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academic medical centers. (Education and debate). British Medical Journal, 5(770), 61-64.


Abstract


Professor Wennberg describes the not so uncommon variations that occur in the practice of medicine. He states that some of these differing practices are unjustifiable since no valid reason exists for these varying standards of care.


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However, the professor does comment on areas in which practices justifiably diverge. Some healthcare providers institute methods proven effective in the literature they read. These practices do not compromise care and do not substitute for basic medical principles. They instead strengthen the quality of care. He also states that in particular cases, two equally-effective treatments might be available. The physician can then allow the patient to make the decision on his or her course of treatment.


Professor Wennberg also analyzes the phenomenon of supply-sensitive care. He cites studies of certain locations where an increase in the number of physicians led to more visits, diagnostic testing, and hospitalizations. He concludes by offering solutions for these various practice methods, placing the responsibility on the government and academic medical centers to prioritize these differences and initiate change to improve the system.


Annotation


The notion that all physicians attending four-year medical schools study the same basic sciences and therefore adopt the same basic practice methods upon completion of residency programs, is actually a complete misconception. The evidence presented in the article is quite alarming since it appears the issue of variation is not a priority and is thus being ignored by the system. Even simple practices such as the prescribing of beta-blocker medications after a Myocardial Infarction are neglected amongst providers. The medical community should consider certain treatments standards of care. Providers must become educated on these issues and continue to learn so their patients are not underserved.


I have often wondered in my own experiences of working for over forty-five Emergency Physicians, just what would have happened with that certain trauma patient or appendicitis case had another doctor been on duty that particular day. How would treatment and diagnosing been done differently and most importantly, would the final outcome have been the same? Physicians, however, do tend to assimilate with the standards of practice of the colleagues they practice with directly. I have personally seen "green" doctors, those physicians right out of residency programs, equipped with all the most current knowledge of procedures and treatments, actually convince hardened, stubborn, "old school" doctors to change their practice methods. Practice variations do certainly exist even amongst providers in the same groups.


With all the proof that increased frequency of use of the healthcare system does not improve health outcomes, the problem of variation must be addressed. Physicians who are delivering equal care with decreased lengths of stay and/or more cost-effective measures must educate the outliers once identified. The common physician attitude that "money is no issue in medicine" has to change.


Perhaps since medicine is not an exact science, standardization is not useful or beneficial in all areas. However, patients as consumers can only hope and trust that their providers are practicing at least what their colleagues consider "best medicine."


Callahan, J. (16). Social Work With Suicidal Clients Challenges of Implementing


Practice Guidelines and Standards of Care. Health and Social Work, 1(4), 77-8.


Abstract


Professor Callahan discusses the difficulties and ultimate failure of attempting to enact social work standards of care for suicidal patients in one hospital setting. He notes how other disciplines have developed guidelines for liability purposes and that social workers must also protect themselves. He also cites the increased popularity of standards due to quality issues based on variations of practices. These differences can lead to the ineffective and inappropriate treatment of patients and the waste of precious healthcare dollars.


This particular attempt to establish standards proved unsuccessful. The hospital staff of social workers agreed that a cookbook method would be much too simplified and thus ineffective. Individual patient cases were very complex and varied by a number of factors. The social workers all had differing opinions on how to approach suicidal patients; therefore, they were unable to reach a consensus. The staff felt too constrained by standards and emphasized the need of clinical judgment in decision making.


Annotation


The belief that medical practice is an art rather than a science transcends into all disciplines and specialties of the healthcare system. Social workers, therapists, physicians, and nurses all encompass this idea. Most clinicians would probably agree that their daily operational activities and decision-making processes cannot possibly be standardized into steps and made mandatory practice. They would rather rely on their educational background, training, and personal experiences.


The attempt to establish health care guidelines initially stemmed from quality and increasing cost issues. These standards have encountered much resistance from all sides of the healthcare community. Issues over who should write the protocols, mandatory use versus educational tool application, and feelings of confinement among staff members have often been the demise of these standards of care.


Individual patients have different needs and factors involved with their care. For this reason, it would be very difficult to generalize a patient's case based on a set of standard written protocols. The patient's management could be misallocated, meaning under- or over-treatment. Misallocation is an example of how guidelines could potentially harm the quality they set out to improve.


The article emphasizes the difficulty of getting a group of professionals to establish a certain practice. Ironically, the only consensus they were able to arrive at was their desire for autonomy, to practice free of restrictions. It is important for healthcare providers to be able to diagnose clinically since they are the ones actually laying eyes on the patient. The presentation of a patient does not always conform to what the textbooks say. Clinicians must thus be able to use their judgment in deciding what is best for their patient. Nothing is for certain in medicine, and perhaps this deduction is why guidelines are not widely accepted "gold standards" of care.


Choudhry, N., Stelfox, H., Detsky, A. (00). Relationships between authors of clinical


practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. (Original contribution). The Journal of the American Medical Association, 87(5), 61-617.


Abstract


The authors conclude that a significant relationship exists between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. This interactions might control some physician practices. 5% of physicians surveyed who authored 7 different practice guidelines had connections to the pharmaceutical companies of the drugs mentioned in their guidelines.


To reduce potential financial conflicts of interest for authors of guidelines and the companies they endorse, the article offers three suggestions. The writers of the guidelines must disclose potential conflicts formally from the beginning, before guideline meetings take place. Also, if a "significant" conflict of interest exists, such as equity in the company whose drug is mentioned in the guideline, then the author should be excluded. Lastly, the readers of the guideline must have access to full disclosure of the authors' ties with the industry. The authors of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and the pharmaceutical companies they are connected to have a responsibility to appropriately disclose this information.


Annotation


The recent corruption and scandal in Corporate America appears to also be occurring in the highly esteemed industry of healthcare. Though it is happening to a lesser degree, the ethical nature of medicine has long been the reason for the public's respect of the profession.


The study citing that 5% of physicians had direct relations with the pharmaceutical companies who manufactured the drugs in the guidelines forces one to question the motivations of these providers. Are they authoring these guidelines to promote a drug that they in fact believe improves the quality of their patients' care or are they merely supplementing their incomes? These questionable motives and relationships only defile the profession and build public resentment. Patients need to be able to trust and have confidence that their physicians are practicing morally.


It is important to note that the writers of this study are quick to disclose that their findings had no financial backing from the pharmaceutical industry. The types of relationships of the physicians to the companies ranged from equity (6%) to travel funding/honorarium (5%) to research support (58%) and employee/consultant (8%). The reason why these connections are of significance is one can only question how much the "kickbacks" drive up the cost of the medications. Are these increases passed onto the patient so the company can maintain large profit margins? There appears to an epidemic of self-interest. The guidelines seem questionably credible and authentic.


The relevance of these ties between the authors of the guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry to health care focuses on possible unethical behaviors on the part of providers and the rising health care costs that result from these actions. It is the fiduciary duty of the authors to disclose this information fully and clearly as to the nature of their relationships. Medicine has long been regarded as a highly esteemed profession. The reputation of the industry itself must be preserved. As long as these relationships are held secret, the healthcare industry is allowing a scandal no different than those already exposed in Corporate America. It would be a disgrace to lose the integrity and credibility of the profession based on those few providers succumbing to the albatrosses of all-inclusive trips to St. Thomas and gratis steak dinners.


Summary


Healthcare is certainly a unique industry. It is highly esteemed and extremely complex. As with any profession, medicine has its share of difficulties and obstacles. One of the problems of the healthcare system involves the standardization of care through guidelines and protocols. As one discovers, this issue uncovers many others as well.


The varying clinical practices of providers seem unexplainable. Why does one physician treat differently than another when the basic medical school education and training appear uniform throughout the country? Though it is important for providers to maintain autonomy in their practices, there must be a system in place to hold physicians accountable for their decisions. Whether this is established with the assistance of the government or medical academic centers, it is evident that the profession needs a foundation for cost-containment and quality assurance.


The establishment of guidelines proves difficult amongst all disciplines. Healthcare providers desire to practice free of constraints. Protocols and guidelines tend to be restrictive. Since practice patterns vary, it is difficult to even get providers to agree on their establishment. Healthcare workers rely on their educational backgrounds, training, and continuing instruction to help their patients. Cases differ and are as distinctive as the system itself. Standardization of care fares difficult if not impossible.


The healthcare field is a highly respected one. When questionable practices arise, these actions only threaten the respected reputation of the industry. Providers have a responsibility to maintain trust and confidence with the public. Such ridiculousness like the study revealing the approximately 60% of physicians with direct ties to the pharmaceutical companies through employment, travel, and kickbacks, only dishonors the profession. It is a travesty that such a noble profession could fall into the same corruption patterns that other industries have recently experienced.


Healthcare is a delicate, unique industry. The standards of care and practices often involve life and death matters. Perhaps protocols and guidelines are not the final answer due to their restrictive nature, but they are a step in the direction of cost-containment and quality improvement. Healthcare is an evolving process with continuously new technologies, research discoveries, and other various changes. The industry must work together to ensure the practice of the "best medicine," reducing overall healthcare costs and increasing patient satisfaction.


Appendix


Articles referred to in the Annotated Bibliograpy


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Women are seen everyday in the forefront of music, fashion, sports and movie entertainment. When it is time to tune into the 6 o'clock news, there is a lack of women in the newsroom. With the demographics of the nation today changing, there is a need for the newsroom to do the same.


Women make up _____ percent of the population, but only make up 5 % of the anchors in the newsroom. The overall number of women journalists employed in the media around the world has decreased by percent in the last five years, according to a recent study by the World Association for Christian Communication. Today, women are 41 percent of working journalists; they were 4 percent in 15.


When looking at the amount of those who graduate from journalism schools in America, women are out of . Many of them flee the profession before being promoted to its higher positions. With that being the case, one is left to wonder where all those women are on the various news channels. The simple answer is this; they aren't being hired at the same rate. Although more women than men earn degrees in journalism each year, they have a harder time pursuing their careers, with many of them leaving the newsroom to raise families.


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Either women dont want the newsroom jobs or theyre not hired in proportion to their numbers, but theyre not staying, says Christy Bulkeley, a retired publisher for Gannett Co. and a contributor to an ongoing University of Maryland research project on female journalists. The situation is exhaustion, frustration and the need to pay more attention to their kids.


If you stay in journalism with the kinds of hours required of you, unless you have a lot of money to pay for round-the-clock child care, you have a difficult row to hoe, says Maurine Beasley, a University of Maryland professor who teaches a Women in Media class, adding that the subject needs a great deal more attention. The field of journalism needs all the talent it can get. When it loses creative, experienced people because they cannot deal with child-care issues along with their job, the field suffers. You need mothers represented in journalism as well as fathers. The absence of family voices in news projects does a disservice to the broader community.


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BY LAURA TATCHELL


The writer of a novel summarises and ties together the key ingredients of their argument in the conclusion which is a distillation of the themes and ultimate purposes of the entire novel. The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood displays many of her values in the ending which is taken to comprise of the last chapter and the historical notes ranging from page 0 to4. Atwood writes of her beliefs and values, which can be found just below the surface of the events of the concluding pages. She makes comment upon an individual's position and treatment within a dystopic, and indeed within every society, describing how all individuals can be pigeonholed and categorised without the placement of value upon the individual and their respective personalities and uniqueness. A stark warning is made through the conclusion to heed history's mistakes, to avoid complacency yet remain astute and to value yourself. Although The Handmaid's Tale has been labelled as a feminist novel, I believe that Atwood's values are not feminist, nor are they inclined towards the desire for a return to traditional values and a genderized society. Instead there is a focus on equality among all members of society. Atwood uses the novel as a vessel to communicate these values.


A society is a complex amalgam of many influences and individuals. It is so complicated that it is impossible to define. Society has so much power over a person in restricting and shaping the ways in which they behave, when really there is no one way of how to live. This creates confusion as people don't really know what they're doing or where they're going. They try to please and live the right way, but it's futile as people are not made to conform to one way of living. The fictitious character of Offred within the fictitious society of Gilead in the final chapter is a metaphor of the position of individuals within societies in general. This can be seen in the thoughts of Offred as her supposed impending doom approaches


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"This could be the last time I have to wait. But I don't know what I'm waiting for." (p0)


She sits in her room, pondering her future of which is entirely uncertain. When contemplating escape she says "I could walk at a steady pace down the street trying to look as if I knew where I was going." (p04)


This recurring sense of disorientation and bewilderment is created by Atwood to show how in the dystopia of Gilead citizens' freedom of choice and the freedom to be themselves is squashed in an effort to control the republic. This shows how laws and expectations limit individual freedom and creativity and the right to question what goes on.


Symbolism is used to effect in describing the snow falling


"gently, effortlessly, covering everything in soft crystal, the mist of moonlight before a rain, blurring the outlines, obliterating colour." (p04)


The snow is a representation of a society which masks individuality, blurring the outlines of people who are different and are valued for those differences. Obliterating colour gives an image of greyness, sadness and depression. Living in a society where there is no freedom of choice is not really living, as decisions have already been made for the individual. An intensely critical attitude of a society like the oppressive totalitarian Gilead is implied.


Atwood seems to condemn complacency. "Don't let the bastards grind you down" is repeated throughout the novel but is also one of Offred's first thoughts in the final chapter. She repeats this to herself but finds it conveys nothing and is sarcastic in saying, "You might as well say, Don't let there be air; or, Don't be."(p0) This pessimistic and sombre tone relays Atwood's value of keeping on going even when it gets tough, to keep resisting being taken over and to value yourself as an individual who deserves so much. The reader is encouraged to object against her giving up. They want Offred to have faith. Again, the pessimism of Offred's words is clear "Faith is only a word, embroidered."(p04) Most of what Offred says in the last chapter causes the reader to react and disagree as they see her gradually giving in and they want her to keep trying, and not let the bastards grind her down. This is a stark example of how the writer instills her values in the reader.


Atwood seems well grounded in not being ignorant of the fact that sometimes it is better to defy conformity and repression in the secrecy and safety of hiding, as Offred does. Offred resists the Gileadean society by recording her story on tape such that it outlasts the regime. If she had of stood up for herself in person, she would have perhaps been cast out as an Unwoman, meeting an untimely death. This is what Atwood purports and the realism of this causes the reader to take these values to heart.


The Historical Notes are an interesting appendage to Atwood's story. They are a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies taking place two hundred years later in 15. They explain more of what happened to Offred after she stepped "up, into the darkness within, or else the light" (p07) of the black van which took her away from the Commander's house. Chapter 46s ending is very obscure and the reader is left wondering whether Nick was a traitor and led Offred to her death, or whether he was part of the resistance and helped her to escape. Through the Historical Notes this question is partly solved. We find out that she managed to escape and stay in hiding long enough to record her story on tape. The fact that she managed to get out is seen as a triumph for all oppressed peoples and sends out a positive message.


Atwood utilises the Historical Notes to create satire on the academic rhetorical habit of "distancing', and thus "objectifying' its subject showing Offred's story two hundred years later interpreted as a dry and lifeless exposition rather than the vibrant living past it actually is. The academics discuss the tale's historicity, missing the meaning of Offred's individual experience by committing the historians' sin of viewing the individual only as an example of the larger, more abstract point. Piexioto assures the other academics


"We must be cautious about passing moral judgement upon the Gileadeans. Surely we have learnt by now that such judgements are of necessity culture-specific. . . Our job is not to censure but to understand." (p14 and 15)


The irony of this statement is in the fact that he fails to understand anything of what life in Gilead was like. "It also raises the issue of whether academic objectivity in discussing totalitarianism without taking a moral or political viewpoint makes the scholar "an apologist for evil.'" (Malak 187)


Atwood's critical attitude towards sexism can be seen through the male academics that come into play in the historical notes, namely Professor James Darcy Piexioto. His speech on The Handmaid's Tale is one which depersonalizes Offred and only focuses on the historical facts and the pains of trying to authenticate it. It is seen as "unhelpful" as a historical document as it does not give all the details. The missing details are researched by the organisation but they do not bother to find out the name of Offred, or any facts about her life, instead they focus on the males as they were the dominant figures of the time. They completely disregard any possible thoughts of sympathy and perhaps admiration for the struggle of Offred and all of the oppressed females.


Despite their role as creators of the monstrous totalitarian society Professor Piexioto praises the two possible Commanders of Offred for their genius,


"It was a brilliant stroke, and confirms us in our opinion that Waterford was, in his prime, a man of considerable ingenuity. So, in his own way, was Judd."(p1)


Whenever Piexioto refers to the females of the story he makes chauvinistic remarks. The naming of Offred's tapes which the academics annotated were called "The Handmaid's Tale," in homage to Geoffrey Chaucer but also because of the homophone of "Tail' which refers directly to a females behind, and reinforces the way in which females are reduced to their sexual function, which is an example of how individuals, in this case females, are categorised. It also makes light of Offred's plight, as if it's all a joke. Ironically they are doing the exact same thing as the men of the Gilead society did by describing women as objects only useful in their reproductive function. It is dramatic irony because no one else at the speech seems to see this, as they all laugh and applause his joke, unaware that repetition of history has already begun. This further instills Atwood's ethics.


Piexioto also makes another joke at the expense of females in the Gileadean regime,


"We know this city was a prominent way-station on what our author refers to as "The Underground Femaleroad," since dubbed by our historical wags "The Underground Frailroad." (Laughs, groans.)"(p1)


This demeans women as frail and is the chauvinism that Atwood seems to despise. It would seem that the women involved in the resistance were anything but frail, for they managed to escape the system from a place of complete inferiority. The fact that everyone laughs, apparently even the female, Professor Maryann Crescent Moon, clarifies Atwood's view of the prejudices held by societies.


Atwood utilises Professor Piexioto to display her apparent dislike of power and its ability to corrupt. The Professor holds power in his position as a well respected academic, key speaker for the forum, and his being responsible for the transcription, editing and publication of The Handmaid's Tale. He brings Offred's story to light, but abuses his power by missing the point of Offred's tale, and even mocking her.


A comment in the Historical Notes in reference to the Aunts' role in the Gileadean regime shows how power can corrupt the individual "Where power is scarce, a little is tempting" and this shows why the Aunts took on a role enforcing oppression upon themselves. Piexioto claims that the Aunts were chosen to control the Handmaids based on the precedental knowledge that,


"no empire imposed by force. . . has ever been without . . . control of the indigenous members of their own group." (p0)


It is clear that by giving power, although limited, people are willing to compromise their own values and rights. Without this perhaps the women may have banded together and overcame the repressive society.


Atwood gives a horrific warning to the reader - that a part of Gilead exists in the future. The chauvinism and devaluation of the individual is seen in the academics without objection. It is so ludicrous, as to grab the readers attention and beg them not to put up with it in their own society for a repeat of Gilead can happen so easily. The next era did not heed the warning but Atwood makes a challenge for the reader to do so, otherwise fade into oppressive dominion.


The convention described in the notes takes place in 15, two hundred years after the Republic of Gilead began and the scholars are looking back on the era, which means that within this time Gilead has come and gone. Atwood makes a significant statement on the nature of totalitarian societies and the assumption that they will never last for long. There is also a reference to the Nazi rule over the nation in the 10s connecting it to Gilead


"Professor Van Buren will give what I am sure will be a fascinating lecture on the Warsaw TacticPolicies of Urban Core Encirclement in the Gileadean Civil Wars." (p1)


Nazism was meant to last for a thousand years but was conquered after only twelve years. This is demonstrative of the thought that injustice and inhumanity go against decent morals and cannot last.


Atwood highlights her values partly through the dramatic change of point of view from the last chapter to the Historical Notes. She contrasts the personal intimate tone of Offred to the distanced, objective view of Piexioto who Atwood has intentionally made to miss the point of the story and even laugh at Offred which shows he has not seen the importance of her story. The response the writer was probably looking for was one of dissatisfaction and angriness at the way in which Offred's story was received. This is a clever way of concluding the novel, raising reactions in the reader and causing them to think about the issues raised and their own personal values.


The Handmaid's Tale is a cleverly crafted novel which uses the conclusion to shed light on Atwood's values. Underlying the events of the final chapter and the Historical Notes are thoughts upon individualism and how a society can quash the freedoms of an individual with their rules and expectations. Atwood uses Gilead as an extreme example of the oppression of the individual (in this case, Offred) within a society and the confusion and chaos this creates. I think Atwood is critical of the way in which people are judged as being "one of those' and placed into a category instead of placing value on the unique characteristics of the individual. She creates satire on the objectivity of academics in discussing historical events by completely ignoring the human aspects of history and focusing on facts, events and other obscurities. She also warns of a future much like that of Gilead whereby history repeats itself and chauvinism, abuse of power and human oppression reign supreme.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in My Life As A Peasant, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your My Life As A Peasant paper at affordable prices ! Daily life for us peasants is generally pretty hard. Being a women makes it even harder. I get up at the crack of dawn every morning, fix my husband breakfast, then get started on my daily chores. There's the vegetable garden to tend, clothes to wash, bread to bake for tomorrow, cloth to weave, house cleaning, and children to take care of. Let me tell you about my life as a medieval peasant woman.


I work long hours every day, rain or shine, just to be sure my family has enough to eat. My only "off day" is on Sundays or on the frequent saints' days. On those days I try to go to either a nearby fair or market. Most of us are farmers, although a few of us are millers, blacksmiths, and tavern owners. I work the land that has been leased to my husband. On occasion I have feasts with my family and friends on holidays, and celebrate births and marriages. On the Sabbath day I rest and attend church. Being a Christian, I make church an important part of my life. Church is also a big part of my children and husband's life.


I live in a cold, damp, and dark little two room hut where sometimes it was warmer and light outside than in my home. My family's home is made of mud plastered branches and straw, the roof made is made of thatch. For security purposes we had very small windows with wooden shutters that were closed at night. The only furniture in our home was a few three legged stools, a trestle table, a couple beds on the floor with straw under them. The floor was made of packed earth and sometimes covered


with sweet smelling rushes to keep things clean. In the center of the floor was a stone hearth for cooking and heating the house in the winter. There was no chimney, simply a hole in the roof directly above the fireplace through which the smoke could escape. However, the smoke often did not. The village I live in contains about 60 families living in the same kind of rough hut I live in.


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During my daily activities, I spun wool into threads for garments. Even though my clothes were made of wool, they were very rough. My clothes consisted of a long dress, an undergarment, and stockings. I only owned two pairs of clothes which were rarely washed, although my undergarments were washed regularly. I didn't own and deodorant so wood smoke, which was always in my presence, acted as my deodorant. My children clothes were just like adults' only smaller. We all wore wooden clogs or shoes made of thick cloth or leather. During cold weather, I wore a sheepskin or woolen cloak, a woolen hat, and woolen mittens.


I should tell you that my marriage to my husband was arranged. When we got married I was 16 and my husband was 6. The ceremony was held at my parents house with a few friends and family as witnesses. It took a few years for my husband and I to grow to love each other. In my time beating your wife was completely legal as long as the man doesn't kill or cripple the woman. I'm sure you're thinking that there were a lot of divorces because of this fact, actually there weren't. My husband is allowed to divorce me, but I can not divorce him even if he commits adultery. My husband has complete control over all my belongings and I am considered his legal property. No matter what the issue he has the final say in everything.


Being a peasant leaves me with few choices on food. My diet consisted mainly of porridge, cheese, black bread, beans, corn, lettuce, tomatoes, peas, radishes, and carrots, stew, and some meat. Meat was a rare delicacy, since we could usually only afford to eat what we grew ourselves. I, of course, made butter and cheese from the milk of our cows. In the fall, however, we slaughtered most of our animals for their meat. Even though we ate well enough off the crops we grew, if it became too dry of rainy to harvest a good crop, we had a very good chance of starving to death. Now that I have taken you through my life as a peasant, I hope that you have learned to appreciate what you have, because, let's face it, you could be in my position!


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Life You Save May Be Your Own, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Life You Save May Be Your Own paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Flannery O?Connor?s literary reputation and critical analysis of her work have been read and studied for many years and continue to grow more popular since her death. Flannery OConnor was born in Savannah, Georgia on March 5, 15 to Catholic parents. O?Connor attended St. Vincents School and Sacred Heart Parochial School. In 18 her father got a position as appraiser for the Federal Housing Administration, and the family moved to North East Atlanta, then Milledgeville. Three years later, he died from complications from the chronic disease lupus. O?Connor attended Georgia State College for Women and State University of Iowa, graduating in 147. In 151, after complaining of a pain in her typing arms, she was diagnosed with the same disease that had killed her father. She went on, with the disease, to write two novels and thirty-two short stories, winning awards and going on tours when her health allowed, but spent most of her time on the family farm, Andalusia, in Milledgeville, with her mother. She died of lupus on August , 164 at the age of thirty-nine. This part of an essay was written by me...i am only trying to registter fast to get what other people are critiquing OConnor about, soI want into this site for info...not to steal it...Hopefully nobody else is trying to steal this because you just might cut and past it without reading it before your teacher does. Shame on you! This has to be 50 words so im going to write a bunch of mumber jumbo. Justin Timberlake is the sexiest man alive and Britney Spears and him need to get back together. My favorite song right now is probably...I dont know there are so many. I miss my friend who has passed on recently. We miss you buddy. Rest in peace. We all love you and will never forget you!! Always thinking of you...k....Smilez and Southstar have a cool song that remind me of him out right now called Now That Youre Gone Its cool and sad. Sherrie Austin also has a cool one out too called Streets of Heaven. Its a tear jercker though.


FLannery OConnor is a marvelous, yet depressing writter. Hopefully this is enough to gain some research so I can finish this paper...


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Genetic Testing in the Workplace. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Genetic Testing in the Workplace paper right on time.


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Ethical issues in the Workplace


Should employers have access to genetic information? We will explore this issue by pointing out the concerns of many. Next, we will discuss what is being done to protect individuals from employer misuse. And finally, we will conclude with our own opinions on the topic.


Genetic discrimination is an interesting issue as it can affect the workplace and you personally. Even if an individual chooses not to know anything about themselves, does their company have a right to the information? As the author points out, this is not science fiction anymore. Many employers have access to our medical information. Companies who self-insure have medical information at their fingertips. Genetic testing is one more thing they can test at your next physical or doctor visit. Imagine if your employer had access to that information.


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What protection does an individual have to ensure that their genetic information will not be misused? They can find out whether you have or will have a disease. They can test to see if you are a smoker or ever used drugs in the past. This sensitive information could potentially bar you from a position or even employment. If a company has the knowledge, they can decide not to hire you to save on future medical expenses. Or, they can monitor you and let you go at the first signs of medical trouble.


Genetics is exploding on the world daily. As the technology becomes more accessible, the issue of how society protects its workers against the misuse of genetic information will become more important and legal and policy development will have to be addressed. If employers are permitted to consider genetic information in making personal decisions, people may be unfairly barred or removed from employment for reasons that are wholly unrelated to their ability to perform their jobs (Miller, P).


It is important to begin with the premise that applicants and employees must be selected for jobs based on their ability to do the job, and not on their gender, race, ethnicity, religion or many other factors. As it becomes possible to learn more about genetic predispositions, should employers be allowed to make employment decisions with this information? How should a law protect workers from misuse of this information?


There are many different ways to approach analyzing genetic discrimination. The Americans with Disabilities Act, the ADA prohibits disaffirmation against a qualified individual with a disability (Miller). The ADA does not address genetics specifically. However, the ADA does cover individuals who have genetically related illness or disabilities that impairs a major life activity.


In 15 the EEOC adopted the view that the ADA prohibits discrimination against workers based on their genetic makeup. Although the law does not back up genetic discrimination, the EEOCs policy explicitly states that discrimination on the basis of genetic information is covered under the third prong of the statutory definition of disability, which covers people who are regarded as having impairments. This part of the statute was designed to protect against prejudices and misconceptions about disabilities.


Now, what affect would this have on research one might ask? Genetics is good for determining paternity or solving criminal cases. Genetic research has to be sensitive to the nature of uses it might have. Genetics should not be used to exclude qualified workers from the workplace. Genotype is no substitution for qualifications, and an employer should never review genetic records along with a resume (Miller).


The genetic issue is gaining on political ground as well. Legislation has been introduced that specifically prohibits discrimination by private-sector employers on the basis of genetic information. President Bush has spoken in support of genetic-discrimination legislation as well. The Daschle-Kennedy bill prohibits the federal government from considering genetic information in hiring, promoting, discharging and all other employment decisions.


There has not been a U.S. federal or state court case decided regarding genetic-employment discrimination. However, The EEOC has settled the first lawsuit alleging genetic discrimination. The EEOC alleged that the Burlington Northern Santa FE (BNSF) railroad subjected its employees to surreptitious testing for a genetic marker linked to carpal tunnel syndrome. BNSF was attempting to address its high incidence of repetitive stress injuries among its employees. At least one employee was threatened with discipline and possible termination for refusing the genetic test. The EEOC sought an injunction in federal court in Iowa. The EEOC alleged that the tests were unlawful under the ADA as they were not job related and consistent with any business necessity. To allow any employment action on the results of such tests would be to engage in unlawful discrimination based on disability. The EEOC and BNSF reached a settlement in which the EEOC achieved everything it sought (Miller).


Genetic issues are not just issues here in the United States. Genetic issues are covered globally. Research and experimentation is done globally as well. Privacy issues are going to be a major concern to everyone. The workplace is just one factor of many ethical issues that will continue to come from genetic research. Controls will have to be adopted universally to ensure that one is not discriminated against because of genetic testing.


In conclusion, we feel that genetic testing should not be done. No good can come from it. We are not God. Only God should be able to judge us. Our genotype is irrelevant in deciding whether we are capable for a position or employment.


We do agree however, that genetic testing is appropriate when used to monitor the biological effects of toxic substances in the workplace and only with the voluntary consent.


We also believe that genetic discrimination is wrong. It is hard enough to land a good job these days. There are many more discriminations out there like race, color, creed and gender. We do not need another. Let's hope that our future leaders and legislators will keep genetic testing out of the hands of employers and irresponsible fanatics of science.


This is one more way "Big Brother" can keep an eye on us and take away our privacy, maybe even our freedom. Here is an extreme example. What if the government had everyone genetically tested as mandated by laws. They could have everyone in the United States tested at birth, or as a routine like a vaccination along with your Polio or TB shot. They could store that genetic information into a database and call upon it whenever they need to. It would be great for a law enforcement perspective, but not much else.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on House of Vettii. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality House of Vettii paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in House of Vettii, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your House of Vettii paper at affordable prices ! Roman houses of the wealthy were made to be luxurious, and their exteriors were not always pleasing. The house of the Vettii is no exception with its flat monotone outside walls, trapezoidal shape, and small, squat squares for windows, it appears clumsy and ugly to a pedestrian. Yet inside the structure one could walk over exquisite tile mosaics, stroll in beautiful gardens, and be dazzled by colourful frescos depicting stories taken from Roman culture.


The House of the Vettii was introverted, exposing only a few tiny windows to let in small amount of air and light. Wealthy homeowners preferred to ignore the street level noise and turned to the privacy and comfort of their houses. For fresh air and comfort, the residents of Vettii turned instead to the peristylium, a large open room in the rear of the house containing a garden surrounded by pillars. The Vettii peristylium contained an elaborate fountain and had beautiful frescoes painted on its walls, but piscinas (fish ponds), or statues were also used in gardens.


While the peristylium was the centre of rear of the house, with all of the rear rooms grouped around it, the forward rooms of the house were built around the Atrium. The Atrium had its origins in the Greek megaron, a large prominent room with a hearth in the centre. The atrium sometimes roofless, but always having a compluvium, a square opening on the roof allowing rainwater to fall to the impluvium, a pit below to the compluvium in the centre of the Atrium that caught rainwater for the house reservoir. People must always pass through the Atrium to access the rest of the house, making it a living room and a reception hall for visitors. Chests were found near the atrium and the business office would have been strategically placed here in order to provide a careful view over visitors to the house and to protect the chest.


While the residents would have often hold dinners and parties for friends on special occasions, the Vettii townhouse was not designed for large gatherings. While the house is large, it is divided into many private rooms and service quarters, and lacks a large hall other than the Atrium or the peristylium, thus it is unlikely it could host more than forty guests for a Banquet. Instead of being host to a large party, the Romans would have preferred to be lounged more intimately in the small luxurious rooms, served by their slaves.


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The House of the Vettii may have the most extravagant examples of Roman artwork ever discovered. Virtually every wall has a beautiful frescoes depicting mostly mythological tales from Roman and Greek culture. A mural shows Cyparissus being changed into a cypress tree having killed a favourite deer of Apollo, and another the torturing of Ixion, who had courted Hera, Zeus' wife, inciting his wrath. This emphasis on mythological stories that were mostly Greek in origin, displays the influence of religion on art and culture to the Romans. There are also murals involving traditional good omens such as a hanged rabbit symbolizing bounty, or more lewd talismans, such as a large mural of a man weighing his phallus, a sign of good fortune and fertility, or paintings of sexual activity in one of the bedrooms promoting fertility.


The relatively large service section of the house left of the main Atrium relative to the entrance reveals the large amount of slave servants the residents employed. These slaves would provide for the relaxed lifestyle the residents would have enjoyed.


One section common in wealthy Roman homes was missing in the House of the Vettii�a shop. Many upper class Romans despite their wealth had shops such as bakeries or tanneries built into their houses whose goods were sold onto the street. These shops were called tabernae, and were sometimes designed into the house or added in later. Their absence suggests primary role of luxury home the House of Vettii had.


The House of Vettii was found vacated. Fortunately, the residents had moved out just before the eruption that had preserved it, but they must have indeed gravely missed their beautiful resort home.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in journal, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your journal paper at affordable prices ! Today¡¯s biological engineering and medical technology have made several impacts on people¡¯s lives. The technology of cloning animals has become more and more mature, and the moral and ethic topics come down to and controversially debated is whether cloning humans is ethically right. As history shown, many wars have been fought between people with different religions, of different races and skin colors and beliefs. If cloning humans were created, would they be treated as normal human beings and given the same rights or would they be treated as scientific experiments and military tools? Long time ago, I saw a movie called ¡°Ghost in a shell¡±. It describes, in the near future, artificial humans are created and they are much more stronger, faster and smarter than normal human beings since their bodies were implanted with high quality mechanical materials and their brains are half made up of computer chips which connect to a virtual vast database, the net. In the movie, some of those artificial humans are used as polices to chase criminals and some are used as experiments. They have equivalent rights as humans such as the right to get married and lived together, but they are still largely controlled by humans. However, since they are so superior, some of them begin and try to take control of the human world and the movie ends with a temporary defeat of the artificial humans ¨C the master mind still remains alive and a mystery. The purpose of this movie is to tell people the bodies are just tools for the livings and what make the real identities of humans or even creatures are their souls, thus the movie titled ¡°Ghost in a shell¡±. Take a step further, will there be any differences between say, human vs. human and human vs. aliens, or in this case, human vs. artificial humans? I doubt it. Every creature ¡°with a soul¡± tries to take the advantages for its race, community, family or itself, and the consequences, no matter good or bad, are what come back inevitably for the creature to endure. When the times come, do humans really have the powers to control their own fates or even those of the others? In other words, delays of a process can not stop its grow. I¡¯d say what comes around goes around. The technology of cloning should be used and developed. It doesn¡¯t matter whether a superior human form is developed or the existing human form is enhanced. ¡°Survive the fittest¡± ¨C it is all part of growing and evolution process.


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Wal-Mart - Strategic Management Analysis


Sam Walton, a leader with an innovative vision, started his own company and made it into the leader in discount retailing that it is today. Today, years after his death, the company is still growing steadily. Wal-Mart executives continue to rely on many of the traditional goals and philosophies that Sams legacy left behind, while simultaneously keeping one step ahead of the ever-changing technology and methods of todays fast-paced business environment.


The organization has faced, and is still facing, a significant amount of controversy over several different issues; however, none of these have done much more than scrape the exterior of this gigantic operation. The future also looks bright for Wal-Mart, especially if it is able to strike a comfortable balance between increasing its profits and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities.


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Walton had a reputation for caring about his customers, his employees, and the community. In order to maintain its market position in the discount retail business, Wal-Mart executives continue to adhere to the management guidelines Sam developed. He believed in three guiding principles 1. Customer value and service, . Partnership with its associates, and . Community involvement.


Implementing the strategy put together by Sam Walton emphasizes building solid working relationships with both suppliers and employees, being aware and taking notice of the most intricate details in store layouts and merchandising techniques, capitalizing on every cost saving opportunity, and creating a high performance spirit. Wal-Mart stores operate according to their Everyday Low Price philosophy.


Wal-Mart has invested heavily in its unique cross-docking inventory system. Cross docking has enabled Wal-Mart to achieve economies of scale, which reduces its costs of sales. With this system, goods are continuously delivered to stores within 48 hours and often without having to inventory them. Lower prices also eliminate the expense of frequent sales promotions and sales are more predictable. Cross docking gives the individual managers more control at the store level.


A company owned transportation system also assists Wal-Mart in shipping goods from warehouse to store in less than 48 hours. This allows Wal-Mart to replenish the shelves four times faster than its competition.


Wal-Mart has been led from the top but run from the bottom; a strategy developed by Sam Walton and carried on by a small group of senior executives led by CEO David Glass. Although recent growth has led Wal-Mart to add more management layers, senior executives strive to maintain its unique culture.


Wal-Mart has been extremely successful in competing in the retail industry by combining service, price, and quality. However, other merchants may object to Wal-Marts entry into their community. Because of its ability to out-price smaller competitors, Wal-Marts stores threaten smaller neighborhood stores which can only survive if they offer merchandise or services unavailable anywhere else. This makes it very hard for small businesses, such as mom-and-pop enterprises, to survive. The increasing opposition indicates that the road ahead for Wal-Mart may not be as smooth as they had planned. This requires Wal-Mart to rethink its expansion strategy since it would not be profitable to operate in an unfriendly community.


The ever-changing market presents continuing challenges to retailers. Wal-Mart has expanded with its Super-centers and Sam's Club divisions where customers are being offered a wide choice of shopping experiences, but no one operation can capture them all. Therefore, it is necessary for management to define their target market and direct their energies toward solving that specific markets problems.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on "Body Image: Problem or Fashion". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality "Body Image: Problem or Fashion" paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "Body Image: Problem or Fashion", therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "Body Image: Problem or Fashion" paper at affordable prices ! What is the average weight? What is healthy? How do these two things compare to the standards society has on health and beauty today? What do you see when you look in the mirror? And why don't people see regular people in fashion TV advertisements? I personally think that advertisers should introduce people of all weight sizes into the fashion advertisements. Throughout history, women's roles have been to make themselves as attractive to others as possible. Although fashion and physical values have changed over time, this drive has remained constant. The recent change of women's extreme thinness has become a topic of concern in the health department. This issue starts as early as the first day a person was born. Gender differences, the surrounding environment, and the pressure of ideal image are almost impossible to escape due mostly to the everyday occurrences that one encounters. Roberta Seid's "Too "Close to the Bone' The Historical Context for Women's Obsession with Slenderness" discusses both present ideals and those of previous time periods, as well as the negative effects these standards have had on women. Andy Vu's "The Struggle for a Healthy Body Image" presents a similar topic, but it's related specifically to both male and female college students.


S. Almond's "The Influence of the Media on Eating Disorders" tries to make the point of how everyone was made to be unique. Almond says that products are often advertise to promote the ideal body image. A lecture by Susan Rausch touched on both college students and society as a whole, offering statistical data on eating disorders and societal views on physical appearance.


And In Ann Marie Cussins "The Role of Body Image in Women's Mental Health" she discusses the issue from a standpoint aspect.


Rausch begins her speculation with a question Why is it that people treasure variations in the magnificence of nature, but not in the concept of beauty in ourselves? Each expert comments the fact that over the past 40 years, the representations of beauty such as models, actresses, and Miss America, have been getting thinner and thinner. These symbols of perfect beauty are wearing sizes 1, 0 and even smaller (Vu 1), portraying only the thinnest 5 to 10 percent of Americas that fit in this size category (Seid 47). Each agrees that the current average American is now considered "overweight". However, Seid and Raush support this statement with statistics 0 to 5 percent of women do not feel they meet the "standard", leading millions of women to think abnormal of themselves (Seid 47). Rausch mentioned that 47 percent of women with normal weight feel they are overweight (Raush's speech outline ).


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Seid mentions that women's self-image successfulness, and survival could be determine mostly by the way the look. As for men, success is based on how they act and what they accomplish (Seid 480). The way a person looks and their personality determines the person they are able to interact with. In society today, women are viewed as beautiful and vulnerable whereas men are classified as strong and powerful. Cussins explains that women are unconsciously dissatisfied with their motherly role toward daughters (Cussins ). One of Cussins's patient talk about her unhappiness with the problem of bulimia, and how bulimia effected the relationship with her mother and family. The patient tries to develop a healthy diet to make her mother happy but she throws up everything she eats or she will feel depressed. Not only is it hard for the patient but also for the mother since she feels that her child is communicating less in-depth with her (Cussins 110-111). This only one of few effects that a person has to deal with if he or she tries to achieve the ideal weight. Almond said that "constant media pressures can lead to body dissatisfaction, which may result in distorted eating patterns". He also says that the media portraits the "ideal figure", making women think that they are overweight because they don't look like the person in the advertisement, resulting in body dissatisfaction. He points out that products are advertise displaying the ideal body image in hope that people will purchase the product thinking that they are also going to look like that person in the display. Trying to achieve this can lead to "depression, stress, guilt, shame, insecurity, unhappiness, and lower self-confidence" (Almond 67). The most recent transformation in clothing styles have also played a key role as well; Seid states that the more revealing fashion allows no compensation for the body "underneath". With men the issue tends to be on a different side of the spectrum bigger is better. In the attempt to "bulk up" and play the man's role, many turn to the use of steroids, which are harmful to the body and can produce many serious problems, including cancer (Vu ).


We must now look at the main problems in order to find a way to solve this problem, it has already become a social disease and people need to realize that trying to achieve the "ideal size" is almost impossible (Vu ), and even if they do, the damages they do to their bodies can make them feel worse than when the first started to lose weight, it could even lead to death. The question that remains is weather the advertisement individuals and institutions have truly looked into, and understood, the effects of such ideal standards, and when, or if, changes will ever take place. The aftermath that occurs while trying to aim for the so called "ideal' image. And how family and friends affect the way you feel about your body.


In the attempt to become the "perfect" woman, each expert holds that many put themselves trough both psychological and physical pain. Though they each emphasize eating disorders, they do so in different ways. Seid speaks of eating disorders on a whole, relating them to current dieting practices. She states that effects of deprivation can be found in many dieters tension, irritability, pre-occupation with food, and exhaustion are all present (Seid 478). Vu asserts that a lack of nutrition can lead to the consequence of disorders such as anorexia and bulimia anorexia can force the body to start feeding on itself, bulimia can cause damage to the teeth and esophagus, and both are life threatening (Vu ). When the person tries to starve itself to lose weight the body might develop anorexia and bulimia; causing the individual to throw up everything he or she might eat. Men use steroids in to deal with body dissatisfactions. Excess of this drug may lead to "brain cancer, liver damage and heart attacks", even young healthy men can be effected (Vu ). The question now lies on whether or not the person pays a high price in trying to achieve the "ideal' image. All of the experts say the price is not worth it. Rausch states in Vu's article that the advertising industry promotes a body image that is "biologically" impossible to achieve and "live up to" (Vu ). Seid says that "numerous studies demonstrate that the majority of the "fat" cannot slim down permanently. The problem is not their lack of willpower, but the unreasonable expectation placed on them to weight a certain amount" (Seid 478).


I personally think that the effects of trying to achieve the "ideal" image is not worth paying the price for. The person is damaging the body instead of trying to help it. Some people lose weight only to gain it back later, so what is the point of doing it. I think that each person has a different body type and metabolism, some people can't lose weight even if they try to, leaving them depressed and anxious in the "journey" towards the perfect body. Bulimia and anorexia are horrible diseases to deal with because of the things they do to the body. I'm not suggesting that if your fat, you can't exercise or live a healthy life, I think this can be achieved. Just look at the line men playing football, summon wrestlers, they are "big" but at the same time they are healthy. People cannot just look at the body from the outside, but from the inside. Skinny people are not always healthy, sometimes they are malnourish, or have diseases such as the ones pointed out by Vu, anorexia and bulimia.


Media has greatly influence people into falling into the trap of what is in style and what is not. Teenage girls are affected by compulsion to receive a degree of thinness that they see in models (Cussins ). Women who look at fashion magazines wanted to weight less and are more worry about getting fatter than the women who read news magazines (Rausch ). "There has been a shift in the media portrayal of the "ideal' body size for women, from the voluptuous curved figure of Marilyn Monroe in the 150s to a thinner "waif-like' look of Kate Moss in the 180s" (Almond 67). Over the years the media advertising models have been getting thinner and thinner; making women more dissatisfied because they want to look like that "girl" in the advertisement. The media have developed the ideal body shape in the hope that it will create more sales of the product that they are trying to sell. But it seems like the advertisement and media industries are not caring about how a person feels in trying to achieve the ideal body. By promoting the ideal body the media contribute to eating disorders (Almond 67).


I believe that the media is the most contributing factor to this problem. They have develop the ideal image of what a person should look like but most of it is false advertisement.


I never see a "fat" person on TV advertising about a beauty product or a new fashion design. When you flip the pages of most magazines all you see is thin women advertising the new Victoria's Secret new collection. Why doesn't the media use people of all sizes in their advertisements to fill up the needs of all people. I'm not saying I don't like the present people in the advertisements, to be honest, as a man I like to see "hot" women in advertisements but we have to look at the reality that the people need to see more variety of "sizes" to satisfy the kinds of people who are looking for something like them, and not making them feel bad because they are looking at something that is "impossible" to achieve.


Now the question that remains is how can we start solving this problem of the "ideal' imagine. Short says that "Once society starts to realize that society's stereotypes are just stereotypes, and actually not ideal situations, then people will start to find a cure" (Vu ).


Seid suggest that "we recultivate our tastes and find a saner middle ground where our bodies can round out with more life, flesh, and health; where we can relish the fruits of our prosperity without self-punishment" (Seid 48). Seid also says that people must get rid or the thought of the "ideal' image, "because it is misguided and destructive", she says (Seid 484). Cussins suggest that psychotherapist need a new approach in treating eating disorders. Cussins says that many doctors threat the eating disorder as a second symptom to the eating disorder, making the patient have to come to many visits in a lengthy recuperation. The problem is that the lengthy treatment has a high drop out rate. "A specialized service where a woman feels that her initial contact gives her hope through feeling that someone is immediately making sense of her problems would avoid the high drop-out rate of those who take a tentative first step", Cussin suggest (Cussing 11-114).


I agree with all the suggestions that have been made by all of the experts, a therapy that understands the patient's psychological problem with weight needs to be an option for the patient, not just one therapy that looks at the problem from the "outside". Having the support of family and friends should also help the person accept who they are. This is very important because sometimes even family members put the person down, and the family is the most important thing in a person's life. If the person does not have the support of the family than it is going to be even harder for he or she to deal with the problem of the "ideal' obsession.


And finally, I think the media contribute the most damage to the "not ideal' people. When I'm watching TV all I see in the fashion advertisements is thin models, not only on television but also in most fashion magazines. I am not "fat", but I can not even imagine how an "ever size" person feels when they see mostly thin people advertising something that is not fitting for them, too small, or just not their "taste". I think that the media should advertise products, and fashion for all types of people thin, oversized, pretty, ugly. This way of advertising would please all stereotypes, and I honestly think that it would help reduce the problem that itself has created the "ideal image".


The obsession over thinness has been in the past, is here in the present, and will be in the future. Based on the sources synthesized, if people don't do something soon to change this "ideology", it will take many centuries to get over something that has evolved for hundreds of years. Fashion, media, family members, and peer pressure will continue to be major factors in the obsession with slenderness. As a result, as long as these issues are still here, the dangerous aftermath will continue to plague Americans for centuries to come "We stand poised between a past for which we have lost respect and a future we must now struggle to envision" (Seid 485).


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Assassination of John F. Kennedy, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Assassination of John F. Kennedy paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! The assassination of a U.S. President is the most violent single act, short of war, which can be inflicted upon the American society. The President is our only nationally elected official and is the individual embodiment of national hopes and aspirations. It is through the President by which we each are, individually and personally, linked to the fundamental ideals of the Republic, idealized by the Founding Fathers and expressed in the Constitution. Consequently, a presidential assassination mandates not only criminal investigation, but also creates the requirement for a national inquest to define the political and constitutional implications of such a crime. No stone can be left unturned, no clue overlooked, and no possibility ignored in the investigation of a presidential assassination.


It has been over thirty years since the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (JFK) and there still remain many significant and disturbing questions among a notable portion of the population, regarding the how and why of his death. The sheer volume of these strange coincidences and connections has led some parties to suggest many different answers to the Kennedy case. For every powerful group or figure with something to gain from Kennedy's death, there is a theorist ready to explain how that group arranged the murder.


As additional conflicting information is made available, it becomes harder to decipher what actually happened in Dealey Plaza on November , 16; however, at the same time, it is becoming clearer that the shooter did not act alone. Based on acoustical evidence, it has now been proven (with 6.% certainty) that four shots were fired at JFK, three from behind, and one from the right-front of the Presidents limo. As we attempt to assemble the pieces of this puzzle into some logical conclusions, it appears that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy involving the Mafia. Although organized crime was not involved on a national level, local Mafia members (mostly from Chicago and New Orleans) probably played some part in the assassination, and may even be ultimately responsible. However, the covering up of vital information relating to the assassination appears to have involved Robert Kennedy, several government agencies, the media, and others. One reason for the cover up was national security, but perhaps the main reason was to shield the public from the embarrassing, immoral,and illegal actions of our government agencies and leaders (including the Kennedys).


As one delves deeper into the inner workings of our government institutions, it is amazing to discover that the CIA was working with the Mafia and exiled Cubans to overthrow Castos government, and that the Kennedys had actually planned to assassinate Castro, using Mafia killers. Back in 160, Joseph Kennedy enlisted the help of the Chicago Mafia to help JFK win the presidential election. JFKs extra marital affairs with Marilyn Monroe, Judith Exner, and others were also disappointing revelations, especially since Exner was also Sam Giancanas mistress. Many of the players and suspects in the investigation were government operatives and informants who also had mob connections, and vice versa, making it difficult to determine who was loyal to what organization. In short, everybody involved in the fiasco had something to hide, so they all mutually agreed not to reveal the sordid details, and furthermore, to eliminate anyone who might.


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Mobsters such as Charles Nicoletti, Johnny Roselli, and Sam Giancana, of the Chicago family, were all brutally murdered during the mid-170s. In addition to the Chicago killers, Carlos Marcello (New Orleans) and Santo Trafficante, Jr. (Tampa) were named by Mafia Godfather Joe Bonanno as being involved in the conspiracy to kill Kennedy. According to Bonannos understanding of the plan, Giancana ordered the hit on JFK, and shooters were positioned at three locations in Dealey Plaza on the grassy knoll, in the sewer on Elm Street, and in the Texas School Book Depository. Roselli was the man in the sewer, while contract and/or pro-Cuba assassins were stationed at the other locations. Although there are some inconsistencies regarding the exact details, it is very probable that the Chicago Mafia is responsible for JFKs assassination, and that Johnny Roselli fired the fatal head shot from the grassy knoll or the storm drain.


An entry wound below the shoulder would explain the shirt and jacket holes being about six inches below the top of the collar. It would also serve to explain the autopsy sketch showing a wound well below the collar line. And it would explain the Secret Service testimony that it was six inches below the collar. The supposition that the bullet also fell out of Kennedy's back accounts for the bullet found on the stretcher. The tiny bone fragment accounts for the small throat wound. Also, a bone fragment would explain the absence of metallic traces on the holes in the front of the shirt. By describing that Kennedy and Governor Connally were hit by separate bullets, leads to a multiple-assassin theory.


Films of the assassination show that a maximum of only 1.8 seconds could have elapsed between the earliest point at which Kennedy was first hit and the latest point at which Governor Connally was first hit. Since the bolt of the murder rifle cannot be operated in less than . seconds, it could not possibly have been fired twice during the time in which both men were hit. That means that there were at least two different assassins.


If the F.B.I autopsy report is accurate, then the Commission's autopsy findings had to be purposely falsified. The implications of this are almost too disturbing to imagine. Yet, the fact that the autopsy surgeon, Commander Humes, burned "certain preliminary notes" has given rise to the theory that the "preliminary notes" actually contained the earlier version of the autopsy referred to by the F.B.I. This question is unresolved.


The motive of the Chicago Mafia to kill Kennedy was because of his public crusade against organized crime. On one hand, JFK used the mob to win the election and to do his dirty work, but on the other hand, he employed Robert F. Kennedy as Attorney General to prosecute the Mafias leaders. A dangerous situation, to say the least! Although the Chicago Mafia was responsible for ordering the hit on JFK, it is still unclear whether they were influenced or assisted by members of the CIA or some other government agency. I feel that the truth about the Kennedy assassination will never be fully revealed for the fear of incriminating a large part of our political society. It is my opinion that the truth will continue to be a mystery for many years to come.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Becoming the 800-Pound Gorilla in a Very Small Zoo". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Becoming the 800-Pound Gorilla in a Very Small Zoo" paper right on time.


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By Ramona Rudert


It was interesting to see how a company selling high priced automotive equipment has become successful in spite heavy competition in a small niche market. Ms. Rudert gave an excellent speech on some of the challenges her company has faced and how they have overcome those challenges.


Some of the problems her company has faced are as follows


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• Heavy competition


• Infrequent purchases


• Shrinking margins


• Too much product chasing too few buyers


To overcome these problems her company has had to be creative as well as persistent. One example she gave was when their new paint booth came out it was drastically more expensive then what local business were used to so in order to show them the difference her and her husband set up a new company that allowed people to rent the new paint booth for the day. This let potential customers come in and paint in the booth and see the difference. This marketing strategy led to sales of the paint booth and has set this particular paint booth as the industry standard. In addition to creative marketing strategies the following are a few of the other ways that her company has overcome challenges


• Creating a website presence


• Pioneering new products


• Creating multiple streams of income


• Establishing a profit partner program with their dealers


In a small industry such as the automotive equipment industry Ms. Rudert believes that great companies make a big difference in the little details. I have to agree with Ms. Rudert. Company's products are becoming comparable but the difference is in the service, the website, the convenience, and the little details.


Ms. Rudert said it best when she shared this quote. "The real path to greatness it turns out requires simplicity and diligence. It requires clarity, not instant illumination. It demands each of us to focus on what is vital and to eliminate all of the extraneous distractions"


- Jim Collins


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Marketing Orientation. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Marketing Orientation paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Marketing Orientation, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Marketing Orientation paper at affordable prices ! Discuss the notion of Marketing Orientation. What, if any, are the links between marketing orientation and organisational performance?


Market orientation is an organisations disposition to provide superior value to its customers continuously (Slater and Narver, citied in Han, Kim and Srivastava 18). Kohli and Jaworski as cited by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1) suggested that the market orientation framework consists of three components, intelligence gathering, intelligence dissemination and responsiveness. They also proposed that this framework is influenced by a number of antecedent variables, such as top management involvement and interdepartmental conflict, is moderated by environmental variables including market turbulence, and is manifested in a number of outcomes, for example, esprit-de-corps and company performance (Ngai and Ellis 18). Noble, Sinha and Kumar (00) states that there is support that by striving to achieve market orientation will have a positive effect on organisational performance.


Intelligence gathering is the first step in the market orientation framework. The major type of information acquired is on customers' needs and preferences. Although intelligence gathering pertains to these customer needs and preferences, the process also includes an analysis of how these may be affected by factors such as government regulations, technology, competitors and other environmental factors (Deshpande 1). This is so organisations can understand how their products cater for and satisfy customer needs and wants better (Avlonitis and Gounaris 1).


Effectively responding to a market need requires the participation of the organisation as a whole from research and development, manufacturing, purchasing right through to the sales and marketing departments. For the organisations to adapt to these needs the intelligence gathered from the previous process needs to be communicated, disseminated and sold to relevant departments and individuals (Deshpande 1). By disseminating the information it will familiarise and mobilise the organisation towards the objectives and goals required to provide customer value and satisfaction (Avlonitis and Gounaris 1).


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Responsiveness takes the form of selecting target markets, designing and offering products and services for catering to their current and anticipated needs, and producing, distributing, and promoting the products in a manner that elicits favourable end-customer response (Deshpande 1). It is also adjusting products towards market needs and wants, rather than according to the organisations beliefs and perceptions (Avlonitis and Gounaris 1).


However, there are antecedent variables that can enhance or impede the implementation of the framework towards market orientation. Avlonitis and Gournaris refer to the Top Management Team (TMT) as an important influencing factor. The reason why the TMT are important is that they are the ones that must ensure that the structure is in place so that the organisation can effectively implement the new strategies to gain market effectiveness. The factors that make them influential is how likely are they to encourage employees to successfully implement these strategies, share market intelligence and be responsive to market needs (Deshpande 1). It could be said that the greater the encouragement and acceptance of the TMT, the greater the market intelligence generation the intelligence dissemination and the overall responsiveness to market change. Another important factor to consider is that responding to market needs often calls for change within the organisation is some form or another. Change of any kind has elements of risk, how big a risk is determined by the nature and size of the change. For that reason the greater the risk aversion of the TMT, the lower the market intelligence generation, intelligence dissemination and the responsiveness of the organisation.


Deshpande (1) refers to departmental dynamics. This refers to the formal and informal interactions and relationships among the organisations departments. An important aspect of departmental dynamics is conflicts, this usually arising from departments having incompatible objectives. The greater the interdepartmental conflict, the lower the market intelligence dissemination and the responsiveness of the organisation. Deshpande (1) also alludes to interdepartmental connectedness. This refers to the degree of direct formal and informal contact among employees across departments. The greater interdepartmental connectedness is, the greater the market intelligence dissemination and the responsiveness of the organisation. On a more structural level Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer (00) talk about the organisations centralisation and formalisation. Centralisation refers to the amount of responsibility and authority delegated throughout an organisation and the extent of participation by organisational members in decision-making. Formalisation is defined as the emphasis placed within the organisation on following specific rules and procedures. The greater the formalisation of an organisation, the less it will tend to generate, disseminate, and plan a response to market information but the more effective its response implementation. The greater the centralisation of an organisation, the less it will tend to generate, disseminate, and plan a response to market information but the more effective its response implementation Deshpande (1).


Han, Kim and Srivastava (18) refer to environmental factors that can effect customer satisfaction. Environmental factors refer to competitive intensity, market turbulence and technological turbulence. These environmental factors help organisations to produce products and services that provide value for customers. Competitive advantage comes from the ability to shape buyer perceptions, preferences, and decision making, in which technology and innovation are critical factors. Technical innovation and knowledge management also contributes to customer satisfaction.


The greater the market orientation, the greater the esprit de corps and organizational commitment of employees. Many executives noted that a market orientation provides a number of psychological and social benefits to employees. In addition, a market orientation leads to a sense of pride in belonging to an organization in which all departments and individuals work toward the common goal of serving customers. These matters result in employees sharing a feeling of worthwhile contribution and stronger feelings of job satisfaction and commitment to the organization


A market orientation is likely to lead to improved performance because it is the organizational culture and climate that most effectively encourages the behaviors necessary for the creation of superior value for buyers and, therefore, continuous superior profit for the business


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