If you order your cheap custom papers from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Surf and Turf. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Surf and Turf paper right on time.


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Patrols were formed by local residents living close by beaches with strong currents, alerting people to the dangers of the surf. The Surf Life Saving Association of Great Britain (SLSA) was formed in 155. Volunteer clubs patrolled beaches at Bude and St Agnes in Cornwall and Brighton, their aim to protect, rescue and resuscitate bathers.


The SLSA of GB is a founder member of International Life Saving (ILS) whose members throughout the world teach lifesaving to the same high standards. The Association, is in the main, a club based organisation with upward of 80 clubs and bodies currently affiliated and over 4000 members. The clubs are geographically grouped into regions for administrative purposes, namely; Cornwall, Devon, Scotland, Wessex and Wales. The regions have a key historical significance within the Association and form a vital link in the structure of the Association.


There are now 8 Surf Life Saving Clubs affiliated to the SLSA, with thousands of members from Nippers (8 - 1) to Seniors and Masters. During the last 44 years over 17,700 rescues have been made on our beaches by lifeguards, most of whom have come from the volunteer ranks of the Surf Life Saving Clubs where they learn their patrolling and rescue skills.


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Club funds come in some instances from local councils who provide professional lifeguards to patrol beaches, whilst the majority of funds for equipment and sport come from fundraising events and sponsorship by local businesses.


The Life Saving and Sport interests of the Association are catered for by National Commissions with representation from each region. Along with the President, Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Finance Director, National Life Saving Director and Regional Directors, the Directors of these Boards form the Council of Management and sit as elected trustees of the charitable company.


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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Is a Child Born Good or Evil.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Is a Child Born Good or Evil. paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Is a Child Born Good or Evil., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Is a Child Born Good or Evil. paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Thesis Growing up, a child will experience certain events to influence his decision on what is evil. Therefore, man is born good and learns evil.


When a child is born, he has a sense of innocence, their sweet, kind, and good. Throughout their years of growing up children will experience what is right and what is wrong by parents, society, and experiences in life. Children learn evil at an early age, not how to be evil but what it is in general. Children will develop to them what is good and what is evil as time goes on.


The parent(s) have a great deal of influence in a child's life. The parent will teach his kid(s) right from wrong by discipling them, whether it's spanking them, taking privileges away, or sending them to their room for a while. A child will know that what he does is wrong and will try not to do it again. Another way parents teach their kids what is evil or bad is just by telling them it's bad. A parent may sometimes show his son or daughter what's bad and tell them its evil. A child is born good but gradually learns what evil is by his or hers parents' discipline methods and guidance.


Society can have an effect on a child learning what evil is. Society can display an image to a child saying that killing someone is evil. A child will recognize it as being bad and won't do it. He will see the punishment and the consequences for his actions. Growing up in today's society can teach a child what is evil, as parents can. Even though, a child is born good, society may influence a child's decision on what evil is, because a child pays more attention to society growing up. The society can be a good thing or a bad thing depending on what the society says is "evil". The society consists of friends, family, and church. Basically the whole world in which we live in is society.


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To be born good and to then learn evil can sometimes be based on experiences in life. For example, growing up in an abusive home or community full drugs and violence will show a child the opposite of good, therefore learning what evil is. If a child experiences and is exposed to evil all his life then he will only know what is evil. That's where choice comes in. Once a child learns what evil is from parents and society, then he will decide for himself what evil is and if it's right for him. If that's all a person is exposed to, then he may think doing or being evil is good for him. Being born good doesn't mean a child will stay good throughout the remainder of his life. It just means he hasn't been taught evil. Everyone will eventually encounter evil one way or another.


So a child will learn what evil is from all sorts of events that will happen in his life growing up. Going through life is how a person learns and grows individually. People make their own decisions on whether they want to be good or evil. Television, Internet, and other sources of media in society are something that will persuade or influence a child's decision on what evil is. The only thing in a child's life that has a greater influence on him than society is the guidance and discipline from a parent. The only way a person can learn evil is through his childhood. A person is born good and learns to recognize evil but not to be evil.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture paper at affordable prices ! Japan is a latecomer in Asian history, appearing at around 57 AD. Japan's location, off the East Coast of China is important in the development of Japan's culture. The Japanese adopted many things from its surrounding boarders, especially China. The Japanese adopted many forms of the Chinese culture and tried to make each adoption ultimately Japanese. During the Yamato Period (500 AD), Japan's history and culture was just starting to flourish. The influence of the Chinese culture on that of Japan's is extensive, yet Japan is a unique civilization. With adopting its infrastructure of government, religion and philosophy, writing, and the fine arts, Japan has become a civilization with its own fine culture.


In between the years of 618-06 AD the Japanese realized the brilliance of the Tang Dynasty. One concept that the Japanese adopted was the imperial concept (where the leader would be addressed as emperor or empress). The Japanese modeled their entire central government around Chinese imperialism. Prior to the empirical concept, the ruler of Japan was a queen. A queen was ruling because precedents set earlier in Japanese history stated that should a male rule their violent personalities would eventually bring civil war. Japan's concept of empirical rule produced the longest unbroken line of rulers in human history, even longer than the monarchy in England. Japan's current ruler (Emperor Akihito) is 15th in a line which originated with the Goddess of the sun and extends to her heir Jimmu (known as the first emperor, in 660 BC ). Only one family of one bloodline has ever occupied the Chrysanthemum throne. When Empress Suiko (Yamato Period) sent a selected few to study the government, philosophy and culture of Japan, their findings and results would alter Japan's culture permanently. The Japanese government completely reorganized their court along the Chinese model, adopted the Chinese calendar, and sponsored Buddhism (which conflicted with the beliefs taught in Japan's primary religion, Shintoism).


Right along with the governments reformation, Buddhism was being introduced and accepted in many Japanese towns and villages (55 AD ). Buddhism was introduced to Japanese culture during the Nara Period and therefore the emperors and empresses revered the Buddhist teachings called the "Sutra of the Golden Light". Nara Buddhism was identical to Chinese Buddhism. There were three main schools that dominated Japan. One was the "Three Treaties School", another was the "Dharma Character School", and finally there was the "Flower Wreath School". All three schools taught Mahayana Buddhism and they also taught that the universe was in "constant flux and constant change ". Buddhism enlightened the ultimate ideal, which was to have a priest of Buddha rule. By 766 AD, Japan came close to grasping this concept when the empress tried to relinquish her throne in favour of the master of the Hosso, Dokyo. Ultimately, that never came to be. Buddhism was mixed with Confucian principles along with original ideas; to produce a strange combination with suited the political terms for an agricultural and warrior society. Japan was not known as a Buddhist country, like European countries were known to be Christian. Buddhism was tolerant and selective and therefore it did not have any difficulty coexisting with Shintoism. Buddhism also influenced Japanese literature and art until the 1800's. Buddhism eliminated the Kofun period in Japan. This means that cremation was used instead of the traditional burial process.


Confucianism is a teaching that incorporates many elements of philosophy, religion, and social custom. A 1-volume set of books, called the Analects, contains the teachings of the great, ancient Chinese teacher. "Confucius' sayings, which vary in length from one sentence to one paragraph, describe the ethical and moral standards that each individual should follow, including respect for elders and tradition ". Most of the primary beliefs of Japanese ethical behaviour can be traced back to the teachings of Confucius. Once the Japanese mastered the Confucian teachings they fused their own ethical teachings with those of Confucius. The Japanese people never really accepted Confucianism and they never endorsed the views of heaven. The Japanese always considered themselves descendents of the sun goddess, Amaterasu. The Japanese made sure that their own morals and principles were taught so that their sovereignty would not be confused with that of China's. Confucianism never became a religion in Japan although there are shrines dedicated to its creator. Festivals are sometimes celebrated and ceremonies are still held in his name.


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The Japanese system of writing was formerly a direct import from China. The knowledge was limited therefore the Japanese did not have much information on the writing structures. There was one problem with the Japanese adopting the Chinese writing style- the language barrier. The Chinese and Japanese languages are not even in the same language family, so the Japanese style of writing was vastly different from that of China's. "The Chinese writing is in part an ideogrammatic system and partly a syllabic writing system ". When the Japanese imported Chinese writing, they started writing phonetically. When the Japanese started writing they originally used the syllabic characters used in the Manyoshu texts. These texts were poems of the eighth century. The Manyoshu texts are the cornerstone of Japanese writing. During this time period (the seventh and eighth centuries) the Japanese also invented another form of writing called kana. The word kana means "borrowed words". There are two branches of kana. There is hiragana ("women's writing") and katakana. Hiragana, the first source syllabic writing in the Heian Period, is now the primary writing source in the country of Japan. Drawing Chinese characters in quick, cursive, fluid strokes produced this alphabet. Katakana, which was invented by a Buddhist, is a syllabic alphabet derived from Chinese characters. There were also several problems that the Japanese had to overcome to start writing. The Japanese had to adjust to a non-phonetic method of writing. Thus, they had to acquire new methods of writing to speed up the writing process.


The fine arts are literature, music and visual arts etc. Literature (poetry) was limited by the adoption of Chinese writing. Poetry became a copy of the Tang poetry, and most of the poets were women. We know this because hiragana is associated with women's writing. Women compiled many of the great Japanese works. The classic work of Japan and world literature to the Western World was the Genji monogatari. This piece of work was written during the first couple of decades of the eleventh century.


Japan's musical theory is solely derived from Chinese musical theory. In Chinese theory, five tones of the scale (the pentatonic scale) were related to each other based on five important agents. The five agents were wood, fire, earth, metal and water. In addition to these five elements there was a larger scale invented. This scale involved yin (the male creation) and yang (the female completion). The Chinese and Japanese scale is determined by the "cornerstone" note, where as in the West we define the tonic scale by the first note. Finally the Chinese and Japanese musical theory was based on eight instrumental sounds. The instruments included metal (bells), stone (stone chimes), leather (drums), earth (ocarina), silk (stringed instruments), wood (double reed instruments), gourd (mouth organ) and bamboo (flute) . The Japanese added percussion to their ensemble of musical instruments. The percussion instruments added flavour to the ceremonies, giving the ceremonies a richness that the Japanese had never heard before. The most permanent musical culture was developed was the gagaku (court instrumental music), developed during the Heian Period. It was experienced a great deal during the Heian period as music of a high culture. This type of music was heard during special ceremonies like weddings, funerals, and affairs of the state.


Art, in the forms of vases, pottery and metal were imported from China. Much of Japan's art and technology was imported from China and Korea alike. The visual art that stands out the most was the art of the Kofun period. During the Kofun period, art was seen in the massive tombs built for powerful emperors and others. Many forms of jewelry, iron tools, pottery, mirrors and clay figures called haniwa were found in the tombs of these great people. These figures represent the person inside the kofun. The Japanese arts weren't as separable from the art of China or Korea. While the Japanese adopted a lot from the Chinese models, the overall architectural model that they followed was that of the early Yayoi period.


At the beginning of the Nara period, visual arts were dominated by Buddhism and Chinese subjects. Until the Heian period, thing remained as they were in the Nara period. The Japanese painting called the "Yamato-e" was evolved. This type of painting illustrated subjects and scenes from Japanese life.


The cultures of China and Japan have many similarities yet they also have many differences. With the influence of Chinese culture on that of Japan's, Japan has its own culture. With the influence on the government, religion, philosophy, writing and the fine arts, Japan has innovated its own culture. With being one of the late comers in Asian history, Japan has evolved into a truly amazing civilization.


Smith, Jean Reeder & Lacey Baldwin. Essentials of World History. New York Barrons 180. LTD, 180.


Newman, Garfield & De Geer, Christine. Odyssey Through the Ages. Toronto McGraw-Hill Hill Ryerson LTD., 1.


Cortazzi, Hugh. The Japanese Achievement. London Sidwick & Jackson LTD., 10


www.microsoft.com/encarta


www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCJAPAN/WRITING.HTM


www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCJAPAN/MUSIC.HTM


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Magritte. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Magritte paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Magritte, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Magritte paper at affordable prices ! Ren� Magritte was born on November 1, 188 in Lessines, Belgium. As a child he grew up drawing and painting. He attended the Brussels Academy of Fine Arts from 116-118. After his three years of study, he began working as a designer for a wallpaper factory in Brussels. His employers, realizing his drawing talent, had Magritte sketch their advertisements.


He first became a member of the Belgian Surrealist movement after seeing a reproduction of Girgio de Chirico's painting, The Song of Love. An art gallery in Brussels decided to support Magritte, and in 16, he became a full-time painter. Unfortunately, his first show, in 17, was not a success. He and his wife decided to move to Paris. After arriving in Paris, he befriended many of the Paris Surrealists, including Max Ernst.


We question pictures before listening to them, we question them at random. And we are astonished when the reply we had expected is not forthcoming. � Paul Noug�


In 10 Magritte returned to his home in Brussels. In an attempt to try something new, Magritte began to experiment with other artistic styles, he went so far as to add elements of expressionism into his painting. But his new works were not popular, and he returned to his old style. For the remainder of his life he painted his unusual and contradictory images, an example of this being his "La trahison des images' (The treachery of images). This small painting shows what the viewer believes is a pipe. But, written below the "pipe' it says, "This is not a pipe." Magritte wanted to show the lack of connection between an object and its meaning.


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Everything tends to make us think that there is very little connection between an object and what it represents. An object never fulfils the same function as its name or its image…. I'm not all that keen to show La pipe it might be used as a pretext to have me locked up in a madhouse. � Ren� Magritte


The idea of the painting, is that an image of a pipe is very different then a real pipe. Another Surrealist painter said, "A word itself was a very highly combustible object."


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Harlem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Harlem paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Harlem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Harlem paper at affordable prices ! After I finished reading the four poems, I preferred ¡§Harlem¡¨ most. I think it is because the first time I read it, I had a special perception of this poem. And maybe the variable description attracted me. When I was reading this poem, I saw pictures emerged out of my mind. Somehow, I think this poem had a good metaphor in it but this doesn't mean that others don't have a good metaphor in it!


The title of the poem is named ¡§Harlem¡¨, which is located in New York and all lived Blacks inside. It is obviously to see that the contents of the poem must be related to the Blacks. From the first line of the poem we can see that Blacks do not have freedom and the whites inhabit them. It is said, ¡§What happens to a dream deferred?¡¨ (64). It also contains the meaning of The dream never comes true. What is the dream? When the Blacks come to America, have they ever thought their life would be this miserable? Of course not, no one would prefer to be a slave. But they had no choices just because the color of their skin. They had to work all day on the cotton field under the sun. So I think the metaphors of line three have two meanings; the first meaning is on a literal level, which means that the Blacks work under the sun and just like a dried up raisin. The second meaning is the deferred dream. The dream that they had when they first came to America but now they were all vanished, just like waters evaporate in the sun.


On line four and five the fester caused by the sore is metaphor to the disappointment. When you get hurt the first time, you probably will take good care of it and be really careful; but when you have been hurt for too many times, you will get tired and also very disappointed. And that is where the fester came from.


¡§ Does it stink like rotten meat?¡¨ (64). I like this line strongly. It is very simple and easy for readers to understand what the author tried to express. On the other hand, the description is suitable; just like an arrow shoot straight to the target. And the ¡§rotten meat¡¨ is to symbolize the ¡§deferred dream¡¨. It took too long to make the dream come true. Just like if you kept meat for too long then it will become spoiled and rotten. So that's why the author would preferred to use ¡§rotten meat¡¨ to describe the dream instead of others.


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¡§Or crust and sugar over----- like a syrupy sweet?¡¨ In my opinion, this line is the ironic part of this poem. The author wrote this sentence so that this poem won't be too dark and full of complains, also it added freshness into this poem. The sentence is also the turning point of this poem. The next two sentences is metaphor to the dream again. The author turned the abstract into concrete. The dream is a big pressure for the Blacks to carry; it is a burden to them. So the author used the word ¡§sags¡¨, which can accurately point out the problems.


In the end of this poem, the author just used one line to end it up. It looks like a question but actually it is an answer. The explode in the last sentence means ¡§none¡¨. If something explodes, it means that it is gone¡Bvanished. So the dream actually is like a wish that will never come true, or maybe it will come true but there is no end in sight!


After finish reading this poem, I'm very touched and also a little sad. I am touched because I can felt Langston's sincerity; sad, because even until now there were still discrimination all over the world. I wish that one day all of the discrimination will vanished, just like the water under the sun!


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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Lisa looks at herself in the mirror. She turns around and takes a good look at herself. She is thinking " How can everyone else be so skinny while I am so fat? ". In fact Lisa is a high school student. Lately her situation has been worsening. Not only does she feel guilty when she eats, but she also purges it up when she is finished. This can be the beginning of an eating disorder called Bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders are amongst the most common psychiatric syndromes, and leads to most treatment seeking, inpatient hospitalisation, suicide attempts and mortality (Stice 00). This essay will point out the most significant risk factors for Bulimia nervosa and Anorexia nervosa and the most common methods for treatment and prevention of these factors.


The diagnoses for the diseases Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) are different. However, they are very similar and share many common risk factors with a few variations. Furthermore, the patients are moving frequently between the disorders (Fariburn and Harrison 00). As a result of this, and for the simplicity and the required length for this essay. I will address them both as only eating disorders and allocate the risk factors to both AN and BN. In addition, this essay will be organised by presenting the most common risk factors followed by how they can be prevented and treated.


Fariburn and Harrison (00) along with most researchers advocate that being a female is the most important risk factor concerning eating disorder. Among those who have eating disorder are 0% females. The next significant factor is the age adolescence and early adulthood (Fariburn and Harrison 00). These are both very significant factors and have also led to the fact that the majority of the research reports only target the female population in adolescence. For example, Piran in his longitude research study targets ballet schools in which over 0% of the students are young females (Piran 1). There also exist several other research reports that target female's only, in high schools or similar institutions. This is essential to keep in mind when I will present the other risk factors that are extracted from research studies targeting females in adolescence or areas where this demographic group is in majority.


The media play an important part in creating an image of the "perfect slim body". Adolescences are very sensitive to their own body image and easily perceive the body image media create. They can easily associate this image as a significant factor for success in dating and other general achievements in life. Furthermore, the adolescences are likely to feel unsatisfactory with their own body and therefore seek methods to live up to their ideals presented by the media. Tomori and Rus-Makovec (000) did an interesting research including 4700 high school students. The objective of the study was to measure the level of self-esteem in high school students. The study has a more or less equal balance with 5.% girls and 46.7% boys. The results shows surprisingly that 6.1% of the girls would like to weigh less and only 18.% among the boys. Furthermore the research concluded that there is a correlation between low self-esteem and development of eating disorders. However, the report did not indicate any particular reasons for low self-esteem. Stice (00) on the other hand have evaluated several studies. Stice advocate that the media is an indirect risk factor for eating disorders. The pressure to be thin increases body dissatisfaction, dieting and negative affect that all are important risk factors ( Catarin & Thompson, 14; Field et al., 18; Stice& Whitenton, in press; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 001 as cited in Stice 000).


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Another risk factor that is clearly pointed out is family relationship. It shares some common feature with media but now the family takes the role as an indirect part that provokes risk factors like body dissatisfaction and lower the self-esteem. The provokers can be parents or siblings (Byely et al. 000; Gowers & Shore 001 cited by (Fariburn and Harrison 00). Tensed family conditions are also shown to be a direct risk factor for development of disordered eating behaviour (Byely et al., 000; Swarr & Richards 16 as cited by Fariburn and Harrison 00). A difficult childhood and strained family relationship seem to be a popular theme and these reports is highly presented in psychINFO. But few reports have revolutionary results. The most effective prevention programs are to maintain a positive family relationship. On the other hand, this scenario can easily be reversed to hypothsized what results a negative family relationship would cause. Therefore, I find this risk factor of great importance.


There exist no published study that can show a preventive result in a high risk setting for the development of eating disorders (Piran 1). A few psychoeducational programs have been tried in high schools without success. The programs had similar settings were different methods have been tried in order to teach the students in how to deal with pressure of thinness, self-esteem enhancement and healthy diet (Littleton and Ollendick 00). Piran (1) launched a similar program in a ballet school. Firstly, the school staffs were instructed to not make evaluative comments to the students regarding body weight or shape. Secondly, they had also assigned staff to act as a support for students with body dissatisfaction. Finally, students had small group meetings regularly discussing issues around eating disorders. The study shows positive results with a decrease in eating disorders and healthier eating habits among the students. Contradictorily, Piran (1) himself advocate that the study needs to be replicated in a more controlled environment before a final conclusion can be made. After searching through articles on psyINFO the factor that has the most empirical support is a positive family relationship. If parents are giving social support and staying closer to the children it greatly reduces the risk for the adolescents to adopt body dissatisfaction and eating disorder. (Byely et al., 000;Swarr & Richards, 16, McVey et al. 00 as cited in Littleton and Ollendick 00) I discovered that a positive family relationship is the most effective preventive method grounded on the research reports I found.


Treatment of eating disorder has received very little attention considering eating disorders are amongst the most common psychiatric syndromes. As mentioned in the first paragraph the adolescents are the age group that are most likely to develop an eating disorder. Luckily it is also the age that offers the greatest opportunity for effective treatment and recovery. It is important to discover the disease early because a treatment in the adolescence is significantly strengthening the outcome of the treatment (Benedetto and Lederhendler 000). Generally all the treatment programs that concerns eating disorders can be divided in to three main phases 1) restoring the severe weight loss; (intravenous very commonly used) ) treating cognitive distortions (regain self-esteem and body image, resolve family conflicts) ) long term rehabilitation (full recovery) (Benedetto and Lederhendler 000). The treatments that seem to be the most promising approaches for adolescents are family systems (Benedetto and Lederhendler 000). For the older population cognitive behaviour therapy is the most effective. No drug has shown to have any effect on eating disorder (Fariburn and Harrison 00).


Mostly people with eating disorders can be placed in a clear demographic group Female adolescences. However, most of the research done in this field is done the last 15 years. Therefore, I find it hard to find any strong conclusions or thread that distinguish apparent risk factors, preventions and treatments. The main overall risk factors are the inputs a person receives from outside environment. This input can comes from media, family or social groups. These inputs can to a great extent be the origins of what destroy a person's own self-image and self-esteem and thereby result in disordered eating. The reason arrives from the way the people perceive themselves related to the rest of the public. They might not be satisfied and therefore tries to adopt the ideals presented. Preventing eating disorder can be conducted by affecting these input sources (i.e. teachers, family) or the receivers (especially adolescences). Psychoeducation programs were found to have some positive results even though there were no significant empirical supports. Contradictorily, positive family relationship was proven to be the most effective prevention. The most common treatments that are shown to be most effective are a family system for adolescents and cognitive behaviour therapy for the older.


Benedetto, V. and I. Lederhendler (000). Reserach on Eating Disorders Current Status and Future Prospects. Biological Psychiatry 47() 777-786.


Fariburn, C. G. and P. J. Harrison (00). Eating disorders. The Lancet 61.


Littleton, H. L. and T. Ollendick (00). Negative Body Image and Disordered Eating Behaviour in Children and adolescents What places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 6(1).


Piran, N. (1). Eating Disorders A Trial of Prevention in a High Risk School Setting. The Journal of Primary Prevention 0(1).


Stice, E. (00). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 18(5)(85-848) 4.


Tomori, M. and M. Rus-Makovec (000). Eating Behaviour, Depression, and Self-esteem in High School Students. Journal Of Adolescent Health 6 61-67.


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Macbeth


Was Macbeth a tragic hero? Or was he a crazed serial killer who thrived upon the killings of both friends and enemies? Shakespeare's knowledge of human nature was confirmed again by this tragedy, which reflects the idea of crime and consequence. Macbeth is the story of a well - respected soldier, whose ambition is his fatal weakness. The timely prophecies of three witches about his future confirm his ambition of becoming king and aided by his cunning wife who shares his desires he is driven to evil. In this essay I will try to prove that he had "vaulting ambition" rather than just being a cold - blooded murderer.


Macbeth has all the qualities of a classic Shakespearean tragic hero. He was of high birth and position, Thane of Glamis and co-leader with best friend Banquo of the king's army. Although co-leader the king speaks of him more frequently than his counterpart and therefore I consider him the senior out of the two. This is confirmed in Act One Scene Two when Duncan receives reports back about the proceedings of the battles; at not one time in this report is there a mention of Banquo only of "Brave Macbeth" and without even Macbeth speaking a word you get the impression that he is a strong loyal character whom everyone respects.


Of all these features of a tragic hero the most important is his ambition, which is played upon by circumstances. I consider this very important as Macbeth's ambition was triggered by the prophecies of the witches. There is also a hint of evil in Macbeth from the first time he talks " so foul and fair a day I have not seen" This echoes the first words of the witches "Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair"! This I believe is more than coincidental. The witch's prophecies are "All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! The second is All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor! And "All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter" These prophecies are to the play as the thoughts of becoming king have already tempted Macbeth and I believe the witches knew this. When the witch's prophesise that MacBeth shall be king, he starts as in fear this shows initially that he had at least some sort of conscious. The suggestion is that is that they give utterance to his own secret thought. When they vanish instead of answering Banquo's question "good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear things that do sound so fair" he exclaims "would they had stay'd" Banquo however is surprised by Macbeths reaction to what seem so "fair" not knowing that fair words have provoked evil thoughts twice already in the play.


Lady Macbeth is a very important character in the play. As I believe that it is her taunts that eventually makes up Macbeths mind into killing his friend and king .As in Act One Scene Seven Macbeth leaves the supper he has prepared for Duncan early. At this moment he speaks a crucial soliloquy in the play. He shows his concern towards the projected murder. He gives three reasons for not performing the murder "First, I am his kinsman and his subject both strong against the deed; then as, his host". The second reason is "he is here in double trust" and finally "Besides, this Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office". At this point Macbeth openly admits that ambition is the only reason to kill the king " I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself, and falls on th' other" and this is the first time he does so as he knows all to well the horrors of what he is proposing to do. As Lady Macbeth enters Macbeth tells her he will not go through with the murder of Duncan and she accuses him of not loving her and disgracing his manhood. She describes him as to full of "the milk o' the human kindness" an extra-ordinary statement in the light of the murders he commits. This act is vital and without the influence of the witches and his wife Macbeth show that Macbeth would not have murdered Duncan as he shows weaknesses before and after the murder. Throughout the play MacBeth shows a sense of morality. A good example of this is the banquet scene. This scene suggests he is becoming mentally unhinged as he to sees an apparition of the murdered Banquo. Before he sees the ghost he is a good host and very welcoming of his guests but when told Banquo's son Fleance has escaped from the murderers he say" here comes my fit again".


The last act of the play is emotional as it shows that Macbeth is not just a cold-blooded murderer as he has regrets about his life, " I have lived long enough. My way of life is fallen into the sear, the yellow leaf; And that which should accompany old age, as honour, love, obedience, troops of friends," Ironically these are qualities of Duncan the king he murdered had and I feel he saw Duncan as someone to be admired. That's why he had such difficulty killing him In the second last scene Macbeth became his old self a warrior in battle who believed he was invincible due to the second set of witch's prophecies. This stated he could not be killed by a man who was woman born he was indomitable until to Birnam wood came to Dunsinane, Hectate, the head of the witches warned him to beware Macduff and as it turned out Macduff was not of woman born, as he was "untimely ripp'd" from his mother's womb. Mac duff's final taunt inspires Macbeth to fight to the death and not imitate the ancient Romans who thought it was honourable to commit suicide when faced with overwhelming odds" Why should I play the Roman fool and die on mine own sword" an admirable ending for a true hero.


The ending proves that Macbeth was primarily a warrior, though succumbing to the temptation that the witches a proposed to him, it's courage I came to admire the most about him confirmed when he declared at his death scene" I will not yield" He will take on his fate as well as Macduff "yet I will try to the last". While it does not mitigate the crimes it does enable us to see the return of the valiant warrior whom was lavished with praise in the first scene by his superiors.


Stewart McBride 1,110 words


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Have you ever made a mistake in life and hoped for a new begining? Well I believe it is possible for anyone to start a new begining. It takes hard work and dedicaton, but I believe anything is possible.


One person I know hwo was forced intoa new begining was my aunt Susan. When she was younger her fiance passed away in his sleep while she was pregnant with his little girl. After his death, she had to start her life over and raise her daughter (my cousin) all by herself with the support of her partents. My aunt became a very independent person and learned from her experience that it takes a lot of strength to move on with life.. My cousin grew up to be a very unique and independent young woman as well. Althought shw has no memories of her father she still keeps him in her heart everyday. My aunt Susan now has a new man in her life, although it took her a long time to get over her fiance and move on and become comfortable dating someone else. My cousin is also comfortable with the change in her life and she approves of the man my aunt is seeing. She knows n o one could or ever will try to take the place of her father but she has also had to adapt to the change of not living a lone with just her mother. My aunt is happier than ever now, and shes very grateful for her chance at a new begining.


My aunt Susan had to change in several ways. She had to find a new living environment and a career in which she could support both herself and her daughter. She had to deal with thte fact that the man she loved was no longer going to be in her life anymore. Although everytime she would look at her daughter, the memory of her fiance would come back to her. My aunt had to learn how to become independent and survive on her own.


A new begining is possible for anyone if they really work at it. New beginnings can really help change youre life and even make you a better person. If you are dedicated enough, then I believe it is possible to achieve your goals and start yourself a new beginning.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Margaet. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Margaet paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Margaet, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Margaet paper at affordable prices ! The author Maya Angelou employs discerning writing to give a best image of Mrs. Cullinan. As a ten-year-old child living in Virginia, Margaret is employed by a white woman, Mrs. Cullinan. Mrs. Cullinan is the kind of woman who gives into the pressure of her prejudice friends' remarks. An example of this is when Mrs. Cullinan calls Margaret, Mary because Mrs. Cullinan's friends tell her she should. Because of this, Margaret purposely breaks one of Mrs. Cullinan dishes.


The White people in the story were ignorant people, towards the Black people, an example is Margaret tells a woman that in Stamps, her grandmother owned the only Negro general merchandise store since the turn of the century, and the woman replies by saying, why you were a debutante. ( Angelou) This to me sounds like the White woman was acting in a sarcastic and rude way towards Margaret. Whites did not have respect towards Black people. Even after Mrs. Cullinan was told numerous times not to call Margaret anything other then her name, she kept calling Margaret, Mary. When Mrs. Cullinan would call Margaret Mary, I believe Margaret felt, as she was dehumanized. No one likes to be called a name that does not correspond to that individual.


Reyes


Mrs. Cullinan, "was a plump woman who lived in a three bedroom house somewhere behind the post office. She was singularly unattractive until she smiled, and then the lines around her eyes and mouth which made her look perpetually dirty disappeared, and her face looked like the mask of an impish elf." (0 Angelou) Mrs. Cullinan was a woman who did not know how to respect individuals, she did not understand how important a name is important to a person. Mrs. Cullinan was a woman, who could not have kids because she was delicate boned, in addition she was exceptionally fat.


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In Mrs. Cullinan's house, all the cups and plates had their own place in the cabinets. Approximately around twelve o'clock the table was already set for dinner. Around twelve fifteen p.m. Mrs. Cullinan would take a seat at the dinner table even if her husband had arrived or not. At about twelve sixteen p.m. Miss Glory would bring out the food. Work in the house was exceedingly harsh on Margaret, she always had to be doing some activity in the house. Miss Glory was a descendant of slaves that had worked for the Cullinans. (1 Angelou) Miss Glory and Margaret were almost alike. Miss Glory was very patient with Margaret when she was teaching her about the housework. Miss Glory explained everything that she had to explain to Margaret. So that she would be successful in Mrs. Cullinans' house and not have any problems with Mrs. Cullinan. Miss Glory and Margaret drinking glasses were placed on a separate shelf from the other glasses.


The point in the story, where I feel the story reaches its climax is when Mrs. Cullinan calls Margaret Mary. A point in which hysteria brakes out in the


Reyes


Household is when Miss Glory is hit on the head by a plate thrown by Mrs. Cullinan. People like Margaret and Miss Glory felt pity sometimes for Mrs. Cullinan, because of all the trouble that she has gone through and her husband not being there anymore. People thought of Miss Glory as a woman who was offensive, chauvinistic, stout, and repulsive. She did not know how to respect other people. The manner in which the china incident occurred was when Mrs. Cullinan insisted in calling Margaret, Mary. This got Margaret very annoyed, so Margaret purposely broke the china plate on the floor, to show Mrs. Cullinan that her name was important to her.


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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Readers Theatre Critique. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Readers Theatre Critique paper right on time.


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Text Book Critique


Institute Book of Readers Theater


Written by William Adams


The Institute Book of Readers Theatre; A Practical Guide for School, Theater, and Community, by William Adams is a very user-friendly handbook for students and teachers, as well as any person who has any interest in Readers Theatre. The Forward to this textbook as well as the section entitled, "How To Use This Book" do a very specific job of outlining the book's uses and purposes. Both sections explain quite well that Readers Theatre is a broad art and not only can it be applied to any educational subject matter, but it can also be used in other more therapeutic types of institutions. The "Pick and Choose" portion of the introduction instructs the reader very clearly about how to use the table of contents. The concept, I believe, is a very insightful one and makes the textbook a comprehensive source for any person using Readers Theatre for any of it's many useful reasons. Having the section called "Part Two School" broken up into three main divisions and four subdivisions based on grade levels, helps the reader focus quickly on the specific grade level at hand instead of flipping through page after page trying to find something that suits the subject. Above and beyond having a break down of different grade levels, the book goes on with Part Three and Part Four. "Part Three Theater" and "Part Four Community" provide ample information and instruction on other widespread functions of Readers Theatre. It makes sense to separate these sections, as the purpose and practice of Readers Theatre in the classroom will most often be different than any kind of Readers Theatre in another setting.


Part one outlines script making, staging, and oral interpretation. Each section goes detailed step by detailed step with several examples demonstrating each point. It often not only explains that there are artistic choices to be made, but also provides information on why each works and what effect each creates. For instance, within the chapter on staging, there is a small section on focus. Here, the differences between onstage focus, offstage focus and audience focus are discussed and reasons for using each are explained.


I found each section of parts two, three and four, to be very appropriately written. The examples in the younger grade levels are clearly examples that a younger child would relate to and understand. As the grades progress naturally, so do the examples. For instance, the "Early Elementary School" section uses nursery rhymes like Hickory Dickory Dock. It also gives day-by-day teaching instructions and lessons plans for developing "The Emperor's New Clothes". The Middle School section moves on to examples that are more relevant to middle school students like the script called "Punctuation Marks!" and a more serious social subject of "Sexual Harassment". Along with the plentiful script examples are a whole variety of helpful advice. Tips are given in the areas of humor, theme, movement, character and gender.


All in all, I found this book to be very comprehensive and user-friendly. It is entirely well written, very clear and very thorough. This book could easily be used by a teacher to aid in the instruction of a Readers Theatre class and/or to supplement teaching in any class at a pre-kindergarten to the university level. It would also be a helpful resource for a student in a Readers Theatre class.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Shakespeare in Harlem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Shakespeare in Harlem paper at affordable prices ! James Mercer Langston Hughes was one of the most prominent writers that emerged during the Harlem Renaissance period. Hughes wrote in many genres, but he receives most recognition for his poetry. Hughes's poems are expressions of hope, aspirations, and pride. But most all combine the need for more equal treatment between the white and black races. Many aspects of including racism, the civil rights movement, and pride in black culture affected the work of Hughes.


Racism influenced the themes of Hughes' work. Racism was a part of Hughes' everyday life because discriminatory practices remained largely unchallenged until 141. In Hughes' earlier years he spent much of his time moving, and this added with being an African-American was difficult when it came time of fitting in as the usual student would. Hughes then spent a year with his father in Mexico as a release of the racism of the North. Moreover, Hughes themes of racism in his poems were greatly affected by what he felt inside. Hughes poem "Dream Variations" has the theme for African Americans in following their dreams and not allowing boundaries of race stop them. Also the poem creates a strong suggestion that the light and dark hours of the day correlate with white and black culture and people. The statement "the white day" not only connects the time when the sun is out but also hints that the whole work day world Hughes grew up in was mostly controlled by whites. Much of Hughes' work throughout his career was written about dreams and thought of as the dominant theme in his poetry. Racism greatly affected the themes of Hughes' poems because racism was part of Hughes' everyday life and because of how racism affected his emotions.


The critical analysis of Hughes poems connects how he perceives racism and connects with the reader. For example, "The Bitter River" can be considered one of Hughes' more deeply moving poems. In the eye of Critic Jim Beatty, "The poem offers not only as astute account of dominant oppression in the U.S., it lessons that contemporary critical theory would do well to heed. He speaks of how Hughes' goes beyond the dream of equal treatment and civil rights and describes how Hughes brings up the point equal but separate. Furthermore, in Hughes' poem "The Blackish Blues" the reader sees the identity that a white society has given the black man and how the system does not allow for African-Americans achieving success. In the poem Hughes speaks of the closed hearts and minds of the white man. Hughes also hints of the fact that the poor black man is tired of his living condition and wants a fair chance. The critical analysis of Hughes' poems speaks of the connection of theme and reader by creating a deeply moving poem and by showing the reader the African-American identity.


The greatest civil rights issue in the U.S. has concerned the status of a black minority. For example, in the 10's and 10's the upper Manhattan district of Harlem had became a flourishing capital of African-American culture as writers, musicians, artists, photographers, philosophers, and intellectuals. This would later become known as the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes was among many considered a leading creative figure during the Harlem Renaissance. "We younger Negro artists now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. Hughes spoke for most of the writers and artists when he wrote his essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" where black artists could express themselves freely, no matter what the black public or white public thought. Because Hughess long and distinguished poetic career and his innovations in style and subject matter, he has inspired two generations of black writers and have immeasurably affected the shape of contemporary black literature. In conclusion, Hughes played a major role in the civil rights movement with his poems and writing style.


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Next, the civil rights movement affected many of the themes of Hughes' poems. For instance, the African-American want of being considered a true citizen, the situation with mulatto children, and the attitudes of southern Whites toward a Black man are all themes found in Hughes' poems. Hughes' poem "I, Too shows the perspective of a black man and how he sees no difference in how he values America compared with White people, but the difference lies in how America values him


I, too, sing America.


I am the dark brother.


They send me to eat in the kitchen


When company comes,


But I laugh,


And eat well,


And grow strong.


Then, in Hughes' poem "Mulatto", he speaks of the bitter life a half-black, half-white child faces and the rejection they feel from a dominant white society. Hughes' enlisted as a steward on a freighter bound for West Africa. The Africans considered him white because of his lighter brown skin and straight dark hair. He then met a mulatto child who was ignored by the Africans and the whites. This was a source of inspiration for his poem, Mulatto. The civil rights movement affected many of the themes of Hughes' poems including the African-American want of being considered a true citizen and by the situation with children who were mulatto.


Finally, the civil rights movement was influenced by Hughes' ideals of the attitudes of southern Whites towards Black men. First, in Hughes' poem "The Blackish Blues" Hughes speaks of the closed hearts and minds of the white man


While you're livin' in your mansion


You don't know what hard times means.


While you're livin' in your mansion


You don't know what hard times means.


Poor workin' man's wife is starvin,


Your wife is livin' like a queen.


In the poem Hughes hints of the fact that the poor black man is tired of his living condition and wants a fair chance. Moreover, Hughes' poem creates an insight of the life he lived. For example Hughes' stepfather took a job at the steel mill in Cleveland and Hughes later stated, the heat in the mill beat him down and leaving the only option of quitting. Moreover, Hughes' ideals on White attitudes were greatly affected by his childhood. When Hughes was born his parents soon separated. Langstons childhood was spent dealing with racism in the care of family friends. As the only way in dealing with his loneliness, Hughes began wrote poetry. The civil rights movement was affected by Hughes' ideals and his ideals were affected by the childhood he lived.


As a result, African pride and negritude themes are very prominent in Hughes's works. Subsequently, Hughes' searched for a compromise of being a black poet and writing like a white poet. A major point of Hughes's work includes the bond between African Americans and black culture. One of Hughes's earliest poems "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" speaks of a mystic union of blacks throughout the world and traces back their history back to the creation of the world and for founding the greatest civilizations that humanity has ever known. Though the poem was written in a mere fifteen minutes, the poem contains dramatic expression of the true meaning of being a black American. Also, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" creates awareness and pride in black culture. Moreover, Hughes' takes pride in his culture, imagery plays an important role in his poems. For example, in the poem "The Bitter River" Hughes' uses water in representing time and the heritage of African Americans. Hughes considered the roles the river must have played in human interaction and acknowledges the fact that rivers are more ancient in the history of the earth. In addition, Hughes' brings out the point of harsh and violent treatment his people faced in America. A prominent line "My soul has grown deep like the rivers" can be found again at the end of the poem for reestablishment of the connection of river and man. African pride and negritude themes are very prominent in Hughes' poems while imagery plays an important role.


Hughes pride in black music also led him in creating meaning within his poems. For example in Hughes' poem "The Weary Blues" the speaker expresses his loneliness, displeasure, and uncertainty about his present and his future. Hughes spent his free time in blues and jazz clubs where he would find inspirations for his work. African-American writers and artists were building a great pride and intensity within the black community. These forces pushed for publishing, patriotism, and the promotion of African-American culture. The poem also can be interpreted from the eyes of the audience in the poem. Moreover, many of Hughes poems should be read aloud in feeling pride. "Montage of a Dream Deferred", is a series of verse sketches that should be read aloud with accompaniment. Jazz can also be found in Hughes' poem of "Ask Your Mama Twelve Moods for Jazz", which is considered by some critics one of Hughess finest work. Hughes also founded theatre groups in Harlem, Chicago, and Los Angeles. By founding the clubs he was promoting the spread of the Harlem Renaissance because more African-Americans could write and present their art and music. Hughes pride in Black music and the feeling his poems helped in creating meaning within the poems.


In addition Hughes believed writing for children was important, insuring that pride in the African-American culture was taught. As a result, he wrote the successful "Popo and Fifina," and eventually published a dozen childrens books, on subjects such as jazz, Africa, and the West Indies. In addition, in many ways Hughes always portrayed loyalty within the principles he had laid down for the younger black writers in 16. His art was firmly rooted in race pride and race feeling even as he cherished his freedom as an artist. He was both nationalist and cosmopolitan.


Moreover, in the 10's and 140's Hughes founded theatre groups in Harlem, Chicago, and Los Angeles. By founding the clubs he was promoting the spread of the Harlem Renaissance because more African-Americans could write and present their art and music. Hughes believed insuring pride within children and by founding theatre groups was important in continuing Black pride.


Langston Hughes was a very powerful and inspirational poet. His innovations in form and voice influenced many writers alike. Because of aspects including racism, the civil rights movement, and pride in black culture Hughes produced many pieces that are considered some of the best poems written.


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An offer is an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is deal with. It is a manifestation of a willingness to be bound by contract. Other than that, an offer means a signification by one person to another person of his willingness to enter into a contract with him on certain terms. The offer will usually indicate the form the acceptance should take and may indicate when the acceptance will be deemed to have occurred. In seeking to prove that a contract was in existence, it will be necessary to show that there was a definite offer.


Advertisements of unilateral contracts are treated as offers. An advertisement to general public for a reward to anyone who does something is treated as an offer. If the offer forms the basis for a unilateral contract, it can be difficult to revoke. Typically the offeror must take reasonable steps to revoke the offer in the same form as it was originally made. For example, if the offer was made in a newspaper, then it should probably be revoked the same way. Moreover, it is particularly problematic if a unilateral offer is revoked before full completion of the act that constitutes the acceptance. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (18), Mrs. Carlill was able to demonstrate that she had completed the acceptance, so Carbolic could not have escaped its obligations be revoking the offer. However, suppose Mrs. Carlill had started using the Smoke Ball, and written to Carbolic expressing her wish to claim the compensation if it failed.


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An advertisement for reward to anyone who provides information leading to a conviction is treated as offer too. There is an R v Clarke (17) case where Clarke claimed a reward of ͘1000 for providing information, which resulted in the conviction of two murderers. The facts are set out in the head note to the case. Clarke knew of the reward offer but, it was alleged, he gave the information to get himself off the hook after he was arrested for the murder. So, this case does not illustrate the proposition that a person cannot accept an offer if that person did not know about it. Instead, the High Court was prepared to infer from the circumstance what Clarke's state of mind was and came to the conclusion that he did not have the reward offer in his mind when he provided the vital information. He was responding to something quite different, namely, fear for his own fate.


On the other hand, an invitation to treat is an invitation to open negations with a view to forming a contract. In English Law, an invitation to treat is not an offer, and its acceptance does not constitute the formation of a contract. There are many instances where invitations to treat are misconstrued as offers. For example, if a shop displays goods for sale with a price label attached, they are not obligated to sell for the market price. This is because displaying goods for sale is an invitation to treat, not an offer. There are cases such as Fischer v Bell (161) and Partridge v Crittendon (168). In Fisher v Bell (161) case, the defendant, a shopkeeper, was prosecuted for displaying an illegal flick-knife for sale. Because it is an offense to offer such an item foe sale he was convicted. On appeal, however, it was held that "offer for sale" has a technical meaning in law, and a shop window display is an invitation to treat, no an offer in contractual terms. The conviction was therefore quashed. While in the case of Partridge v Crittendon (168), the defendant advertised in a newspaper "framble finch cocks and hens 5 shillings each" offering a wild bird for sale is contrary to the Protection of Birds Act (154). It was construed that this advertisement was an invitation to treat, not an offer in contractual terms, and he was acquitted.


Goods displayed on self-service shelves or counter in a shop or pharmacy is also invitation to treat. The case Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots (15) demonstrates the principle that in-point-of-sale transactions the offer for sale and acceptance of that offer is deemed to take place at the checkout, and that displaying goods on shelves does not constitute an offer for sale. The Pharmaceutical Society brought a case against Boots for selling "poisons" without the supervision of a registered pharmacist, contrary to the pharmacy and Poisons Act (1). Customers would place their intended purchases in a basket, then take them to the checkout for purchases. The plaintiffs argued that displaying the goods constituted an offer, and placing goods in the basket an acceptance of offer. This argument was not accepted, as the cashier was, by common practice, free to refuse the sale, so the selection of good for purchase could not be construed a contract.


Some kinds of request to tender will also be construed as invitation to treat. According to Blackpool and Flyde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Club (10) a request to tender may, however, constitute an offer to consider the tender; such that a person who submits a tender, which is ignored, may have a cause of action.


In conclusion, an invitation to treat is preliminary to an offer. The different between an offer and an invitation to treat lies in the intention of the parties. It has to be noted that invitation to treat are not capable of being accepted. This is because invitation to treat does not display any sort of intention o be bound. It means that an invitation to treat is in law an invitation to make offer and it is not the offer itself for example where a party is merely inviting offers, which he is free to accept or reject.


(8 words)


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The apparel and retail industry throughout the history of our nation has always been motivated to try and come up with ways to increase their profits by driving the costs of their products as low as possible. The solution to many of these corporations' problems has always seemed to be simple enough. The exploitation of people across the oceans in foreign lands for cheap labor is the common solution to these companies, whether in the apparel, athletics and sports products, or other types of industries to maintain a stable margin of profit at others expense. Sweatshops have become the means for companies in the retail industry in America to keep their customers satisfied, and at the same time make an unthinkable amount of profit off of the cheap labor that helps to create the products that line the shelves. This epidemic is occurring at an alarming rate with across the nation. The worst of which is the result of major apparel industry companies in New York and the greater Los Angeles area. In New York, the U.S. Department of Labor's Secretary Alexis Herman disclosed information that "6 percent of the sewing contractors in the New York City garment industry were in violation of the minimum wage or overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act." (CNN.com) The common American consumer, whether they know it or not, holds the power that drives the operation of the sweatshop. Because of this, it is our responsibility as consumers to demand that the products we purchase are made with a standard of morality and not in oppressing sweatshop conditions. The action must be taken in order to observe those individuals rights as our fellow brothers and sisters of the world and bring an abrupt halt to this epidemic, no matter the cost.


People everywhere must recognize that the unethical practices that no human should have to face occur on a daily basis in sweatshops. There is no reason for one human being on one side of the planet to suffer a ridiculous amount of torture in order to produce a product to satisfy another person. Humans must be treated fairly everywhere with no exceptions, and not have to endure hardships and cruelty for someone else's benefit. That is exactly what is going on in the modern day operations of sweatshops. Individuals must work ridiculous hours, sometimes seven days a week facing sexual harassment, discrimination, and even physical abuse from their overseers. Companies like Nike, Gap and other major retailers are fully aware of these conditions, as are many of the customers who buy their products, but these practices still continue. Cooperation between both the retailers and their customers is necessary to eliminate this problem. The most probable solution would be for the retailers to be required by law to present the consumer with a list of how and where their products are made, and under what conditions. The consumer must then evaluate this list and come to a conclusion as to whether they agree with the practice that went into creating the product and decide whether it was produced in an ethical manner that they agree with.


Some say that the solution to this problem is not an easy one to come to. By solving this problem, it may create another, the prices of the products made, as cost efficiently as they were in sweatshops would escalate. This is a small price to pay however, and the major issue of fair and ethical treatment of all humanity should really be the primary concern for everyone.


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In today's society one of America's biggest flaws is the mere fact that a person can be judged based on his or her job class, education, income and most of all race. America encourages the three most deadly acts of racism by supporting Victimology, Separatism and Anti-intectualism in America.


Victimology has become a big part of cultural blackness because the victim is treated not as the problem to be solved but as an identity to be nurtured. Instead of America dealing with the situation we glorify the act for example in Oakland this past year we witnessed a hundred and fourteen murders. Every time I picked up a newspaper or turned on the television all they talked about was how bad Oakland was becoming not how can we solve some of these murders or what can we do to rid our city of so many notorious acts of violence. Simply calling attention to things that barely exists is Victimology because just the fact of alienating and resenting things in society is pinpointing things that may not necessarily be fact. Its like bringing unnecessary attention to something that is minor. I read something that some this up and it goes like this, "don't sweat the small stuff because all stuff is small stuff."


Separatism is a condition or the advocacy of political, religious, or racial separation. This is directly related to Victimology because it encourages black Americans to conceive the notion that as a people we are unofficial sovereign entities. Separatism in black American culture is the product of white Americans who create a very hostile environment where blacks are not the authority but a mere pond in a chess game. There are many symptoms of Separation but what stands out is conviction because


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the way society tries to justify separation says that blacks are not responsible for there actions but are merely playing out there frustration and pain that has been places on them from past acts of ignorance. Think about the O.J. Simpson case was it fair to hole him accountable for the murders or even mention the facts about the case? Maya Angelou said,"let the black folks take care of "Simpson, because in black America he would be shown his mistakes rather than be treated as a murder in which he probably was. See in black America when a predominant figure falls like an O.J. Simpson it affects not only himself but the entire black community.


To me Separatism does a disservice to black America because when someone in the black race commits an act it is justified by racism. He or she did this because of the white man or I can not get ahead because the white man will not allow me to. I can not blame societys racism on my well being because I feel like whatever I put into my education is what I will get out of it, so if I work hard and thank God things will happen.


The third act of racism is Anti-intellectualism which means to be against the quality of being intellectual. This is not caused by our own racism, funding, class, parental education but by our white America denying us the right to be educated for so many years. This is so evident because I once witness two students one white and the other black get a letter grade of an "A" on a test paper and I recall the teacher saying to the black student you must have studied with the white student. This was another blow to the black community because that teacher assume that the black student was incapable of getting an "A" by himself. Just like most teachers see me and they assume I just a dump basketball player getting by because I can dribble a ball but they do not know I am a full


time student with a job and a family. They do not know how hard I work just to get up in the morning. Anti-intellectualism says that we live in a culture of internal infection nurtured by a distrust of the former oppressor which I can kind of agree with but my question is what are we doing as black America to get out of this situation if we know who our oppressor are? To justify our unequal distribution of educational resources as the root for black students grades and test scores regardless of class or income level is an excuse because as a black race we have always had to overcome some type of obstacle. It just the way life has always been and as long as we dwell on those type of issues we will always be held back.


In conclusion until we deal with America's biggest set backs of Victimology, Separatism and Anti-intellectualism there will always be two types of Americas', black America and white America. In order to billed on our future we have to first learn from our past.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in monopoly and perfect competition, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your monopoly and perfect competition paper at affordable prices ! Economic welfare is the base of two parties in trade. It can be quantified as the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.


Consumer surplus is the amount that a buyer is willing to pay for a product minus the amount the buyer actually pays while producer surplus refers to the difference between the price that a producer is willing to accept and the actual price. As we can see from figure 1, consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the market price. However, producer surplus is the area above the demand curve and below the market price. Needless to say, the sum of the two parts is called economic welfare. Economic welfare will change while the market structure changes. In this essay, I will analyze how economic welfare changes if a market structure changing from perfect competition to a monopoly. However, whether the monopolist charges a single price or a multi price will affect the outcome.


Generally speaking, perfect competition is a market structure where there are a large number of firms and any individual firm, or any individual consumer, will have no effect on market price. It can exist in a market only if the following conditions are satisfied. Firstly, there are a lot of buyers and sellers. Secondly, buyers have perfect knowledge. Furthermore, units of the good sold by different sellers are identical and last, there are no barriers to entry into or exit from the market. Every firm is a ¡®price taker¡¯ and thus had no influence on the market price. However, a firm in a competitive market, like most other firms in the economy, tries to maximize profit. As we know, at the profit maximizing level of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost are exactly equal. This is a general rule for profit maximization. Though in the short run, firms in the perfect competitive market may make a supernomoral profit or loss, in the long run, all the firms just can make a normal profit at an equilibrium price which is determined in the industry by the intersection of MC and MR curve. The reason is clear. In the long run, if firms are making supernomoral profits, new firms will be attracted into the industry as there is few barriers to enter. Thus firms have to reduce their price to ensure output. The price will fall until it gets to the equilibrium point where the market price is just equal to the firm¡¯s long run average cost. I.e. firms can just make normal profit to cover their cost.


By contrast, a firm is considered a monopoly if it is the only seller of a good or service with no substitutes. A monopoly firm is a price maker while a competitive firm is a price taker.


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The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry. It has three sources Ownership of a key resource.


Government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good, such as patent and copyright laws.


Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.


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Like a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at


which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal. Nevertheless, unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost.


Figure 1 Firgure


As we can see, perfect competition and monopoly are two absolutely different types of market structure. Which is more efficient? Which has more economic welfare? Firstly, have a look at figure above.


There are two types of efficiency we should pay attention to---productive efficiency and allocative efficiency. Productive efficiency is achieved when the output is produced at a minimum average total cost. Clearly, from figure , we can easily get the conclusion that firms in perfect competition are more productively efficient.


However, economic welfare has a close relationship with the other type of efficiency---allocative efficiency. It is achieved when the value consumers place on a good or service equals the cost of the resources used up in production. (Price=Marginal cost) When this condition is satisfied, total economic welfare is maximized. Again, from figure , we may get the conclusion that allocative efficiency is maximized under perfect competitive conditions. As can be seen in figure , part of consumer surplus is transferred to producer surplus from the perfect competitive market to the monopoly situation. Monopolists control the quantity they produce in order to charge a high price. So they have not allocated the scared resources efficiently. What makes monopoly inefficient is the existence of the area that is a wedge between the consumer¡¯s willingness to pay and the producer¡¯s cost. It is called deadweight welfare loss. In monopoly, the price is higher; the consumer surplus is lower and the producer surplus is higher than a competitive industry. Moreover, the output is lower; the monopoly will lead to a lower overall level of economic welfare. Marginal cost is less that price, so there is allocative inefficiency.


Economics has championed the notion that the best guarantee of social welfare is competition, and perfect competition has always been its ideal


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All of the above seems to imply that a monopoly necessarily leads to higher price, lower quantity, and deadweight losses relative to perfect competition. But this may not be true, because a monopoly may be able to achieve cost saving unavailable to smaller firms. Consolidation to serve larger number of consumers can allow the firm to take advantage of greater specialization, moving to a lower ATC and corresponding MC. A typical example is natural monopoly that exists when one firm can produce at a lower ATC than can two or more firms because of economies of scale. So we have two effects of greater concentration (fewer firms with greater market share each) in an industry. First, competition is reduced, which tends to drive price up. Second, cost savings may be realized from economies of scale, which tends to drive price down. Which effect dominates? This is an empirical question and highly relevant to many policy questions. Anyway, MC under monopoly is not always the same as under perfect competition. If it is lower, the economic welfare in monopoly will be much more that it is in perfect competition. Because the monopolist in this stage has lower cost thus they charge lower price and produce larger quantity.


In order to gain more profit, monopolists practices price discrimination. It is defined as charging different prices of a same product to different consumers on the basis of non-cost-related characteristics of the consumers.


Examples of price discrimination


Movie prices (for students and seniors)


Airline prices (for business and personal)


Grocery coupons (¡®smart¡¯ versus casual shoppers)


In general, the most important factor for price discrimination is distinguishing different elasticties, to isolate people who are more or less sensitive to price. People with more elastic demand will tend to be charged a lower price; people with more demand will tend to be charged a higher price.


Price discrimination has two main effects. Firstly, it tends to transfer wealth from consumers to producers. Second, it tends to decrease deadweight loss for both consumers and producers.


Now look at figure 4.


MC


CS


DWL


PH


PM


PL


PS


D


QH QM QL


The area between PH and PM and to the left of QH is transferred from the CS to the PS, from consumers who have bought at the single-price monopoly price PM and now buy at the higher price PH. On the other hand, the triangle between PM and PL, between QM and QL, and below the demand curve, is an additional to CS that could have been deadweight loss under a single-price monopoly (because they would not have bought the good at all). The PS is everything left between the demand curve and MC that is not shaded in as CS or DWL.


So consumers as a whole may or may not benefit from price discrimination; it depends on which consumers one has in mind, and how the firm discriminates. As I mentioned before, the DWL is very important. To the extent that price discrimination reduces the size of DWL, it is more efficient.


Furthermore, if a firm can charge a different price for each consumer, with the exactly equal to the maximum price the consumer will pay, then perfect price discrimination occurs. There is no DWL under perfect price discrimination.


Obviously, the output of a multi-price monopoly will be higher than with a non-price discriminating monopoly. The deadweight loss is eliminated. Thus the economic welfare has been increased. Moreover, the increased output may lead to economies of scale and increased productive efficiency. On the other hand, the firm may use the profits from one market segment to allow low predatory prices in another. In the long run this increases monopoly power and prices are likely to rise.


(Adapt from ¡®Introductory Economics¡¯)


In conclusion, the ideal economic welfare can be gained in perfect competitive market. Firms in this market structure produce the largest quantity and sell their products at the lowest market prices. They produce goods and allocate resources efficiently. Monopolists, on the other hand, produce in a limited output in order that they can keep the market price high. This causes a deadweight welfare loss and reduces the economic welfare. However, there are some arguments for monopoly as well. They claim that monopolist may have access to economies of scale and have lower cost in production. So the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus may be higher than in the perfect competition at this time. The problem is controversial and it is hard to get an answer. Anyway, if the monopoly practices price discrimination, they can make more profit. Moreover, economic welfare will increase owing to the reduce of deadweight welfare loss in this way.


References


DAVIS B., HARRISON B., SMITH C. (1) Introductory Economics London; The Macmillan Press LTD.


MANKIW N. G. (18) Principle of Economics U.S.A. The Dryden Pres


MAUNDER P., MILLER R.L., MYERS D., AND WALL N. (187)


Economics Explained London Collins Educational Company.


SLOMAN J. (18) Essentials of Economics Essex; Pearson Education Limited


www.oberlin.edu


www.debunking-economics.com/


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