming reinforcing national pharmaceutical industry and at reducing the price of the drugs, Brazil respects a patent only if the drug in question is produced locally. The alien companies must thus be established in Brazil to profit from this protection. According to the United States, this obligation is against the agreement on the TRIPS. The American government thus tried to lead Brazil to modify its substantive patent law and its policies as regards of drugs, by exerting significant diplomatic pressures, relayed by threats of unilateral commercial sanctions.

Last year, Ghana tried to buy at low prices generic drugs to fight AIDS virus from the manufactured Cipla. The holder of the patent, GlaxoSmithKline, indicated that a patent had been deposited for this drug in Ghana and, in spite of the opposition of the authorities, no contract was concluded. GlaxoSmithKline admitted having made an error thereafter.

In the Nineties, the United States persuaded a certain number of countries to reinforce their right of the intellectual property well before the cut off dates fixed by WTO, by holding up the spectrum of possible commercial sanctions. One of the provisions of the American commercial legislation authorizes Washington unilaterally to impose sanctions against exports of a country which does not satisfy certain conditions. After having threaten to take sanctions against South Africa, president Bill Clinton signed an executive decree aiming at softening the American right of the intellectual property applying to the distribution in sub-Saharan Africa of drugs against the HIV. Under the terms of this decree, no American organization can threaten to carry felt sorry for at WTO or to call upon an unspecified violation of the American right of the patents in order to dissuade the countries from sub-Saharan Africa to produce or obtain drugs against the AIDS. Brazil is often quoted as an example that the African countries could follow.

The three main clauses of the TRIPS

Compulsory licenses. The expression used on the agreement is in fact the following Other uses without license of the holder of the right . The governments have the possibility of authorizing a third party to make a product without the license of the holder of the patent. Before seeing granting the license, the applicant has to try to obtain the permission of the holder of the patent according to reasonable commercial conditions. In the case of the granting of a compulsory license, a payment corresponding to the current prices, must be paid to the holder of the patent, the license is then valid only on the inner market and will be cancelled as soon as circumstances will evolve. it is possible to grant a compulsory license without trying beforehand to obtain the permission of the holder of the patent.

Parallel imports. The governments can authorize the parallel imports of drugs a product patented in a country and sold at a lower price in another country can be imported from this second country without the permission of the holder of the patent

Capacities Bolar . These capacities allow the manufacturers of generic products to begin the production and the statutory procedures before the expiration of patents, so that products are ready to be marketed as soon as the patent expires, instead of having to wait for the end of the patent to start the long preparatory phase.

All of that shows that the situation is very complex and that there is no reel solution since the economical strakes for the pharmaceutical laboratories are huge. All that rules and laws were resulting from the TRIPS agreement signed in Doha with the WTO in 14. Since that date, several declarations and capacities have been defined and recently, on august 0th, 00, WTO member governments broke their deadlock over intellectual property protection and public health today. They agreed on legal changes that will make it easier for poorer countries to import cheaper generics made under compulsory licensing if they are unable to manufacture the medicines themselves.

Stake For The Pharmaceutical Laboratories (Companies)

The issue regarding the stakes for the pharmaceutical laboratories is purely economical. The average time to develop a new molecule is about 15 years and the cost is about 50 million dollars for instance for a drug against the HIV. Thus, the pay back of these years of research and development is key for the pharmaceutical laboratories. On one hand, most of these companies arguing that, having one world wide pricing policy (usually high) is the best way to maintain and keep financing the research and development. It has to be mentioned that, beside this official speech, some laboratories have already signed up special agreements (right to copy and produce some drugs) with some African countries, but that is exceptional. On the other hand, the research budget for the most mortal infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria and the HIV) is lower than 5% of their total research budget. It is lower than 1% at Pfizer and Glaxo-Smithklein-Beecham.

Environment And Politics

Over the legal environment of the issue that has some huge consequence on the developing countries populations, few words have to be mentioned about the strong effect of the unstable political situation of most of these countries. For instance, over the 50 states composing the Africa, only few have a stable political government. We can not count the number of putsch, some not bloody but some are, like in Biafra, Rwanda, at Kinshasa, in Liberia or more recently in Ivory Coast. This political fragility and instability in addition to the "bad" management of the government, have multiple effect on the health of the populations. This makes the humanitarian aid associations the daily answer to support the populations and deprive the health structure of their budget and means of operation.

The Ethical Dilemma

"Should we let people dying to make more money ? "

Human Rights

The ethical dilemma is first based on the definition and the respect of the fundamental basics of the human rights.

"The right to health is part of the humans rights" . In eighties only, the international community has questioned the health issues as the birthrate of the HIV/AIDS with the human rights.

Thus, few human rights indissociable from the health appear to be fundamental.

The right to the non discrimination it is a key principle for the human right practises in general and for health in particular.

The right to profit from scientist innovations and its applications it is today, a key stake for international health since there are huge discrepancies between the north and the south in that respect.

The right to health which means the rights to an individual, to his autonomy, his information, his education and his participation the social life. Today, the obstacles to cross to apply these rights to health are

· Reduce the infant mortality and promote the "clean" development of children.

· Improve the environmental sanitary aspect.

· Prevent, treat and control the infectious diseases.

· Create all necessary conditions to an everyone access to health.

Consequences, Here Is The Dilemma

In all health issues happening in developing countries, some are directly linked to the access of drug, some not. I will below try to list the one mostly linked to that access to health and drugs.

In Africa for instance, the AIDS is the first mortality cause, before the malaria, tuberculosis and wars (8.1 million people HIV contaminated in sub-Saharian Africa over 40 million world wide). The non access to new drugs to limit the effects of the HIV and to allow peoples to get older is the tremendous issue and ethical issue that the pharmaceutical laboratories have to face up to.

Indeed, this high mortality rate is for the development of these countries translated into a lake of manpower and a weak manpower, increasing the difficulties for those countries to develop themselves and increase the standard of living (if standard of living is the appropriate term in that respect !) In such a condition it is useless to talk about economical environment as a development axis for these countries.

Few numbers the mortality rate including the mortality due to the AIDS, are 50 to 500% higher in East Africa as what they should have been without AIDS. AIDS will cost about 17 years of expectation of life to the countries where the HIV is touching more than 10% of the adult population (South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambic, Namibia, Rwanda, Zambia and Zimbabwe). This expectation of life decrease is both due to the direct death of adult and children. In case of the adult death, children are getting orphan reducing again their chance to get access to health. Since the adult mortality rate will increase, the orphan rate will increase as well. Furthermore, the non access of the poorest population to new drugs to fight the HIV has completely annihilate the 40 past years of vaccination against malaria and tuberculosis and that is the issue too. AIDS reveal the ethical issue behind the access to the drugs since all the new different treatment are not accessible by 0% of sick person in the world.

Indirect consequence to the people infected by the HIV (direct consequence of the non access to the drugs), is the access to a job, which is another ethical issue in regards of the human rights. In south Africa for instance, a law has been voted to prohibit the HIV test when recruiting people.

Is There A Solutions ?

Over the all different sources I used to pictured a part of this wide and very complex issue, different proposal are made by the main actors of the world, the WTO, the WHO, the humanitarian aids, the USA, the EU and the pharmaceutical laboratories themselves but most of them seems to be to far from the reality according to the concerned people. US pharmaceutical firms and US government as well were criticized regarding their politic in that respect, but for instance, thru the infringement accepted by them for some drugs to be copy, produce and sold (in the same country) by developing countries, only Brazil took the opportunity to evolve and improve is access to the drug. None of the African countries did so, most of the African government do not work to really solve this issue. On the other hand, we can read that US government, the EU and pharmaceutical firms are putting a strong pressure over these African countries not to do so.

The different agreement signed up and especially the one in Doha in 00, planned to declare the superiority of the right to health over the right to the patents. Thus, poorest countries got the rights to import drugs at low cost, the generics, to save millions of life. Developing countries, non producers of drugs, supported by the non governmental organizations wanted to define themselves which disease was a public health issue in their countries. But, the US, worried to preserve his pharmaceutical industry from the competition of the generics, mentioned that the way in which the text was written, presented some risks of extension of the agreement to non contagious diseases like asthma, diabetes. This would fragilized the protection of the patents then would weaken the research and the development of new drugs by the pharmaceutical firms. This potential risk have been evaluated to be about 50 billion dollars of loss of sales if generic drugs for non contagious diseases would compete. EU, is not "cleaner" in that respect, also trying to preserve his pharmaceutical firms for an uncontrolled competition. Over the pure economical aspect of the patent rights agreement, non governmental organization have proposed to redefine and restructure the humanitarian aid roles, develop more partnership with the poorest countries,….

As I said, this issue is very complex and nobody can pretend to have the right solution, if a short term and a long term really exist.

As a manager, it is very important to be aware of such a kind issue, trying to be objective in regards of all the actors and issues interacting all together.

Sources, References and Interesting Related Readings

Books

Alternatives Internationales

Juillet-Aout

Internet Web Site

http//www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/pharmpatent_e.htm

http//www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm00_e.htm

http//www.un.org/french/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no1/151aid8f.htm

http//16..7.104/translate_c?hl=en&u=http//www.cite-sciences.fr/actu/001/0/medicaments/html/%sida&prev=/search%Fq%D%5Afrique%5%5sante%5%5propriete%Bintellectuelle%5%5medicament%5%5%5C%5Athique%5%6

http//www.genethik.de/aids/aids0.htm

Reports

La Coop�ration Dans Le Secteur De La Sant� Avec Les Pays En D�veloppement

Rapport du Haut Conseil de la Coop�ration Internationale � R�publique Française �June 5th, 00

Rapport sur le d�veloppement humain 000 �Droit De l'Homme Et D�veloppement Humain�

PNUD

Impact D�mographique Du HIV/AIDS

Benoît Ferry, january 00

Comment Developper La Production Locale Des Medicaments Traditionnels ?

Mardi 1 novembre 00

Faculte de pharmacie , paris v

www.remed.org/COMMENT_DEVELOPPER_LA_PRODUCTION_LOCALE_DES_MEDICAMENTS_TRADITIONNELS.rtf

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Diseases of th Stomach and Intestines, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Diseases of th Stomach and Intestines paper at affordable prices ! Many diseases are prevalent throughout the body, but more specifically in the stomach and intestines. Some diseases found in the stomach include Gastritis, Ulcers, Gastric Neurosis and Stomach Cancer. Diarrhea, Constipation, Appendicitis, and Crohn's Disease all occur within the intestines.

Gastritis is not a single disease, but means inflammation of the stomach lining. Gastritis can be caused by drinking too much alcohol, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or infection with bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, autoimmune disorders, and chronic bile reflux, can cause gastritis as well.

A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine. Peptic ulcers are common One in 10 Americans develops an ulcer at some time in his or her life. One cause of a peptic ulcer is bacterial infection, but some ulcers are caused by long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), like aspirin and ibuprofen. In a few cases, cancerous tumors in the stomach or pancreas can also cause ulcers. Peptic ulcers are not caused by stress or eating spicy foods.

Diarrhea--loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day--is a common problem that usually lasts a day or two and goes away on its own without any special treatment. However, prolonged diarrhea can be a sign of other problems. Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and the elderly, and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. People of all ages can get diarrhea. The average adult has a bout of diarrhea almost four times a year.

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Although we have only looked at several diseases affecting the stomach and intestines, many more diseases are prevalent. A more thorough list would include Appendicitis, Auto-Immune Hepatitis, Bacteria and Food Born Illnesses, Celiac Disease, Colitis, Colon Polyps, Constipation, Crohn's Disease, Gastroparesis, Diarrhea, Duodenal Ulcers, Diverticulitis, Gastritis, GERD, Peptic Ulcer, Hernias, Hirschsprung's Disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Lactose Intolerance, Gastralgia, Gastrectasia, Gastric Carcinoma, Gastric Neurosis, Gastric Vertigo, Enteritis, Enteroptosis, Cholera, Intussusception, Colon Cancer and Dysentery.

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Socially, a person's educational experience has great impact ones life, especially their culture. Richard Rodriguez was born to a middle class working family where higher education was not sought. By age 0, he completed a Ph.D. in English Renaissance literature. Richard's and my educational experience was filled with major choices, one of which separated us from our culture.

Even though Richard Rodriguez's family and mine are from two different backgrounds, our family's values are alike. In both cases our families were the center of our home life. In Richard's childhood the kids would play outside together while mom would cook and dad would read the newspaper, "Nights when relatives visited and the front rooms were warmed by Spanish sounds…."(657) In my earlier years, we would try to eat dinner together as often as possible and on Sundays we would have a cookout or go to the ball game. Our families provided us with a sense of security and a comfortable environment.

Richard and I were both embarrassed by our culture. I was the kid who sat in the back of the room so nobody would see me. I did not like the color of my skin. I did not like my mild accent inherited down by the way we talked at home. Richard was happy when he was losing his Spanish accent, "I was still angry at them for having encouraged me toward classroom English…[it] grew more and more attractive to me. I grew increasingly successful, a talkative student."(656)We both wanted to excel in our education. When I was younger, I wouldtry to achieve more than the average student. I would try to be the first to answer all the questions correctly and was a very obedient student. I therefore became the teacher's pet. Richard did the same thing in reading, he wanted to read as many classical novels as he could, "I ignored their suggestions of anything I suspected was written for children. (Not until I was in college, as a result, did I read Huckleberry Finn or Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) Instead, I read The Scarlet Letter and Franklin's Autobiography."(66) In order to excel in our education we had to give up something that was deeply important to us, our home life. In both of our lives, our educational experiences separated us from our culture and the modern American culture. "There is no trace of his parents' in his speech. Instead he approximates the accents of teachers and classmates."(666) As Richard slowly started to read more and more books he, unintentionally, separated himself from his culture. "Books brought me academic success…" with this idea in his mind, Richard concentrated so much on his education that he did not have a balance in his home life. As with my life, I wanted to achieve a level of academic success, to become a medical doctor. I pushed my self at every level. I was the first person to complete with all the assignments. I would go home to my room, read my books and do my homework right away. I would stay there and not come out until I finished all my work, even if I had to miss church.

Both of us, at different times in our lives, realized that our culture wasn't separating us but we were separating ourselves from our culture, and that was something we did not wan to do. "A primary reason for my academic success in the classroom was that I couldn't forget that schooling had changed me and separated me from the life I enjoyed before becoming a student"(654), by the time Richard realized this it was too late for him. He lost all that precious time, the time I finally realized I was loosing. I was going to do something about it. I joined my church service group and volunteered with them all around the city. I would go to religious lectures held by high official church members, to learn about my religious traditions. I attended culture and social events held by my church. I did all of this to keep my culture, my religion, and my heritage. I realized that all these objects would mold and form me into the person that I would become.

An individual has to realize that they need a balance in their life. I recognized this reason, and unlike Richard, strived to make a change in my life so that I could carry on my culture. Although Richard Rodriguez and I are two very different people from different backgrounds, we realized that our culture was a very important part of our lives and that you need to strive for the best but also maintain your culture. Don't be ashamed of your culture because it is your culture, your tradition, which makes the individual you are.

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The Tradition

"The only thing that's constant is Change", a friend of mine said. Transition occurs all the time. Nothing is exempted from this rule, except of course, Change itself. The whole world, is having a difficult time accepting these many changes, especially we Filipinos. We tend to stick by the "Old Ways" and we often reject what is presented before us. Something new may prove too radical for us or simply we are just too stubborn to accept change. Yet, we cannot stop this process. Conceivably, the only logical thing for us to do is to accept what is coming. We have to learn that Change is inevitable.

There are two kinds of changes For the better, and for worse. However, we tend to be very judgmental when it comes to change. For example, women used to dress themselves in "poorly ventilated" garments that basically wrap their entire bodies. Nowadays, we (well, some of us) are used to seeing women in very "visually stimulating" clothing. Now, that's change. However, most of us tend to judge women who wear these skimpy outfits as flirts, bitches, or whores. Now, the question is, why are we like that? Is there something wrong with them? Or is there something wrong with us? Who are we to judge what is right and what is wrong for them? Either we are very sensitive people or we are simply narrow-minded beings. I mean who are we to say that these persons are bitches, whores, or whatever? Is it because of the way they dress themselves up? Then maybe we have forgotten what we were all taught during our childhood days, "Don't judge a book by its cover."

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Lesbian relationships are something we often see these days. Yet, again we tend to judge them rather unfairly. Yes, it can't be helped but don't you think it would be better if we gave them the chance to prove their "love" for each other first before we even start thinking dastardly things about them? Lesbian relationships are usually a "No-No" in our homes especially to those whose parents stick to the "Old Ways". Other nations of the world accept this kind of relationships. In fact, they have even legalized such things. Why can't most Filipinos even tolerate these relationships? Hence, I guess the problem doesn't lie on the situation itself but in our way of thinking.

In my point of view, lesbian relationships are just fine. If that's what a person truly wants then I have no right to deprive her of her happiness. If a couple loves each other, then we have no right to interfere. Let them be. Like them, we are just human beings. We are all entitled to our own opinions and therefore we ourselves are the only ones who can say what is right and what is wrong for us. Nobody else, but ourselves.

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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

This paper tries to

· Illustrate how strategy differs from tactics, and why it has become relatively more important in the recent years;

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· Create awareness of the attributes required by an organization if it is to survive in a competitive struggle for existence, and its corresponding information needs;

· Recognize the two aspects of financial management at the strategic level

o Treasury and

o Control

And illustrate how they are linked;

· Appreciate the features of a financial objective relevant to long-term financial health.

MANAGERIAL MAGATRENDS

When most of today's top managers were obtaining their basic managerial skills, the environment in which they operated was relatively stable. Administration skills were rated highly because, although some fine-tuning might be required, there was an implicit assumption that tomorrow would be very much like yesterday. Today's environment however, is best summed up by reference to its volatility, and your best starting point would be with the recognition that tomorrow is going to be different from yesterday. Simplicity and order have been replaced by complexity and chaos. Leadership skills are now seen to be paramount.

The causes of this volatility are varied, and mutually reinforcing. The accelerating pace of technological development and the liberalization of international trade are two fairly obvious factors. Indeed, the globalization of enterprise is a strong driving force, as markets become more open and competitive. Different economies have different degrees of success in coping with this situation, resulting in ever more volatile rates of exchange, interest and inflation.

For the individual enterprise, this has prompted a shift in emphasis towards the strategic level of management (concerned with decisions as to what to do � the products of offer, the markets to serve, e.t.c) as distinct from the tactical level (concerned with how to do what has been decided should be done � the lead times to quote, the stocksto hold, e.t.c.). The more rapid the rate of change, the more frequently, and the more quickly, strategic issues have to be addressed.

Techniques like budgetary control, based on the traditional accounting model, are very good at answering the question "How well did we do what we chose to do?" or "what should we do now?" As a manager gets to grips with these questions, they realize that the functionalism which provides excellence at the tactical level, and which budgetary control tends to reinforce, is an impediment at the optimum trade offs between such thins as prices, volumes, quality and costs.

Old fashioned top down command and control structures � setting objectives for others to achieve � are simply not sufficiently fast on their feet, close to customers or alert to competitive activities to be able to respond to change. Consequently, one can observe a trend towards flatter and more devolved structures, in which empowerment is the order of the day. Privatization, unbundling and decentralization of wage bargaining are examples of this trend, but perhaps the clearest manifestation is the concept of "strategic business units" within an enterprise.

In turn, this has highlighted the disadvantages of confrontation � between functions within an enterprise, and between enterprises. In its place, you can see greater attention being paid to teamwork within the business units, to strategic alliances and to partnership sourcing. At the macro level, the separation of ownership and control, typified by the quoted companies, which are so prevalent in the English �speaking economies, is receiving increasing attention under the banner of "corporate governance".

At the same time, the tangible assets (like property, plant and stock) which are so important in the context of the accounting model, and are used a basis for denominating director's powers, are increasingly seen as strategic liabilities and poor indicators of the financial health of an enterprise. Sustainable competitive advantage, these days, is more likely to spring from the very investments � like research, development, marketing and training � which are classified as intangibles and therefore written off as they are incurred.

Likewise, quantity is giving way to quality, standardization to customization, and hard (inevitably backward looking) measures of performance to soft (appropriately forward looking) assessments of potential. A popular term in reference to this is "if you can't measure it, you can't control it". The problem with this, these days is that, if you can measure it, so can the competition; the most powerful elements in any strategy are likely to be the ones which are extremely difficult, if not impossible to measure � such as design, image, reputation and skill.

This linked with another trend, away from a focus on the attribute of products, towards a focus on the requirements of customers. Strategic reviews usually start with questions like "who are our customers?" and "what do they value?" In most cases, this calls for greater flexibility as regards the resources to be tapped, resulting in an increase in the proportion of costs which are shared across a range of products or customers, and which are insensitive to volume fluctuations.

Today's decision making has become less a matter of analyzing past data and more a matter of synthesizing judgments about uncertain future. The reductionist approach is out and the holistic approach is in. Management today is less about reacting to identified problems, and more about proactively seeking opportunities. This is a particularly important trend as far as accounts are concerned because, traditionally, analysis has been made their strong suit.

Indeed it needs to be recognized that the limitations of traditional accounting model render it quite inappropriate as a decision support and monitoring tool especially at the strategic level. Alongside it, there is a need for a financial management model � distinct from but, as will be seen later, capable of being reconciled to the accounting model.

If these trends are summarized as in figure .1 � two lists emerge, each of which is internally consistent. The left side is analogous to the static branch of science, the right side to the dynamic branch. The left side puts a premium of age, experience, knowledge and repetition, whereas the right side rates youth, enterprise, imagination and innovation.

It follows that it is extremely difficult to mix attributes from the two sides. The judgments which are needed in order to synthesize a strategy, for example, are unlikely to be forthcoming in a confrontational organization, for fear they might be "taken down and used in evidence against" the person expressing them. Total quality programmes need to start with looking outwards to customers' needs, rather than looking inwards to products' attributes. They are likely to focus on intangible assets, which depend on outlays classified as indirect costs and so on.

Figure 1.1 Managerial Mega trends

From…. To…..

Stability Volatility

National Global

Tactical Strategic

Functionalist Generalist

Centralist Devolved

Confrontation Teamwork

Tangibles Intangibles

Quantity Quality

Products Customers

Direct costs Indirect costs

Analysis Synthesis

Reactive Proactive

Accounting Financial Management.

The right side is more complex than the left and subject to what may appear to be ambiguities. People at the center of the organization for example often ask

· How can you be more strategic in conditions of volatility?

· How can you devolve authority without losing control?

· Does greater flexibility and adaptability not mean less commitment?

· If you consciously set out to give more attention to the long term will people not think that the short term does not matter?

These ambiguities can be solved but, in the process, an enterprise is likely to be transformed. Currently, one can observe enterprise taking four different stances

1. Older, shrinking organizations tend to be "left sided" and have the opinion that it is too late to make a change;

. Some others are accepting grudgingly the need to move to the right, and living with the problems of mismatches;

. Others are enthusiastically embracing the need to move to the right, and acknowledging that their environment is ahead of their control systems � often referring to themselves as "learning organizations";

4. Newer, ever-growing organizations are almost by definition "right sided".

LEVELS OF CONTROL

We have so far highlighted the strategy level as that concerned with what is to be done and tactic level as that concerned with how it is to be done. There is a third level and that is, the "operations Level". This level is concerned with actually doing what is to be done.

Logically, this is the order of precedence

First, one decides what is to be done, then how it is to be done, and finally, the deed is actually done. There is a close link with the concept of the three "Es" in the public sector, i.e. Effectiveness, Efficiency and Economy.

It is useful to think in these terms

· Strategy being about converting faith into hope.

· Tactics being about converting hope into expectations.

· Operations being about converting expectations into results.

Stress needs to be put however on the fact that strategy is not synonymous with planning. In a volatile environment, a key attribute of a robust strategy is its adaptability; planning however signifies rigidity � objectives to be achieved come what may. Instead it is necessary to provide a mechanism for continuous feedback � from operations to tactics to strategy by means of a comparison of expectations with hope. See fig 1.

Figure 1. Levels of Control

Traditional management accounting systems are generally associated with the two lower levels. Recall the preparation of standard costs, the measurement of actuals, and the analysis of the variance between the two-a process which provides a good example of the operational control loop. Likewise, the preparation of budgets and the monitoring of progress against them typify the tactical level of control, although all too often the sheer power of short term controls � associated with a target profit in the private sector, or cash limits in the public sector � has the effect of suppressing many of the signals.

The application of the logic to the strategic level is of fairly recent origin. There are still many enterprises, which have annual long-range plans covering, say, the next five years. They are usually summarized in an accounting format � profit statements. Balance sheets, cash flows � and are said to generate useful discussion as they are being prepared. More often than not, however, they are filed away on completion, a totally fresh start being made the next year with no attempt to learn lessons from a comparison of the two. Some businesses compare the annual budget with the first year of the plan, but this is more a discipline on the budget than the plan � and once this is recognized, the gamesmanship associated with the budgeting is imported into the plan.

To combat this, it necessary to have a comprehensive structure of control at the strategic level, comparable to that provided by budgetary control at the tactical level. This would embrace

· Individual dimensions of strategy for example the basic building blocks of strategy � the product range, the location of facilities, the degrees of integration and mechanization etc.

· The blending of those dimensions into an optimum, coherent business strategy � for example how does a top quality, high price, advertised strategy compare with a just acceptable quality, low price, unadvertised one.

· The combination of businesses into a corporate strategy for the whole enterprise, the value of which is greater than the sum of its parts. For example as a consequence of synergy.

In each case, an outward looking stance is vital for, in many ways, enterprises � whether in the private or public sectors � are engaged in a competitive struggle for existence

ELEMENTS OF CONTROL

The more rapidly the environment is changing, the more outward looking the management of an enterprise needs to be. Specifically, it needs to enhance its

· Awareness of the environment in which it is operating

· Anticipation of changes in that environment

· Adaptability to those changes.

These may be thought of as the three As of strategic management, of which, you will find, the greatest is the third. There is no point in being acutely aware of environmental pressures, and uncannily accurate in anticipating change therein, if the organization is not able to respond. In turn, these essentials of strategic management prompt recognition of the different kinds of information required ensuring control portrayed in Figures 1., as follows

· Awareness suggests the need for monitoring information, which provides a record of what is happening. The accounting system contains a lot of monitoring information but needs to augmented with more outward looking data, like market size and competitors' shares.

· Anticipation suggests forecasts, of which there are two subsets

- Relationship forecasts, for example between price and volume, or between volume and cost, which are constantly updated on the basis of lessons learned from monitoring

- Expected outcomes, consequent upon decisions, which have been made.

· Adaptability puts a premium on decision support information, for example identifying the optimum price/volume/ cost relationship, against the criterion of a defined objective.

Figure 1. Elements of control

Comparing what is happening with what was expected to happen when a decision was made, and feeding this back into the learning process through which future decisions are improved achieve accountability. All too often, however, this logic is ignored. Even at the tactical level, it is often subordinated to a comparison of what is happening with what some one other that the decision maker budgeted to happen anything up to fifteen months earlier. The most popular explanation these days, for a variance between actual and budget, are that "the budget was wrong'.

At the strategic level, even more disturbingly, there is often a mismatch investments may be approved on the basis of a discounted cash flow evaluation but, if performance is measured and managers rewarded on the basis of accounting numbers, short-termism will be reinforce.

The problem is that performance measurement is, by definition, totally backward looking. It might be useful in short cycle repetitive situations, which are frequently met at the operational level, and occasionally at the tactical level. But you cannot afford to wait until a strategy has been completed before measuring the outcome and hoping to learn lesson therefrom. The monitoring of strategy needs to be continuous and forward looking.

The spectacular collapses of recent years have shown how it possible to report good performance whilst running down potential. To counteract this problem � which has

Contributed to the accountancy profession's expectation gap � it is necessary to grasp the concept of the three Ps progress equals performance plus or minus the change in potential.

BUSINESS IMPERATIVES

Fig 1.4 The evolution of enterprise

The world of enterprise is characterized by a competitive struggle for existence � resources are finite, needs are infinite, and the economic question is about priorities. The discipline is most clearly seen in the private sector, where survival depends on being able to

· Identify genuine market needs, ahead of the competition

· Satisfy those needs better than the competition

· Offer the prospect of an adequate return on investment

As portrayed in Figure 1.4, these factors are cumulative, in the sense that the first to identify particular needs has a head star as regards satisfying them. Likewise, satisfying needs better than the competition creates the conditions in which an adequate return is feasible.

Thus the pivot of the capitalist market economy is the prospective return on investment. Enterprises, which can offer, the prospect of an adequate return will be able to attract new funds, and /or retain a proportion of internally generated funds, thereby enabling them to grow. Those falling short will not on find it impossible to attract new funds but will also be pushed into distributing some or all of their funds for more effective investment elsewhere. In this way, the strong points of the economy are fed, and weak points starved, leading to an overall improvement in its health.

Financial management involves both heeding this discipline of the market place, and harnessing it as a basis for the allocation of resources as between the business units, which constitute the entity. This suggests two aspects, external and internal, linked as in figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5 Two aspects of financial management

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

The external aspect, normally referred to as the treasury function, is concerned with the relationship between the entity and its financial stakeholders. In a private sector context, and recalling the three As � awareness, anticipation and adaptability � the key tasks can be classified as

· The identification of sources of financing, ranging from borrowings through various hybrids to equity capital.

· The assessment of the likely reward expectations of the providers, for example interest and dividends, not forgetting any associated taxes.

· The employment of the various sources to the extent, and in the proportions, deemed appropriate.

Meanwhile, the internal aspect, normally referred to as the financial control function, is concerned with the relationship between the enterprise and it constituent business units, with parallel tasks, notably

· The identification of opportunities to invest in specific areas.

· The assessment of the likely returns of each.

· The deployment of funds in support of those opportunities considered to worthwhile.

As indicated in Figure 1.5, the links between the aspects are twofold, creating control loop one link is what is variously referred to as the time value of money, the money value of time, or the cost of capital. What the treasurer sees as the rate of return necessary to warrant the employment or retention of funds, the controller sees as the criterion for their deployment. The other link is the projection of cash flows. The controller is in a position to forecast the net cash generation or absorption of the enterprise; the treasurer interprets this in terms of its ability to pay dividends or its need to raise more capital.

Putting these aspects together prompts the articulation of unifying "primary financial objective," namely the maximization of the net present value of projected cash flows discounted at the cost of capital. Unless capital can be invested to earn a return, which covers the cost of capital, it should be returned to the financial stakeholders. The promulgation of such clear objective is essential if the entity is to select, implement and monitor a coherent set of justifiable strategies. The twin foundations of financial management, therefore, are the cost of capital and cash flow.

The discipline is less obvious in the public sector, in that disbelief can be suspended for long periods of time. In particular, the link between an adequate return on (taxpayers') funds and the attraction of those funds is subject to political manipulation, for example resources are allocated without any attempt to put a value on the expected outputs. Given, however, that the resources used are thereby denied to the private sector, there is a strong argument that the financial controls need to be at least as stringent.

From an economic point of view, however, the cost of capital is quantification of society's relative preference for cash flows in different time frames. As such it is the same for all entities, irrespective of whether they are in the public or private sector (whether privately owned or publicly quoted) and is independent of capital structure. Contrary to what many academics choose to presume, however, it is not a constant, nor is it the same for all time frames, and neither money market more taxation systems are neutral. In a private sector enterprise, therefore, there is a secondary (but vitally important) objection with which treasurers are especially concerned the maximization of the proportion of entity value, which is attributable to the equity, as distinct from the other financial stakeholders. See figure 1.6

Figure 1.6 Financial objectives.

NPV of Business Units

Lenders Tax

The accounting model is not only inappropriate, but also potentially misleading as a basis for evaluating and monitoring strategic decisions, for example those concerned with what to do. The sheer power of tactical controls (for example budgetary control) often reinforces short termism. There is, therefore, a need for a distinctive approach, which deals appropriately with the financial aspects of strategy

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Team Behavior, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Team Behavior paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Upon reflection regarding last weeks team assignment, certain truisms became immediately apparent. Regarding the five stages of group development, which include forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning, the team members found the following at each stage of development

1. Forming � during this stage, the team members became aware of qualities they each had in common, such as geographic proximity, background, work ethics, years of experience, etc. They also became aware of what behaviors were acceptable to the other members.

. Storming � at this stage of development, the members of the team did not allow themselves to become hostile toward the other team members; nor did they impose their preferences of beliefs upon the other members of the team.

. Norming � the team members developed a closer relationship with each other while attempting to overcome some obstacles that arose in the completion of the assignment. Communication platforms were set up and the focus was concentrated upon positive reinforcement of each member's contributions to the assignment.

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4. Performing � each team member provided motivation and encouragement to the others leading to a cooperative effort aimed at completion of the assignment.

5. Adjourning � this stage of the group development has yet to occur, as there are other team assignments to be completed before dispersing the team as a whole.

As for roles and responsibilities of the team, no formal steps have been taken in this area. Everyone has virtually the same roles and responsibilities. Each paper shall be compiled and posted for comment or recommendations by a different team member each week. The team as a whole shall decide upon editing suggestions. The team works together providing input for the compiled paper. The team is considering assigning roles for the final paper submission. These roles could include preparing an outline, researching facts & documentation, preparing the rough draft and final presentation, formatting and proofreading before final submission. The members in Team B act responsibly and complete each thing asked of them in a timely manner, barring unforeseen circumstances.

Time management skills for the team as a whole and individually are vital components of the satisfactory completion of all assignments. While the team, as a whole did not manage their time very well on the last assignment, certain problems inherent in the last assignment appear to have been resolved, at least temporarily. Much of the information for the team paper was received at the last minute, which left little time for comparison or editing. Compiling the information received was rushed and left little time for additions or corrections to spelling, grammar, or structure. A suggestion has been made that each team member be assigned specific tasks to be completed on a scheduled date, in order to allow the other team members to comment, reflect and review each paper before it is due.

On an individual basis, time management skills differ for each member of the team. One team member considers herself a "stay-at-home mom" whose time is a limited concerning the team as a whole. Most of her time is monopolized in the raising of her children and the care of her family. Most team requirements must be met while her family is either away at school or work, or sleeping. This leaves little free time for either herself or her team. However, through the miracle of technology, she is able to communicate with her team members whenever necessary and complete any assignments required. Another team member uses various devices to aid in time management. She possesses a PDA with individual appointments scheduled using a sound cue reminder. She has a calendar on her computer at her place of employment, as well as on her home computer. Assignments and appointments are scheduled in advance and reminders are set on whichever calendar is relevant to the job. While most job related matters are planned in advance, even the best-laid plans can be subverted by an emergency situation. School assignment deadlines are scheduled on both computers, but as was evidenced in the last group assignment, even those plans can be rendered moot when the equipment fails. The third team member feels that personal time management is an area in which she needs to pay more attention. Whenever unexpected problems arise which require her input, she takes care of them, rather than delegating the responsibility to some one else. This leads to a very stressful situation for her, boot at her work and at home. Setting a schedule would probably be a benefit to this team member, as well as following the schedule as closely as possible. All of our team members manage their time both personally and professionally in the manner that suits them the best. Schedules and appointment calendars are good tools, but they are a benefit only if used in the proper manner. Setting a schedule or appointment reminders does neither the team nor the individual any good when unforeseen circumstance precludes their use.

Decision strategies for the team includes the use of MSN Messenger and the team folder postings. Decision-making is at the core of the team's performance and the effectiveness of that decision making determines the ultimate success of the team. The team makes decisions as a whole and majority decides any dissension or disagreement regarding process. All decisions are made individually or by two team members and agreed upon by the whole team. Decisions for the team papers are based upon consensus of team members regarding the best approach to researching, compiling, editing, and posting the paper. The members of this team are each very competent in this regard.

As for any conflict that may arise, communication between the team members is critical to its denouement. This communication takes place through telephone, team folder postings, or MSN Messenger. No serious conflicts have arisen, as we are all aware that this environment is composed of a fast-paced, short duration, distance learning team. Attempting to place any situation into its proper perspective minimizes conflict, examining best/worst case scenarios, and above all not letting personal conflict evolve into team conflict.

Each team member has its individual peak learning times. One team member feels that her best time is early morning. Another feels that mid-morning to late afternoon is better, while the third is better from mid-afternoon to mid-evening. None of the team members is free to use what each considers their best time. Early mornings are tied up with getting children prepared for school or husbands off to work. Mornings and afternoons are dedicated to customers or other job-related occupations. It seems that we all have our lowest performance times in the late evenings, which is when all other priorities seem to die down. For that reason, none of us are at our best after working all day at either stressful jobs or child management duties, yet it seems that is the only period of time we have to devote to our studies.

Assertiveness is the ability to express yourself and your rights without violating the rights of others. This in turn will allow a person to improve their decision-making abilities. The members of Team B are assertive in communicating their ideas to fellow team members in order to complete designated tasks. No member is so overly assertive that it leads to conflict with fellow team members. Members are considerate of others feelings and opinions and communicate extremely effectively with each other. We maintain a clear and honest dialog between each other and do not pay attention to selfishness or act in an aggressive manner with each other.

Please note that this sample paper on Team Behavior is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Team Behavior, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Team Behavior will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Condensing myself to a mere picture or phrase proved much more difficult than I initially expected. After pondering the prompt for a while, I became frustrated. How could I illustrate the complexities of who I am with such limited means? Despite the intimidating nature of this question, I devised a trademark saying that describes a central principle of my life quite accurately. To me, the most satisfying accomplishments are those that benefit others. always be a first rate version of yourself not a second-rate version of someone else

My commitment to student government stems from this belief. Over the past three years, I have had the privilege of watching students at the International Community School enjoy ASB (Associated Student Body) activities. Though planning and executing events can be a difficult process, it is ultimately worth it when I see students having fun and hear their enthusiastic feedback. Most recently, I organized an environmental education camp for seventh and eighth graders to build school spirit and foster friendships in the youngest grades at my school. These seventh and eighth graders reported a positive experience with their peers, and felt encouraged by the mentors (seniors at my school) they connected with at camp.

Another way I have learned the significance of my motto is through volunteering the Boys and Girls Club. It has been an incredible experience to be a part of shaping kids lives and to see the world through their eyes. I feel refreshed being around their enthusiasm, and I am rewarded by their delighted greetings each time I walk into the Club. I have so much fun hanging out with them, hearing about their lives and helping them deal with so many different issues, from homework to social problems to everything in between. This interaction challenges me and encourages me as I see all kinds of kids growing and learning from their experiences at the Club. In the past year, I facilitated a group that taught basic computer skills to children; it was a highlight of my experience with the Boys and Girls Club. At the end of the year, several stalwart participants ages 7-11 were creating PowerPoint presentations worthy of a high school student. I feel very blessed by my experiences with the Boys and Girls Club because of their positive impact on a wide spectrum of young lives and because of their profound impact on mine.

It is extremely fulfilling and enriching to serve others; they benefit from my service, but I benefit equally if not more so from the lessons I learn. Coordinating ASB events and ensuring their success has given me invaluable leadership experience, speaking skills, organizational prowess and self-confidence. Through serving at the Boys and Girls Club, I have learned the importance of compassion, humility, optimism, passion and perseverance. Improving others lives is rewarding in that I benefit from serving just as they benefit from my service.

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(1745- 177)

The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vasa tells a richly detailed story of seagoing adventure, spiritual enlightenment, and economic success in England and the Americas. Equiano's autobiography was the most influential work of English prose by an African American in the eighteenth century. He was the first to write the story of his life himself, without the aid or direction of white ghostwriters or editors, such as his predecessors in the slave narrative relied on. Although Equiano made much of his conversation to Christianity, he made clear his dedication to social change be venting his moral outrage toward slavery and his structuring his story so that freedom, not the consolations of religion, emerges as the top priority of his life in slavery.

Chapter 1

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He starts off by saying that people generally think those memoirs only worthy to be read or remembered which abound in great or striking events, those, in short, which in a high degree excite either admiration or pity all others they consign to contempt and oblivion. He as born in the year 1745, in a charming fruitful vale, named Essake. He talked a great deal about Adultery. Adultery, however, was sometimes punished with slavery or death; a punishment, which he believes, is inflicted on it throughout most of the nations of Africa so sacred among them is the honor of the marriage bed, and so jealous are they of the fidelity of their wives. They are almost a nation of dancers, musicians, and poets. Thus, every great event, such as a triumphant return from battle, or other cause of public rejoicing is celebrated in public dances, which are accompanied with songs, and music suited to the occasion. Their district is a kind of militia on a certain signal given, such as the firing of a gun at night, they all arise in arms and rush upon the enemy. After fighting, the prisoners were not killed, but became a slave. As to religion, the natives believe that there is one Creator of all things, and that he lives in the sun, and is gifted round with a belt that he might own favorite luxury. They practice circumcision like the Jews, and made offerings and feasts on that occasion in the same manner as they did. When someone died, pipes and tobacco were place in the grave with the corpse, which was always perfumed and ornamented, and animals were offered in sacrifice of them.

Chapter

He started by stating that his country have been implanted in him with great care, and made an impression on his mind, which time could not erase, and which all the adversity and variety of fortune I have since experienced serve only to rivet lesson and record; for, whether the love of one's country be real or imaginary, or a lesson or reason, or an instinct of nature, he still look back with pleasure on the first scene of his life. He talked about the day he and two men and a woman kidnapped his sister. Soon after escaping, he was sold to another slave master. During the journey, he acquired two or three different tongues. He was again sold, and carried through a number of places. He then came to a town called Tinmah, the most beautiful country he has ever seen. This was the first time he has seen or tastes the cocoa-nuts. In this country, they did not circumcise. They cooked in iron pots, and had European cutlasses and cross bows, which were unknown to us, and fought with their fists amongst themselves. Towards the end of the chapter, he made a comment about slavery, "Surely this a new refinement in cruelty, which, while has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and add fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.

Chapter

In this chapter, he was shipped off to North America. On the passage, they were treated when coming from Africa, and they had plenty of rice and fat pork. They landed in Virginia County. Here he was called Jacob. It was about the beginning of the spring 1757, when he arrived in England. He was near twelve years of an age at that time. He often saw his master employed in reading so he became curious. So he decided to take up books and have talked to them.

Chapter 4

He explained that his master treated him very well, and his attachment and gratitude to him was very great. He stated that he respect at least all Englishmen. He explained that he could not go to heaven until he get baptize. So he was baptized by Miss Guerin in St. Margaret's church, Westminster on February 175 by his present name.

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