If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies vs. "The Mission". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies vs. "The Mission" paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies vs. "The Mission", therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies vs. "The Mission" paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Should severe oppression be fought with weapons, or the power of goodness and love? Should religion be forced upon innocent natives of other countries and cultures? Bartolome de las Casas' A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and the film "The Mission" deal with these critical issues in very different ways, but yet they both convey the similar messages to their audiences. They have their parallels, such as the usage of severe human suffering as a way to capture the attention and affection of the audience, but they also have their differences, such as the way in which the messages are conveyed and expressed. The film technique has the obvious capabilities of breathtaking visuals and vivid displays of human conflict, but the report has the ability to paint clear pictures in the minds of the readers, and also the advantage of exaggeration. Although both techniques have their own faults and disadvantages, they are both very effective in illustrating their purposes to the audience.


A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies is de las Casas' way of informing the Spanish government of the atrocities being committed by their fellow countrymen overseas. These men, as a way of proselytizing the people of the Indies and harshly converting them to their own creed, "tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying, and persecute them mercilessly". Unfortunately, by the time de las Casas arrived in the Indies, they had been doing so for decades. These "unassuming, long-suffering, unassertive, and submissive" peoples that "are without malice or guile, and are utterly faithful and obedient both to their own native lords and to the Spaniards in whose service they now find themselves" had been slowly tormented and slain to death for no reason other than ignorance and fear on the part of their assassins. The Spaniards thought of these peace-loving creatures as dangerous animals that did not deserve to live. The decapitated population had seen its fair share of horror, and de las Casas, being a newly ordained and innovative priest, did his part to put an end to the chaos.


He exposed the true nature of the gentle, benevolent natives, who were "innocent and pure in mind" and had a "lively intelligence", and explained how horribly the Spaniards had been acting. This strong indictment against the exploitation of these peoples of the New World carries with it all of the urgency of a crucial moment in history when it still seemed possible that he could reverse the tide, and start to restore hope and trust in the eyes of the Indians. De las Casas believed that through his shocking writings, he could possibly alter the course of history, and restore the peace. It was a valiant effort on the part of de las Casas, and very effective indeed.


The other documentation of the early enforcement of a barbaric form of Christianity on native peoples that we studied was the feature film, "The Mission", starring Jeremy Irons and Robert DeNiro. Irons plays a missionary trying to get along with natives of South America in the eighteenth century, and attempting to peacefully teach them about Christianity with the hopes of conversion.


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There were two major powers that hoped to get their ideas across to the people of the Indies the selfish colonists who wanted to form a new trade in slaves and riches (initially headed by Robert DeNiro's character, Mendoza) , and the peace-loving missionaries, headed up by Jeremy Irons' character, Gabriel, who wanted nothing more than to turn the benevolent Indians into followers of Jesus Christ. The two groups clashed again and again, until the eventual downfall of the weaker.


Mendoza starts out as a slave trader, but after murdering his brother, Philipe, in a fit of rage, he sought redemption and forgiveness. He found this through the Jesuit missionaries, who designated his penance, which consisted of dragging a large sack of heavy armor and metal, signifying the weight of his sins, up an enormous waterfall. After having completed this strenuous task, he symbolically threw the sack into the river, relieved that the burden of his crime had finally been lifted from his chest. He could now go and live a peaceful and fulfilling life and become a man of God.


Mendoza took advantage of the opportunities that were before him, and later became a missionary himself with the help of Gabriel, his mentor. Together, along with the rest of the Jesuits and the newly-converted Christians, they dreamed of a society in which they could all live in harmony. The Spanish and Portuguese were becoming an increasing threat to their dream because the colonial governors viewed them as dangerous. They would rather enslave the Indians and issue orders to destroy the mission than learn to trust them and treat them as human beings. As the orders were about to be carried about by the colonists, Gabriel and Mendoza had a disagreement concerning how the people of the mission should deal with the threat of being overthrown. Mendoza felt that the people should defend themselves with weapons, which was their initial instinct. Gabriel, on the other hand, held strong to his Christian beliefs and trusted that love, compassion, and goodness would prevail over brutal war. This separation of the community partially caused the downfall of the mission.


When the time came, half of the people fought to defend themselves with their hands, and the other half surrendered to the militaries and offered peace. Either way, the entire mission was completely destroyed and all of its inhabitants were horrendously murdered. The most ironic part about the whole situation is that the purpose of the project was to instill in people everywhere the knowledge and love of Jesus Christ and his teachings. This was met with the onslaught of self-centered imperialist ideals, and the clash caused tremendous loss of life.


The messages of "The Mission" and A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies are quite clear. It is quite impossible to righteously follow and uphold the principles of Christianity while committing atrocities against the very people who should be treated as brothers and sisters. A hypocritical contradiction is created by this, thereby infringing upon the most basic ideals of the religion itself. Religion is a serious issue that must be dealt with using great care. People are very sensitive concerning what they believe in, and no one wants to be dictated by someone else who or what to worship. It is really quite ironic what happens when the spread of a kind and loving religion is placed in the hands of forceful, barbaric, power-hungry people � the outcome is pure chaos, as we can see through both of these detailed and ghastly accounts. The real lesson learned is that religious beliefs and faith in God cannot be enforced, they must be learned peacefully. When Gabriel entered the territory of the Indians, they accepted him only after he made it clear that he was coming in peace and posed no threat to them. Only then were they open to being taught his thoughts and ideas, and eventually, becoming Christians. This seems to be the single most effective way of conversion and proselytization. Religion can be a double-edged sword at times, but when taught lovingly and peacefully, it has the power to save humanity and create a world in which we live for God, and for each other.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Abortion. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Abortion paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Abortion, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Abortion paper at affordable prices ! Many people believe abortion is only a moral issue, but it is also a constitutional issue. It is a womans right to choose what she does with her body, and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. This right is guaranteed by the ninth amendment, which contains the right to privacy. The ninth amendment states The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Many people believe this right guarantees the right to women, if they choose to have an abortion, up to the end of the first trimester. Regardless of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and the choice to abort her fetus. The people that hold a pro-life view argue that a woman who has an abortion is killing a child. The pro-choice perspective says that it is the womens decision whether or not they want to choose to have an abortion. I believe in pro-choice because women should get the legal opportunity to choose to do what they want to do with their own body.


You often hear that abortion is destruction of the life of an unborn child, but then the unborn child is not yet a child. Many people talk about adoptions as well. You also have to think about how adoption can affect the child too. Yes, it would be a good thing if the child ends up with a really loving and caring family, but what if the child never ends up with a family. There are many chances that the child would be in a foster home for a temporality time. The child might even have to change families every year and they would not be in a steady home. This would affect the child physically and emotionally. How do you think the child might feel that his or her parents put them up for adoption? If a fetus is unwanted, it is better to be aborted than to be abused or neglected.


One million American teenagers become pregnant each year, and 85% of pregnancies in teenagers, and 5% choose abortion. The reason for the high percentage of abortions varies from person to person. Over one third of women said that their reason for having an abortion was that having a child would interfere with attendance at school, over a quarter said they could not afford to support a child because they were a student or about to become one. Some women choose to get an abortion because they are still not financially ready to support their pregnancy. These statistics show how going through with a pregnancy can put their life on hold. Abortion can be for the better. Many teenagers who choose to get an abortion is mostly because they are too young and can not afford to put their schoolings on hold to support the child.


Abortion is a womens own right and choice. In 17, the Roe v. Wade decision proved this by recognizing abortion as a basic constitution right and made it legal in all states. The law now permits abortion at the request of the women without any restrictions in the first trimester and some restrictions in the second trimester to protect the womens health. Jane Roe was unmarried and pregnant and she wanted to get an abortion that was performed by a competent, licensed, physician, under safe, clinical conditions. "The Court held that a womans right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy (recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut) protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision gave a woman a right to abortion during the entirety of the pregnancy and defined different levels of state interest for regulating abortion in the second and third trimesters. As a result, the laws of 46 states were affected by the Courts ruling."(RoevWade.org)


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The National Abortion Right Act League argues that without legal abortion women would be denied their constitutional right of privacy and liberty. The U.S. Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade argued that the womens right to privacy overruled the fetuss right to life. If abortion were illegal it would force poor women to bear and raise children they cant afford to bring up. There would be a number of unsafe abortions in back alleys. It would also force women to give up their dreams and stay home to bring up babies. Worst of all, it would condemn victims of rape and incest to carry and nurture the offspring of their rapist.


Abortion is necessary for women to have control over their own bodies and life. To ignore the rights of others is selfish and injustice. Women must have the right to control the functions of their own bodies. Women should not be forced to have babies they dont want. They must be able to decide what happens to them and have a safe plus legal way of doing so. Women are in control of their own bodies and lives. Legislators have no right to interfere. The practical claim that since pregnancy involves a womens body, the choice of continuing that pregnancy must be hers alone.


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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Bible. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Bible paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Bible, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Bible paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Dosteovskys novel Crime and Punishment depicts the Biblical account of Jesus path to crucifixion burdened with a wooden cross through the character of Raskolnikov. After committing a cold-blooded murder he experiences mental anguish, and in a defeated state, confesses, and accepts the consequences of his crime.


Although the novel begins by focusing on the crime itself, the majority of the book discusses Raskolnikovs struggle through denial and redemption after the murder has been committed. His own greatness leads to his denial of God, and his attempt to suppress his conscience causes insanity and sickness. However these negative consequences force him to acknowledge his rectitude and realize his need for confession.


The prostitute, Sonya, helps Raskolnikov take a step toward redemption by discussing with him the Biblical account of Lazarus revival from death. This scene depicts his inability to comprehend Sonyas God, and epitomizes his refusal to cling to a higher being. Raskolnikovs incessant pursuit of hindering Sonyas faith characterized the frustration and struggle he experienced because of spiritual issues. However, his path to confession progressed during their conversation because of his hidden desire to understand Sonyas faith. With her aid, he took a step toward redemption foreshadowing her action in raising him from the dead. Sonya pleads with him to wear her cross and confess to his heinous crime. However, he refuses to accept this burden. This directly parallels with Jesus refusal to die before his proper time.


The climax of the novel takes place after Raskolnikovs realization and acceptance of his consequences. He visits Sonya and receives her cross. Through this action, he accepts punishment and ironically, his life. This gifts benefactor, Sonya, carries significance in this allusion to the Bible. Sonya, a sinner through the worlds eyes, bestows her cross on Raskolnikov. In addition, she gives him the strength to live again. Jesus was given the cross to carry by the people, sinners by definition of the Bible. By his actions, he gave life back to the people that condemned him to death.


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Raskolnikovs tread to police headquarters for confession paralleled Jesus trudge to crucifixion with his cross. By kissing the ground before he confessed, Raskolnikov showed humility just as Jesus did on his journey to Calvary adorned in a crown of thorns.


Raskolnikovs confession causes a transformation in his character. Through his suffering, the burden of greatness lifts off of his shoulders, enabling him to recover and move on with his life. Jesus lay exanimate in his tomb for three days before he was alive again; Raskolnikovs recovery also took time, and months passed before he was vibrant and fully raised from the dead.


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If you order your cheap custom papers from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick paper at affordable prices ! More often than not, lyric poetry of the past often took the role of idealizing the idea of love. There were countless poems written about the perfection of a pure love or the beauty of a woman. However, William Shakespeare's "My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun" (Appendix A) and Robert Herrick's "Delight in Disorder" (Appendix B) are the antitheses to the notion that love has to be faultless. Both poems use diction and imagery to illustrate the singular theme that imperfections are not necessarily negative.


In "My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun" the speaker begins with the title line and proceeds to describe, using particular diction, just how imperfect his mistress is. He uses the opposite of the comparisons that one would usually employ to describe a loved one. Reference to the color red, which can symbolize passion, is used not as a positive depiction, but to show how the woman being spoken of is devoid of it. "Coral is far more red than her lips' red" (); "I have seen roses damasked red and white,/ But no such roses see I in her cheeks" (5-6).


Other specific word choices, such as "black wires grow on her head" (4) and "the breath that from my mistress reeks" (8) create a vivid image in ones mind and make the woman seem not only slightly unpleasing to behold, but downright repulsive. The first quoted line about the wires makes one envision someone probably resembling Medusa. Imagery is further used to show the difference between the speaker's mistress and a goddess "My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground." (1).


Yet, at the end the speaker says "And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare/ As any she, belied with false compare." (1-14). The diction in these two lines changes the whole tone of the poem into one of utter love and compassion, in stark contrast to the negativity of what was previously written. This shows that unlike those who refuse to acknowledge the fact that the person they're in love with is not perfect, the speaker of this poem embraces his mistress' flaws and loves her just the same.


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Herrick's "Delight in Disorder" also makes good use of diction and imagery, but in a manner that is altogether different from Shakespeare's sonnet. Instead of discussing the woman herself, this speaker concentrates on the disarray of her attire. "A sweet disorder in the dress/ Kindles in clothes a wantonness" (1-). Also, as the title and the first two lines show, the speaker of this poem states right away that this disheveled appearance is what appeals to him. He doesn't go about pointing out solely the negativity and then at the end state that that's what interests him as did Shakespeare's "My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun". The idea of imperfection being something positive is brought up and embraced throughout the poem. Ironic pairs of words such as "sweet disorder" (1), "fine distraction" (4) and "wild civility" (1) are used to emphasize the theme of the poem.


"A winning wave, deserving note,/ In the tempestuous petticoat" (-10) is the epitome of imagery in this poem. The personification of her petticoat brings to mind a wild, jostling skirt. The speaker describes the woman's garments so clearly that one can actually picture their whimsical disorderliness


An erring lace, which here and there


Enthralls the crimson stomacher


A cuff neglectful, and thereby


Ribbons to flow confusedly; (5-8)


When further considering the two works, it would be safe to say that Herrick's speaker takes this love of imperfections one step further than Shakespeare's. The end of the sonnet compares the woman being spoken of to other women and says "I think my love as rare/ As any she," (1-14) meaning that she is just as good as any other woman. Whereas the speaker in "Delight in Disorder" states "Do more bewitch me than when art/ Is too precise in every part" (1-14). He is saying that one possessing such flaws is not only as good as other women, but even better.


Both Shakespeare's "My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun" and Herrick's "Delight in Disorder" view the flaws that they describe at length as positive qualities. Imagery and diction are two of the most important literary elements in both these works and intensify the message that is being conveyed. Though these poems were written almost four decades apart, the uncommon and recurring theme of beauty and love found in and enhanced by imperfection is very apparent.


Please note that this sample paper on Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on Imagery and Diction in Works by Shakespeare and Herrick will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Importance of Engineering Ethics. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Importance of Engineering Ethics paper right on time.


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It is critical for an engineer to maintain an ethical reputation within his/her engineering career. The main principles that an engineer should work and live by are "to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, perform services only in areas of their competence, act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, avoid deceptive acts, and conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession" (NSPE Code of Ethics 1). It is the engineer's responsibility to uphold his/her position to the fullest in taking everything into account before making a critical decision.


Ethical and moral decisions often have severe consequences. "In a world increasingly shaped by technology, engineers have a moral obligation to consider the consequences of their choices" (Ganssle 1). It is very important for an engineer to use clear judgment when a safety problem is at stake, especially in disaster recovery. When a safety problem is a concern it may be easy to not report it; however, an engineer has an ethical responsibility to report all safety issues even though by doing so, he/she may run the risk of being penalized, fired or blacklisted. The line between ethical, moral standards and circumstances where jobs are at stake becomes very thin. For example, "Engineer A learns that his employer is violating environmental regulations relating to acceptable toxicity levels of waste materials being released by the employer's industrial facility. Does he report this fact to the public authorities or the media?" (Schwartz 1) In this case due to Section , 1F of the NSPE Code of Ethics which clearly states that "Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall report thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when relevant, also to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such information or assistance as may be required," there should be no question as to what response should be taken.


It is important to develop the moral skills needed to respond well to ethical problems. There is rarely an absolutely correct solution or response to a problem. Even if there is no absolutely correct answer, some answers are better than others. There may be several solutions to one problem. In these cases, judgment and experience must come into play. "As with law and medicine, engineering is a learned profession. As a profession, engineering constantly involves the expert judgment and discretion in the performance of services. Engineers are expected to use their education, training, and experience in a manner that comports with the public health and safety" (Schwartz 1). Being a learned profession, engineering ethics are taught in the classroom to prepare students who lack practical experience to handle situations in the industrial world where ethical decisions have real consequences (Stephan ).


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Judgment is usually a significant part of the engineer's decision-making process. "The engineering effort is in knowing what to calculate, and how to model the real world, so that the solution, the real structure, actually performs the way the engineer wants it to. Even the best calculations only substantiate, but do not substitute for the judgment of the structural engineer" (Kardon 5). Codes of ethics set down by regulatory agencies provide for basic rules of conduct that an engineer must follow. They provide guidelines that assist engineers in various situations. "Except in the most basic circumstances, codes of ethics do not provide answers or solutions to ethical dilemmas faced by engineers" (Schwartz ).


Ethical engineering skills are developed from instances of "cases" which occurred over time. Different liability cases and their ultimate outcome have been the basis for educating engineers. Because engineering requires good and reliable judgment, experience is the best educator. Expertise and experience are very important qualifications. In addition to structural concerns, the concerns of the engineer are not unlike the concerns of management � limiting losses. However, these concerns must not over shadow the concerns of public welfare and safety. For example, the Brooklyn Bridge is one of America's most famous bridges. It was the first large suspension bridge and it had many new construction ideas. The design required massive use of structural wire rope. The designer of the bridge, the best wire rope vendor of the day, was not awarded the wire contract. The firm that won the contract "provided knowingly and with almost criminal intent, substandard material that could have jeopardized the safety of thousands of commuters. The original bridge designer's sensationally redundant design saved the project. The history of civil engineering is filled with stories of crooked contractors and lousy materials. In pursuit of the quick buck, ethics are consistently tossed to the winds" (Ganssle 4).


"Construction is a dangerous pastime, and builders sometimes take undue risks in order to save time or money" (Kardon 8). The engineer must consider the consequences of the risks taken under the worst circumstances. In business situations, profitability is always of the utmost importance. Although costs should not be ignored, much consideration should be given to safety, honesty, integrity and experience. Let's face it, we all know but don't care to admit that we are lazy. We tend to take the easy way out rather than do it right. "Disciplined development is a core value of any workable approach…but it's tedious and, well, disciplined" (Ganssle 5). The ethical engineer should never compromise his/her standards by misrepresenting, concealing or ignoring a potential problem. "The law of unintended consequences means we cannot understand the implications of our actions over the long haul" (Ganssle ).


"All ethics are personal" (Ganssle ). Most responsible engineers try to do their job as ethically as possible. However, engineering in today's world has become complex. Good intentions might not always be enough. Often the pressures of deadlines, profitability, time management, and competition cause great stress on engineers. It is easy to overlook minute details. In some cases these small details can be significant in the failure of a project. It is important for engineers to accept personal responsibility for their professional activities.


Years ago in engineering shops one person may have been the designer, business manager, salesperson, and service manager. Today, things are a little bit more complicated. There are many individuals and departments in the same firm or corporation that play different roles. "Issues of safety, liability, and business integrity can easily get lost even when all individuals are doing there assigned jobs" (Stephan ). Under these circumstances, it is more likely for engineers to rely on his/her peers to identify problems or shed light on a safety concern, in which case many issues will fall through the cracks. However, if the entire firm takes personal responsibility in each project the success rate will be higher.


In conclusion, the actions involved with carrying out the right and ethical solution to any engineering problem may not be easy, especially is today's world. But the path that must be taken should be obvious. This type of decision-making comes with experience, but the basic principles can be learned. The work that an engineer does often impacts the lives of countless people. With such a responsibility it is up to them to act in the most ethical, honest and trustworthy manner possible.


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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Knowledge management in organizations: examining the interaction between technologies, techniques, and people. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Knowledge management in organizations: examining the interaction between technologies, techniques, and people paper right on time.


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In recent years, knowledge management has become a critical subject of discussion in the business literature. Both business and academic communities believe that by leveraging knowledge, an organization can sustain its long-term competitive advantages.


The resource based view (RBV) of organizations and competencies perspectives highlight the reflection of this changing trend in the business strategy arena (Nelson and Winter, 18). Although management is aware of the potential that can be realized from knowledge resources, there is not a consensus about the characteristics of knowledge and the ways these knowledge resources should be used. Researchers and academics have taken different perspectives on knowledge management, ranging from technological solutions to the communities of practices, and the use of the best practices. For example, a majority of business managers believe in the power of computers and communication technologies in knowledge management, as they argue that information technology (IT) can provide an edge in harvesting knowledge from piles of old buried data repositories, consisting of point of sales (POS), customer credit cards, promotional sales, and seasonal discount data. Some others, however, contend that knowledge resides in human minds and, therefore, employee training and motivation are the key factors to knowledge management.


This paper takes a comprehensive view on knowledge and argues that defining knowledge management through technological or social systems alone engenders the bias in overemphasizing one aspect at the expense of the other. As we will show later, technologies and social systems are equally important in knowledge management. The conversion between data and information is efficiently handled through information technologies, but IT is a poor substitute for converting information into knowledge. The conversion between information and knowledge is best accomplished through social actors, but social actors are slow in converting data to information. That is one of the reasons we believe that knowledge management is best carried out through the optimization of technological and social subsystems. The roots of this view can be found in the sociotechnological perspective of the organization (Emery, 15, 167; Trist, 181; Trist and Bamforth, 151).


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Despite the fact that a number of researchers highlight the competitive advantages of M, Hewlett-Packard, Buckman Laboratories, Scandia AFS, and Xerox as a result of knowledge management projects, they do not clearly describe the principles and procedures of knowledge management. This paper clarifies the concept of knowledge management and shows why technological as well as social systems become critical in knowledge management.


This paper makes important contributions to academic and business circles. The academic community is beginning to consider organizations as repositories of knowledge. The competitiveness of organizations is determined by organizational capabilities and core-competencies. By focusing on knowledge management, we hope to strengthen the knowledge-based view of the firms. To managers, this research is important for two reasons. First, while they have heard a lot of discussion on knowledge management, they are baffled with divergent perspectives carried on knowledge management. Seeing that, in the present time, most jobs are becoming ever more information intensive, and a majority of employees are moving to these industries, this paper provides a theoretical framework on knowledge management. Second, by emphasizing the capabilities of information technologies such as Internet, intranet, and telecommunications, and social systems such as employee training and motivation, this paper explains why an understanding of knowledge management has become much more important.


The outline of the paper follows. The paper begins by describing data, information, and knowledge. Next, we explain the concept of knowledge management. Later, we describe the importance of technological and social systems in knowledge management. The paper ends by describing the major implications and the conclusion of the study.


Data, information, and knowledge


Defining data, information, and knowledge is difficult. Only through external means or from a users perspectives, can one distinguish between data, information, and knowledge. In general, data are considered as raw facts, information is regarded as an organized set of data, and knowledge is perceived as meaningful information.


This paper posits the idea that the relationship between data, information, and knowledge is recursive and depends on the degree of the organization and the interpretation as shown in Figure 1. Data and information are distinguished based on their organization, and information and knowledge are differentiated based on the interpretation.


To understand this difference, let us take an example of a patients visit to a doctors office. The doctor elicits a lot of information from the patient. Some of this information becomes relevant as the doctor considers it important for the medical diagnosis of the patient. Some of the information elicited by the patient, however, is irrelevant for the doctor and becomes data. The doctor quickly assimilates the acquired information in his (her) knowledge base, and after finding a useful pattern in the information prescribes medication to the patient. If the doctor is unable to find a relevant pattern in the information, the doctor may recommend further lab-tests, and/or refer the patient to a specialist, who may be in a better position to find a useful pattern in the information.


Let us take the following possibilities now. If the doctor recommends the patient for some lab-tests, he (she) may try to elicit more information from the patient and may find some other pieces of information through the lab-tests. The information acquired through the lab-tests may confirm or disconfirm the doctors initial hypotheses about the diagnosis. It may also happen that the preliminary analysis of the data (which was insufficient and incomplete without lab-tests) could be quite relevant to the doctor for medical diagnosis of the patient. The point is that the doctor moves back and forth, recursively, between data, information, and knowledge.


If the doctor recommends the patient to a specialist, the specialist might elicit quite a different sort of information. It could also happen that the specialist may find some pieces of information quite relevant, which were earlier discarded by the doctor in making his (her) preliminary diagnosis of the patient. The point is that data, information, and knowledge are relative, because data for the doctor, in fact, become a critical part of the information for the specialist, which in part assists him (her) finding a useful pattern of the medical diagnosis (knowledge).


Looking from the above perspective, it is evident that knowledge base often dictates the distinction between data, information, and knowledge. This could be one of the reasons that in the knowledge intensive environment, many firms can sustain their competitive advantages. It is because the prior state of the knowledge base generates a positive feedback to support the creation, validation, presentation, and distribution of knowledge. Cohen and Levinthal (10) explain this fact in arguing that knowledge expansion is dependent on learning intensity, and prior knowledge. In other words, accumulated prior knowledge increases the ability to accrue more knowledge and learn subsequent concepts more easily.


Therefore, we argue that knowledge is an organized combination of data, assimilated with a set of rules, procedures, and operations learnt through experience and practice. In a sense, knowledge is a meaning made by the mind (Marakas, 1, p. 64). Without meaning, knowledge is information or data. It is only through meaning, that information finds life and becomes knowledge (Bhatt, 000a). Thus, the distinction between information and knowledge depends on users perspectives. Knowledge is context dependent, since meanings are interpreted in reference to a particular paradigm (Marakas, 1, p. 64).


Nature of organizational knowledge


Individual knowledge is necessary for developing the organizational knowledge base; however, organizational knowledge is not a simple sum of the individual knowledge (Bhatt, 000a). Organizational knowledge is formed through unique patterns of interactions between technologies, techniques, and people, which cannot be easily imitated by other organizations, because these interactions are shaped by the organizations unique history and culture.


The implication of the interactions between technologies, techniques, and people has profound consequences on knowledge management. It is because the pattern of interaction between technologies, techniques, and people is unique to an organization that it cannot be easily traded in the marketplace and imitated by other organizations. In general, organizations possess foreground knowledge and background knowledge. Foreground knowledge is much easier to capture, codify, and imitate, while background knowledge is tacit and sticky, which makes it difficult to replicate and imitate. It is dependent on organizational history and its unique circumstances. However, we believe it is not the intensity of the background knowledge that enables a company to achieve its superior performance. It is, rather, the intensity of the symbiotic relationship between foreground and background knowledge that forms the core-competencies of the organization and offers sustainable advantages to the company, as shown in Figure (Prahalad and Hamel, 10; Leonard-Barton, 1). That is one of the reasons that core-competencies cannot be unbundled into the foreground knowledge or the background knowledge (Bhatt, 000a).


Knowledge management


We refer to knowledge management as a process of knowledge creation, validation, presentation, distribution, and application. These five phases in knowledge management allow an organization to learn, reflect, and unlearn and relearn, usually considered essential for building, maintaining, and replenishing of core-competencies (see Figure ).


Knowledge creation


Knowledge creation refers to the ability of an organization to develop novel and useful ideas and solutions (Marakas, 1, p. 440). By reconfiguring and recombining foreground and background knowledge through different sets of interactions, an organization can create new realities and meanings.


Knowledge creation is an emergent process in which motivation, inspiration, experimentation, and pure chance play an important role (Lynn et al., 16). The extent to which knowledge is considered to be novel depends if it solves existing problems more proficiently and effectively or may lead to innovations in the marketplace.


However, we do not recommend that, in every situation, an organization should create new knowledge from scratch. There are several other ways that can be pursued in combination with a fresh-start (Bhatt, 000b). For example, a firm may reconfigure and recombine existing pieces of knowledge, along with the strategy of imitation, replication, and substitution. In some cases, an organization may develop its competence by focusing on its capabilities and limiting its shortcomings. By strengthening its research and development (R&D) capabilities, by scanning and monitoring external environments, and by borrowing and employing external technologies, a firm can get a better perspective of its knowledge base and may include new knowledge from the outside (Bhatt, 000b).


Some firms may choose to organize and interpret existing information in a new light. For example, an accounting firm may choose to use existing accounting standards through different methods, using different procedures of discount, depreciation, and overhead costs. On the other hand, some firms may choose the process of probe and learn, through a series of experiments (Lynn et al., 16). For example, Cornings optical fiber program, GEs CT scanner experience, Motorolas cellular phone development, and Monsantos NutraSweet inventions were perfected through a series of probing and learning processes (Lynn et al., 16).


Knowledge validation


Knowledge validation refers to the extent to which a firm can reflect on knowledge and evaluate its effectiveness for the existing organizational environment. Because with age, a part of knowledge may be obsolete that needs to be reconfigured and refined to the existing realities. Often, multiple and continual interactions between technologies, techniques, and people may be necessary to test the validity of the knowledge (Bhatt, 000b). For example, when an organization employs new sets of tools and technologies, and processes and procedures, it may need to update or refine the skills of its employees so that they can swiftly adapt to the new competitive realities.


Knowledge validation is a painstaking process of continually monitoring, testing, and refining the knowledge base to suit the existing or potential realities. As the realities change, so does the need arise to convert the parts of knowledge into information, and data, which may finally be discarded. It is because the development in a discipline may often constitute new information, rules and theories, and a part of the old rules and theories become outdated. Therefore, for organizations it becomes important that they continually review, test, and validate their knowledge base to keep up with the latest knowledge in the discipline and discard the outdated knowledge.


The question of knowledge obsolescence is a paramount concern to shape the core-competencies of the organization. The core-competencies cannot be easily imitated; they nevertheless become obsolete if not matched with the existing development in the fields (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 15). For example, a firm that is competing through bricks and mortar cannot ignore the competition coming from click and the mouse. The competition between Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble illustrates this point.


Knowledge presentation


Knowledge presentation refers to the ways knowledge is displayed to the organizational members. In general, an organization may devise different procedures to format its knowledge base. However, organizational knowledge is distributed and scattered in different locations, embedded into different artifacts and procedures, and stored into different mediums such as print, disks, and optical media. Each of them requires different means of knowledge presentation. Because of these different presentation styles, organizational members often find it difficult to reconfigure, recombine, and integrate knowledge from these distinct and disparate sources. For example, there could be many departments or divisions, which may be processing data through their own devised conventions, often creating redundancy and incompatibility in data standards, formats, and programs. Though organizational members may find the relevant pieces of information by organizing data into separate databases, they will still find it difficult to integrate and interpret information different perspectives.


Organizational members work with a set of styles. If they are required to learn different sets of work-styles, delays in integrating and internalizing new knowledge are common. Therefore, an organization may choose to employ similar codification, standards, and programming schemes or make use of predefined templates and schema to present data, information, and knowledge.


Knowledge distribution


Knowledge needs to be distributed and shared throughout the organization, before it can be exploited at the organizational level. The interactions between organizational technologies, techniques, and people can have direct bearing on knowledge distribution. For example, organizational structure, based on traditional command and control, minimizes the interactions between technologies, techniques, and people, and thus reduces the opportunities in knowledge distribution. Similarly, knowledge distribution through supervision and a predetermined channel will minimize the interactions and consequently reduce the opportunity to question the validity of the transferred knowledge. On the other hand, horizontal organizational structure, empowerment, and open-door policy speed up knowledge flow between different participants and departments. The application of e-mail, intranet, bulletin board, and newsgroup can support the distribution of knowledge throughout the organization and allows organizational members to debate, discuss, and interpret information through multiple perspectives.


Knowledge application


In general, organizational knowledge needs to be employed into a companys products, processes, and services. If an organization does not find it easy to locate the right kind of knowledge in the right form, the firm may find it difficult to sustain its competitive advantage. When innovation and creativity are the hallmark of the present competitive arena, an organization should be swift in finding the right kind of knowledge in the right form from the organization.


There are a number of ways through which an organization can employ its knowledge resources. For example, it could repackage available knowledge in a different context, raise the internal measurement standard, train and motivate its people to think creatively and use their understanding in the companys products, processes, or services. For example, by comparing the practices of gas compression in fields, a Chevron team learned that it could save $0 million a year by adopting the best practices in the field; with its implementation of Lotus-Notes and making a central group to capture and distribute information throughout the organization, PriceWaterhouse significantly improved its documentation process (APQC, 1).


Knowledge application means making knowledge more active and relevant for the firm in creating values. For example, Intel has been on the forefront to upgrade and improve the design and speed of its microprocessor continuously. Similarly, by improving continuously its position in the liquid-crystal-display (LCD), Sharp has become a dominant player in the LCD market. With a different aim, AT&T is now beginning to review its knowledge in multimedia (Collis and Montgomery, 15).


The criteria of evaluating the usefulness of knowledge are not often readily apparent. However, if a company believes in the usefulness of knowledge in supporting its practical, and day-to-day common activities, management should provide sufficient latitude to the communities of practice for experimentation to assess the potential of the knowledge. Certainly, a number of factors, including time period of the completion of the project, its cost, and uncertainty of benefits, need a thorough evaluation. However, often managements understanding of the scope and potential of knowledge can have a dramatic effect on the outcome of the projects future.


Knowledge creating cultures


To direct individual knowledge for the organizational purposes, an organization should develop and nurture an environment of knowledge sharing, transformation, and integration between its members (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 15). The organization should coach its people to coordinate their interactions in a meaningful way. To expand its collective knowledge, an organization should make every effort in developing meaningful interactions between the communities of practice. In brief, knowledge management refers to changing corporate culture and business procedures to make sharing of information possible. It becomes as much a feat of developing technological solutions as working through the social and culture subsystems.


In a dynamic environment, organizations face a series of unexpected problems and unforeseen situations, which are difficult to control by one individual in the organization. Yet by coordinating the pattern of interaction between its members, technologies, and culture, an organization can work with complex and novel situations (Hutchins, 11). Weick and Roberts (1) refer to these interaction patterns as the collective mind of the organization. That also means that none of the members in the organization possesses all the relevant knowledge in accomplishing complex tasks; however, it is interaction between people, technologies, and techniques that support an organization in accomplishing complex and novel tasks. Therefore, one of the critical tasks of the management is to coordinate different packets of knowledge through information exchange and sharing.


The interaction between technologies and social systems


Certainly, as an organization becomes efficient in data processing, it can generate more information. The use of high-powered computers and communication networks can support an organization in data mining. However, the problem of the interpretation still remains, as only for a narrow range of problems has IT successfully been used for interpretation purposes. In a dynamic business environment, where an organization faces unexpected and novel problems, IT, at best, can be used as an enabler to turn data into information. It is only through people, that information is interpreted and turned into knowledge.


As argued earlier, the cycle between data, information, and knowledge is recursive. Therefore, an organization should be swift to turn data into information and information into knowledge. At the same time, the organization should not be overly attached to its knowledge base, so as to neglect the process of (re) conversion from knowledge to information and from information to data. In other words, once a piece of knowledge no longer fits to the existing context, the organization should be swift to discard it from its knowledge base.


In this sense, technical artifacts are enablers to organize data into information, and people are endowed with interpretative capabilities. Therefore, to manage knowledge, an organization will need to shape and redefine interactions between its people, technology, and techniques. The techniques employed by the operators or the users will determine how adroitly the technology is used and how the meanings of information are comprehended.


By recognizing the criticality of the interactions between technology, techniques, and people, one can realize why there are often multiple interpretations of the same situation. For example, Orr (16) discusses how two experienced technicians exchange quite different views regarding the malfunction of a Xerox machine. One technician interprets the error code from the machine literally, while the other technician considers the error code as a symptom of some deep-rooted problems. However, by exchanging their interpretations, technicians build their own communities and share efficient techniques of working through different situations.


In brief, an organization is not an exclusive artifact of a technological system, nor does it represent a social system. It is a system of personal experience, social relations, and technologies. Technologies enable coordination between communities of practice by minimizing a number of human and physical constraints. For example, IT enables the searching, storing, manipulating, and sharing of a huge amount of information per unit of time, by minimizing the limitations of time and space. However, the essence of offering a meaning depends on individuals. As individuals in organizations interact with others (including technologies, and techniques), they are likely to understand and share their views of the same situation in a different light. This interaction process is helpful in developing a holistic view of the realities, thereby facilitating the integration of a diverse body of knowledge in the organizations.


Implications


Knowledge management shapes the interaction pattern between technologies, techniques, and people. For instance, IT can capture, store, and distribute information quickly, but it has its limit on information interpretation. Organizations which have been successful in obtaining long-term benefits from knowledge management, are found to carefully coordinate their social relations and technologies (Bhatt, 18).


Technological solutions can be captured and grafted. But to manage knowledge, organizations need to construct an environment of participation, coordination, and knowledge sharing. According to Ernst & Young, 56 per cent of executives believe changing peoples behavior is one of the critical implementation problems in knowledge management (Glasser, 18), because knowledge management projects force a company to redefine its traditional work procedures, power structures, and technologies. Therefore, a company needs to gradually assimilate the principles of knowledge management over the companys entrenched behavior.


In general, implementing knowledge management programs requires a change in organizational philosophy. For example, traditionally a number of companies collaborated on the basis of transaction cost economics; however, a knowledge management philosophy emphasizes learning collaboratively so that they can add more value to their products and services for the customers.


Conclusion


This paper has shown that knowledge management is not a simple question of capturing, storing, and transferring information, rather it requires interpretation and organization of information from multiple perspectives. Only by changing organizational culture, can an organization gradually change the pattern of interaction between people, technologies, and techniques, because the core-competencies of an organization are entrenched deep into organizational practice. When environment is dynamic, and complex, it often becomes essential for organizations that they continually create, validate, and apply new knowledge into their products, processes, and services for value-addition.


In general, organizations may use technologies or may take an informal approach in knowledge management. But to sustain long-term competitive advantage, a firm needs to create a fit between its technological and social systems. Technologies can be used to increase the efficiency of the people and enhance the information flow within the organization, while social systems such as communities of practice improve on interpretations, by bringing multiple views on the information.


Knowledge management is a comprehensive process of knowledge creation, knowledge validation, knowledge presentation, knowledge distribution, and knowledge application. The coordination of these phases is critical, because short-circuiting any of the above phases may result in less than optimum outcome of the knowledge management.


If management is serious about making knowledge management as a priority in the organization, it will require reconsidering and analyzing the balance between technological and social facet of the organization. Putting too much emphasis on people or technologies is not sufficient; rather, management must revisit the interaction pattern between technologies, people, and the techniques people employ in using these technologies. Only by changing the interaction pattern in their favor, will managers be able to leverage knowledge for the competitive advantages of the organizations.


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The legalization of medical marajuana and even marajuana have become a big isse


in the past few years. The state of California believes that it helps relevie sympotms of


healy problems, but the Federal government says no matter what marajuana is illegal every


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where. Is the DEA capibale of telling us we can not use marajuana for medical services,


or have they really ever tried to find out? Also, England just passed laws to make the


drug legal in their country for all purposes medical and leazure. So what should the U.S.


being doing now testing the drug to see if there are results when used by the medical feild,


or not do anything but arrest drug dealers in the streets to try and solve the problem.


While using medical marajuana there are may different symptoms it make cure and


help you live a happier life. Medical marajuana is used to help cure symptoms in AIDS


patients, for instance, people with AIDS usually have a very low weight and can not make


themselves eat while marajuana is supposed to make you hungary. Marajuana also helps


cancer patients recover for chemotherpay by reducing vommiting and helpin them feel less


nausious. The medical probem most people think of that could be associated with


marajuana is glaucoma, this is because when the marajuana is being smoked it reduces the


pressure with in the eye making it easier to see.


On the other hand the legalization of medical marajuana could have many negative


consequences on our counrty. First, if we were goign to decide to legalize it then how


would we be able to keep trak of what marajuana is supposed to be comming in to the


U.S. There would be a free gap for illegal marajuana to enter though the boarder. This


would create a huge problem inside our counrty then becasue the supplly would be


plentiful, such as in the 60's and 70's. The DEA and Federal governments are trying to


crack down on the use of drugs and that would just make it easier to enter the U.S.


Also, if the Federal government were going to pass a law to legalize it then if the


marajuana was left unattended many people would do anything they could to sneak into


the system and buy it for their own personal lezuire needs. This issue could also effect the


economy of our nation. Many different kinds of materials can be made out of hemp,


which is part of the canibus (marajuana) plant. This would start to eliminate many of the


manufactures for other cloths and more would be introduced to the new hemp


manufactures.


Many of the statistics the DEA believes are not true and


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Candide, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Candide paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Voltaires Candide uses anti-heroism as an object of mockery against the philosophers of the Enlightenment. Candide, the hero of the novel travels around the world where he encounters many difficulties. During his travels, he sticks to the teaching of his tutor, Doctor Pangloss, believing that everything is for the best (). Voltaire points out the illogicality of this doctrine, if Columbus had not caught, on an American island, this sickness which attacks the source of generation [...] we should have neither chocolate or cochineal (8). The sheer stupidity of these illogical conclusions points out Voltaires problem with most optimists the illogical degree to which they would carry their doctrine. Voltaire would argue that noses were not designed for spectacles, but rather spectacles were designed for preexisting noses. Panglosss interpretation of cause and effect is so ignorant as to be comical. While Candide tells an interesting story, it is more important as a satire. However, this does not prove Voltaire is a pessimist.


During the age of Enlightenment, the philosophes believed that reason could be used to explain everything. The philosophes believed that people could make the world a better place to live in. Voltaire is against such optimism. Ian Bell Says The optimist argument then, was complex and sophisticated, but like all ironists Voltaire chose to simplify it to the extent that it seemed complacent and absurd, and he went on to cast doubt on our chances of ever securing eternal happiness(1-). According to Voltaire true happiness can only be experienced in an unreal world. The multitudes of disasters that Candide endures after leaving Eldorado culminate in his eventual abandonment of optimism. Candide loses four of his sheep laden with priceless jewels due to natural causes, and then sees his two remaining sheep stolen, and the local magistrate indifferent to the theft. Certainly, [says Candide,] if everything goes well, it is in Eldorado and not in the rest of the world (4). Candide goes a step further, Oh Pangloss, cried Candide, you have no notion of these abominations! Im through, I must give up your optimism after all. Whats optimism? said Cacambo. Alas, said Candide, it is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell (40). Candides enthusiastic view of life is contrasted with, and challenged by suffering that he endures throughout the book. Hence, Voltaire uses the book to satirize the foolishness of optimism.


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Voltaire also satirizes religion. According to him the extremely pious and the clergy are willing to turn their back on their fellow man, but those who have not even been baptized are willing to lend a helping hand. Candide, shortly after the battle, asks many religious individuals for alms, but they all, including one who had just lectured on charity, refused to aid him. Finally Jacques the Anabaptist takes pity on his fellow human, a featherless biped possessing a soul (6). Voltaire attacks not only the blanket optimism of Dr. Pangloss, but also the religious notion of providence, the idea that there is a divine will guiding earthly events. The fact that good and bad alike suffer and die seems to be evidence that God is not in charge. Voltaire believed that God had abandoned the world. Robert Adams adds, Perhaps Voltaire, like many other unbelievers, especially those with Jesuit training, continued to respect the logic of the church in which he no longer believed (18). The hypocrisy of religion, especially that of the Roman Catholic Church, is recurrent in Candide. Underlying the satire of religious practices is Voltaires outrage at all forms of fanaticism and intolerance. Voltaire claims that religious leaders blame the fall of man [as the system] we put on all these individual maladies. Voltaire adds, it is clear that the system undermines the very foundations of the Christian religion, and explains nothing at all (88)


O. Wade says Voltaire destroys the philosophy of optimism by graphically describing the tragic miseries of humanity Candide offers us the saddest themes disguised under the merriest of jokes, the joking being of that philosophical variety which is peculiar to M. de Voltaire, [...] he makes the all is well system, upheld by so many philosophers, look completely ridiculous (146). Despite attacking the optimists, Voltaire offers no solution to the problems. Wade writes Voltaires attitude towards optimism is difficult to trace because of the ambiguity of his position (150) According to Voltaire, we must cultivate our gardens, its the only way of rendering life bearable (75). He says since true happiness is hard to find, hard work is the only way one can live in contentment. Voltaire makes Candide an interesting and entertaining book, but also uses it to ridicules the optimism of the enlightenment.


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Life, no matter the stage in it, is always stressful. Sometimes we all need to just drop everything and get away for awhile. Without those vacations we would never be able to make it through. I have been on many vacations throughout my life. I have enjoyed each and every one of them; however, some more than others. For instance, last summer I was able to vacation in Ostia Antica and Rome, Italy. Of all the places that I have been, Italy has been my favorite because it opened me up to another culture, it was so scenic, and it was full of history.


Last summer was the first time that I had ever been outside of the United States. I had read about Europeans and their culture, but the best way to learn about it was to experience it first hand. I had the opportunity to walk among them on their city streets and view their culture. I got to eat in their restaurants and taste authentic Italian food. It was far superior to our "Italian" food. By talking with some of the locals, I learned of how some of the European community feels about North Americans. Although I did enjoy most of my exposure to their culture, I could have definitely done without their lack of hygiene.


Although their food was delicious, it was the scenic landscapes that really won me over. While in Rome, I went to Ostia Antica, which is an ancient city whose remains have been dug out. All the buildings and walls were made of old hand made bricks and carved stone. There was green, lush vegetation growing and draping over the walls. I felt like I was in heaven. I could look out on the Mediterranean Sea and see the most incredible and breathtaking sunset. And there were so many amazing and detailed statues and fountains spread all though the city.


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As if the beauty of the land was not enough, every square inch was overflowing with stories from the past. I love reading history books, and being in Italy brought all of the places I had read about to life. It was unbelievable to find myself actually standing in the dirt floor of the Coliseum, where centuries before, so many had been slain. It brought tears to my eyes when I walked through the cold, dark halls of the Catacombs, where the early church hid from their persecutors. Being in all of those places made the reality of all the stories I had heard evident in my mind.


My vacation last summer to Italy really opened me up to another culture, showed me more of God's beautiful creation, and brought to life all the history stories that had intrigued me. It was probably the best two weeks of my life. I am so thankful I was able to go; because actually being there taught me more than I could ever read in a book.


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Victor Nicholson


00-004


Public Relations Optimization Plan


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January 14, 00


Market Summary


Nike is the official home and Athletic sponsor of the 004 High School All-American Basketball Game.


This Presentation outlines a strategic public relations plan for the 004 initiative.


Product Definition


Nike fourth time sponsorship of the 15th Annual High School All-American Basketball Game is a perfect opportunity for Nike to link our commitment to High school Athletes and their Dream of becoming an High School All-American with the game's ideal of School first Basketball second.


Event


Nike All-American Basketball Game


Date April 15 004


Location Madison Square Garden


Time 50 PM eastern


Competition


The competitive landscape


One of our competitors is the Wendy's Basketball Shootout. Their weakness is their game only focuses on All-American athletes from Chicago and New York.


The Nike All-American Basketball Game will have its players from all around the united States. Our game will have twenty-two All-American players from around the United States.


Positioning


Positioning of Product


The Nike High School All-American Game will be the most up tempo style of basketball game than any of our competitors. Our game will have the most competition between its players.


Consumer promise


The Nike High School All-American Basketball Game will give its Consumers the opportunity to see the most talented High School basketball players compete against each other.


Communication Strategies


The Nike slogan for this years basketball game is "It takes more than a jump shot to be an All-American practice hard."


Our target market will be high school students and youth basketball players.


Public Relations


Pre-game press conference


High School seniors will announce for the first time what college they will be attended next fall.


Nike half time game agenda


Student Athlete Awards


Nike -point shootout


Nike Slam dunk contest


Advertising


Strategy & execution


5 Print ads of former High School All-Americans


Magic Johnson


Kevin Garnet


Darius Miles


Vince Carter


Grant Hill


Print ad introduction in /11/0 in Slam Magazine


ESPN Magazine


Local Newspapers around the United States


Posters will be hung through out the United States


Advertising, cont.


"Just Do It" advertising campaign launch


Coaches of the game will be Rick Pitino and Bobby Knight


Give a poster of the five former High School All-Americans with the date and time to anyone who buys Nike apparel two weeks prior to the game.


Promotions


Youth Clinics


Magic Johnson, Kevin Garnet and the High school athletes will host a clinic for children ages 6- at the continental airlines 5 days before the basketball game.


Darius Miles, Vince Carter, Grant Hill and the High School athletes will host a clinic for youth ages 10-14 at the continental airlines days before the basketball game.


Promotions, cont.


All five former High School All-Americans plus this years athletes will host a clinic at Madison Square Garden the day before the Basketball game for High School Students.


Promotions, cont.


Staff of the clinics will wear Nike apparel during the clinics


Participants of the clinic will be given a Nike T-shirt to wear during the clinic


After the clinic participants will be given a Nike travel bag with a small Nike ball, a water bottle, and a Nike head band.


Promotions, cont.


Goals of the clinic


Have all the participants of the clinic want to wear Nike apparel while playing Basketball.


Have participants of the clinic buy tickets to the Nike All-American Basketball Game.


Promotions, cont.


Third-party marketing


National Basketball Association


The Five Former High School All-Americans are current NBA players


The NBA has agreed to advertise the High School All-American game during each of their basketball games leading up to the All-American basketball game.


NCAA


The two coaches of the Nike All-American Basketball Game are college coaches


The Nike All-American Basketball game will be advertised during the NCAA basketball season.


Student Athlete Award


Those student athletes who meet the following criteria will receive awards during half time of the Nike All-American Basketball game.


Average in school must be 85 or above


Must complete 0 hours of community service during their basketball season


Must be attending a college in the fall


Nike All-American Internet Site


Target Date to go live /11/0


Website link www.Nike All-American.com


Announce via website Nike All-American sponsorship


Official roster of coaches and All-American basketball players


Announcement of clinics


Announcement of employment for clinics and game


General Information on Consumer Promotion


Fluid site can be updated when necessary


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THE TRADITIONAL CENTRAL THAI HOUSE


The traditional Thai house, with its characteristic features of a wooden house on a high platform, pre-fabricated wall panels and gables, and elegantly tapering roof is among the most beautiful wooden houses found in Southeast Asia. Regionally, the traditional Thai houses are subjected to be different. This paper will be dedicated for the traditional Thai house in central region of Thailand where geographical, cultural and religious conditions had designed the house as they were.


The central region Thai house has a high platform and spacious terrace, which is well-suited to the tropical climate, avoids annual flooding and provides space underneath of the house for traditional activities such as the Thai New Year. The pre-fabricated wall panels and gables were suitable for a country where land was abundant and houses could be moved easily. For the roof covering, Gaps at the apex of the roof structure need a special tiled or thatched cover to prevent leaking.


In the past, the house in central region of Thailand was considered as an integral part of a village community. As a culture, villagers helped each others in building their houses and village communities. Considering the village, geographical condition is a major determinant in the look of the village.


By types of village, riverside villages, villagers depended mainly on water for domestic and agricultural uses as well as transportation so that the community expanded in a linear formation along the waterway.


Cluster-type village was usually located on high ground above the rice fields. Villagers would build their houses in a single cluster in the outlying fields on the edges of community. In that period of time, main rains and annual flooding naturally formed a large water pond, in which supports all lives in the village.


Loose village is another type of village, which grew out of many isolated houses scattered among their own fields over a large area. These houses may originally have developed from rice field huts. Due to their physical isolation, villagers could hardly develop a close - knit community like other communities.


Family structure and the way of life have influenced on traditional central Thai house planning. It could be typed in five different ways.


A nuclear family single house the residences are a husband, a wife and their unmarried children. The house itself comprised of sleeping unit, kitchen, verandah and terrace. A sleeping unit is divided into three span structures. One is used as an open hall. The other two are bedrooms. A verandah is normally covered and located in front of the sleeping unit, connecting the latter to a terrace. The terrace then connects to the kitchen.


A stem family clustered house this type of house grows out from a nuclear family single house after one of the children gets married. It is a Thai custom for married men to live with the wife's family . The house, thus, needs adding or changing to accommodate a new family member. Normally, the family chooses to build a separate house connected to the old house.


A wealthy family house basically the size is larger and the design is more elegant than the clustered house. It consists of the main house of the group, minor house and central hall. The structure of the house has only three walls, the forth next to the verandah being left open as a living area. The kitchen is at the back and the right angle to the main house of the group.


Kuti there is no distinction in Thai architecture between the styles used for religious and secular buildings. Thus, the traditional Thai dwelling was also be used to house monks. Typically, the size of Kuti is small enough for a single monk. Three to six urban Kuti, however, share the same composition, floor plan and structural elements of the traditional clustered house. All Kuti are generally arranged in groups or rows, connected by a central terrace with a dining hall or prayer hall in the middle.


Riverside shop houses early Thais depended largely on rivers and canals for domestic use, irrigation and transportation. Riverside shop houses were thus settled. With trading at front and residential uses at the back of the house, all shop houses are connected with a wooden walkway bridge.


Roadside shop houses similarity to riverside shop houses, land-based shop house has a dual-purpose of trading and residential uses. A verandah is situated at front for trading and displaying goods. It is lower than the main house and it is raised less than sork (a Thai unit of measurement equivalent to the span of an adult's elbow) above the ground. The underneath of the house is for storing carts.


Structural characteristics of the traditional central Thai house are mainly the prefabricated and portable structure. All the components are wood. It is essentially a post-and-beam structure, the gravitational factors being transmitted from the roof to the ground. The floor area is wider than the space at the top on all sides. A wider base has some benefits. It confers structural strength and stability. It also helps in attaching the walls.


In addition to house construction, Thai people in the past believed in superstition and magic. Astrologers and monks who have knowledge in magical, astrological and Brahministic beliefs were asked conduct many procedures for house construction such as ceremony for land guardian spirit. They chose an auspicious location and selected an appropriate moving-in time. From the Buddhism religious beliefs, during the first, second, fourth, sixth, ninth and twelfth lunar months will bring happiness and good fortune, while the rest in lunar months are believed to bring suffering and disease.


According to evidence on Dvaravati stone (Buddhism literatural name of stone), first Thai house appears in the 8th century. However, after a period in the second half of the twentieth century, Thai houses were being pulled down many times faster than modern concrete houses and condominiums were being built. Today in Bangkok and its vicinities, they are hard to find. Many Thais do not appreciate them, finding them contrast to modern cities.


From my point of view, they are as precious diamond, which are priceless. They are perfect dwellings that represent Thai culture, architecture, art, religion and so forth.


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES


Chaichongrak, Ruethai. The Thai House. Connecticut Weatherhill Inc, 00.


Completed important information on traditional Thai house, plus various useful photographs and drawings. Provides in deep knowledge in Thai cultures of architecture.


Whitton, Alexander H, Chamsai Jotisarikorn, Virginia Di Croccu. In the Thai Style. Hong Kong Periplus Editions Limited, 00.


Contains good examples of traditional Thai style by examining Thai art, temples, palaces and houses.


William Warren and Jean M. Beurdeley. Jim Thompson The House on the Klong. Editions Didier Millet, 001.


Detail on a house, which is best preserved and represents traditional central Thai house. Also many beautiful interior photographs are included.


ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES


Chaichongrak, Ruethai. The Thai House. Connecticut Weatherhill Inc, 00.


Completed important information on traditional Thai house, plus various useful photographs and drawings. Provides in deep knowledge in Thai cultures of architecture.


Whitton, Alexander H, Chamsai Jotisarikorn, Virginia Di Croccu. In the Thai Style. Hong Kong Periplus Editions Limited, 00.


Contains good examples of traditional Thai style by examining Thai art, temples, palaces and houses.


William Warren and Jean M. Beurdeley. Jim Thompson The House on the Klong. Editions Didier Millet, 001.


Detail on a house, which is best preserved and represents traditional central Thai house. Also many beautiful interior photographs are included.


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The Khufu pyramid, also know as The Great Pyramid, is the largest of three pyramids in the Giza plateau. No one knows exactly when it was built, but archeologists believe that it was built around 10,000 BC through 500 BC. The limestone blocks used to build the 481-foot tall structure were most likely quarried near the Giza plateau. There is a large pit near by, and the amount of missing stone is slightly larger than that of the Khufu pyramids estimated volume. Scientists estimate that the pyramid is composed of .5 million limestone blocks each weighing approximately .5 tons each for a grand total of 6. million tons.


The ancient historian, Herodotus, visited the pyramids in 44-40 BC he was told by the temple priests that the pyramids were built using a lever and fulcrum based machinery. The pyramid was built in steps. After laying the stones for the base the next "step" of stone blocks were raised into their places by means of the lever and fulcrum based machinery formed of short wooden planks. The first machine raised them from the ground to the top of the base to another machine that raised the block up to the next level. Herodotus also recorded that the pyramid was built by a work force of 100,000 people working over a period of approximately 0 years.


Throughout history structures of this height were only seen in two other kinds of structures, in the cathedrals of the medieval period, and in modern skyscrapers. But the size of the Khufu pyramid isn't what makes it such an amazing structure. The ancient Egyptians built it with a degree of precision that to this day, cannot be achieved with any of our modern construction methods. The perimeter of the Khufu Pyramid is approximately 1 kilometer and the area of the base is approximately 5,000 square meters, or 17,884 feet. Despite the size, weight and age of the pyramid, you still cannot insert a piece of paper between the blocks in its base. And the angle of each side has a variance of less than 0.06%, a seemingly immeasurable amount in ancient Egypt. And all this was accomplished without the aid of modern surveying equipment, Pythagorean Theorem or trigonometry.


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There is another aspect of the pyramids that went unnoticed, that is until a few years ago. The three pyramids at Giza are lined up in an unusual way. If you look at them from space, they are lined up in the same way as the stars in Orion's belt.


In 187 a man named J. R. Hill discovered an iron plate beneath two tiers of stone near the entrance of the southern air shaft of the Kings chamber. Fifty-two years later scientists performed tests on a sample of this metal plate and determined that it had been melted at approximately 1000 to 1100 degrees centigrade. Now this might not seem odd to most people, but if the pyramids were built around 10,000 BC to 500 BC, that would mean that the ancient Egyptians had made iron 000 to 50 years before the Iron Age which began around 650 B.C!


Assuming the ancient Egyptians really did build the Great Pyramid, they would have had to over come some obstacles that still hold even modern man back. And, according to Japanese engineers, it would require over a thousand years to build the Great Pyramid using the technology they had. This is why many people believe that the extraterrestrial intervention is a valid explanation for how they accomplished such a daunting task. Utilizing devices like harmonic or magnetic levitation, machines that manipulates time, allowing for rapid construction during Khufus reign (some how I doubt he live more than 100 years). Other devices could have included computer-driven lasers and cutting devices could aid in measuring and cutting the .5-ton blocks and etching hieroglyphs. And all this technology would have had to exist alongside of the primitive mud-brick housing and primitive tools of ancient Egypt. So what happened to all of this technology, how did it disappear without a trace, while the primitive technology alone survived.


Given the facts I have found in my research over the last few years it seems that the ancient Egyptians couldn't have built the Great Pyramids alone. But if there really was extraterrestrial intervention, I find it hard to believe that there is no physical evidence to support that theory. I guess that is why the debate continues to this day, and may never end.


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