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Are we mindlessly throwing our money out to colleges to better educate our children, or so we think. A new issue has come up that out children are not getting our moneys worth out of college. They typically go to class for four years, but is the money really worth what they come out with or is college just a day care for young adults. Too many students go to college just because it is what every one says to do, not what they truly feel is right for them.

Public-relations specialist and writer Caroline Bird wrote an essay in which she talks about how too many college students are just in school because their parents make them, or that is what every one has always told them they need to do. Bird talks about how students go to school to just try to improve their paychecks instead of actually going to school to educate them selves. Another point bird makes is college is just working to keep our young adults out of the mainstream of the job market because they are not as desired because of their age. It is like putting good workers on layaway until they reach a respectable age so that people will treat them serious.

To many people college is just now what they need right after high school. According to Caroline Bird, "if students believe that college is not necessarily good for them, you can not expect them to stay on for the general good of mankind"(Bird 466). I feel that what Bird is saying here is that you can not expect a college student to really put all their heart into their studies if they really don not want to be there improving their minds. Caroline Bird writes "I believe that college has to be judged not on what other people think is good for students, but on how good it feels to the students themselves" (Bird 465). People cram into kids heads that college is just the thing you do after high school, this choice needs to be made by the person them selves and that person only.

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College students are going to school for all the wrong reasons. Too many people are going to increase their pay when they are older. In her essay Caroline Bird say's that "if money is the only goal, college is the dumbest investment you can make"(Bird 466). By investing your money wisely you can be just as wealthy as a college graduate, but the key is to invest your money wisely. Money is not the only reason that people are going to college for the wrong reasons. According to Caroline Bird, "For some young people, it is a graceful way to get away from home and become independent without losing the financial support of their parents"(Bird 465). These kids see that they can live on their own with assisted income but they have to go to college to achieve this. This is enough to make students go to school even though they could care less.

College acts like a day care for young adults. A company is not going to hire a kid just out of high school because they would not have the experience to deal with people who have been working all their lives. Caroline Bird writes

"My unnerving conclusion is that students are sad because they are not needed. Somewhere between the nursery and the employment office, they become unwanted adults. No one has anything in particular against them. But no one knows what to do with them either. We already have too many people in the world of the 170s, and there is no room for so many newly minted 18-year-olds. So we temporarily get them out of the way by sending them to college where in fact only a few belong" (Bird 464).

There is not enough room in the world to have every one just come out of high school and get a job so college just works a delay. In Caroline Bird's opinion " no more then 5 percent of students are turned on by class work. For the rest, college is at best a social center or aging vat, and at worst a young folks' home or even a prison that keeps them out of the mainstream of economic life for a few more years" (Bird 46). I am not saying that people should go out and higher people straight out of high school these people are unskilled and should only be hired they are qualified for.

College does nothing but waist the money of people who really do not want to be there. Bird states "Some refuse to go to college at all. Most, of course, have neither the funds nor the self-confidence for constructive articulation of their discontent. They simply hang around college unhappily and reluctantly" (Bird 464). All college is doing is robbing the pockets of our people who could be using that toward other things especially if they are not interested in college in the first place. "In fact there is no real evidence that the higher income of college graduates is due to college. College may simply attract people who are slated to earn more money anyway" according to Caroline Bird (467). If there is no real proof that college graduates earn more money then why is every one so inclined to pressure or children into going to college?

Since we first start to think about our life outside of college some one is always trying to pound it in our heads that it is necessary to go to college in order to succeed in life. Caroline Bird wrote " Educators have never said, "Go to college and get a good job,' but this has been implied, and now students expect it" (Bird 468). I can honestly say that people have always told me that I needed to go to college I never really thought of it as a choice. Bird says, "Adults-parents, employers, high school counselors-began to push, shove and cajole youngsters to get and education"(Bird 46). It is odd if a person does not go to college. We as a whole typically think that they are not going to be successful, or that they are making the wrong choice.

I personally feel that after reading Caroline Birds essay that college is stressed too much by our elders. I know people that are very successful who have never attended college. Lindsey Vorenkamp a first year student at Blinn College states that, "If your heart is not in to it then you are less likely to succeed. I agree with her totally, but this idea goes for anything in life. If you are not interested in a particular subject you are most likely not going to do as well as you would in a subject that interests you. What other choice do students have when college has been shoved down their throats since the first started to talk about life after high school? Bryan Garza an Animal Science major at Blinn College said, "A lot of counselors put pressure on you to get into college and make something of your self." This should not be happening. Teachers and counselors should consider that maybe college is not going to be the next steep in you life.

Too many people go to college just because it is what the world tells us to do, not what we actually feel is right for ourselves. Young adults should not see college as a way to increase the amount of money on the paychecks they are going to get when they are older. The world uses college as a kind of layaway for our young adults until they reach an age where people take them more seriously. To some college is the biggest waste of money there is, but to others it is a very rewarding experience. The choice should be made by the students them selves and not other influences.

Bird, Caroline. "College is a Waste of Time and Money"] The Norton Reader An

Anthology of Expository Prose. 10th ed. Linda H. Peterson, John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York W.W. Norton, 000. [46 -470.]

Vorenkamp, Lindsey. Personal interview. 1 September 00.

Garza, Bryan. Personal interview. 1 September 00.

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hose Problem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hose Problem paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hose Problem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hose Problem paper at affordable prices ! The aim of this task is to use a hose, shooting out water at 10ms-1 and watch the changes in the flow of water at different positioning angles of the hose.

From this we will be able to obtain some knowledge of the graphs the water jet forms and its equations.

We will mathematically observe the actions of the water, but certain assumptions are made.

If the water jet was shot in real life there would be outside factors involved, such as

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Length of hose might decrease the speed of the jet

Jet not shooting straight and/or shooting some water to the side so the measurements are inaccurate

Wind influencing the movement of the water stream.

Different gravitational pulls at different heights.

In this problem-solving task these things are ignored and perfect conditions are assumed.

For increased accuracy (not perfect) in calculations working out will be shown to 5 decimal places.

In all cases when x=0 one of the solutions for y will be 0

The graphs that are sketched are drawn separately as this way is neater and easier to observe.

When we do shoot a jet out of a hose we notice that it forms a parabolic graph, so we can safely assume that jets at all angles will provide the same results, except when the stream is being shot at 0¢ª.

The equation of the graph that the jet forms is given by the function y=ux-0.04(1+u)x where u=Tan¥è

The number 0.04 is related to the speed of the water, 10ms and the acceleration due to gravity, .8ms-

For the case where ¥è=0¢ª, for us to be able to use the equation we need to find the Tan 0¢ª which is 0.5775

Therefore u=0.5775

When this is substituted into the equation we get a graph that looks like this

GRAPH

To find the place where the jet hits the ground we solve the equation so that y=0

When y=0, ux-0.04(1+u)x=0

x(u-0.041.x)=0

Therefore x=0 and x=8.8744

Since this is a parabolic graph the maximum point is the middle point for the x values and in this case that is 8.8744/ = 4.41850 and when x=4.41850, y=1.7551

Therefore the jet reaches the maximum height reached for the angle of 0¢ª is 4.41850m

For the case where ¥è=45¢ª, tan45¢ª=1

Therefore u=1

When this is substituted into the equation we get a graph that looks like this

GRAPH

Once again to find the spot where the water hits the ground we solve the equation for y=0

When y=0, x=0 and x=10.0408

The highest point is once again found by taking the half way point on the x-axis and finding the f(x).

Therefore for the ¥è=45¢ª, the maximum is .55000

For the angle ¥è=60¢ª, u=tan¥è therefore u=

When this is substituted into the equation we get a graph that looks like this

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Independent Novel Study

Napoleon is considered the chief villain in Animal Farm. Many of his actions are uncalled for, and usually result in pain and suffering for the rest of the animals. Throughout the course of the novel he becomes more and more humanlike. In turn, his cruelty towards the other animals also enhances. He takes all the best food for himself, sells the hens eggs, sells Boxer for a crate of whisky, and takes the life of many animals (just to name a few ferocious actions). What Napoleon does is wrong because the animals don't deserve that kind of treatment. The reason they got rid of Mr. Jones was because he was mistreating them, now Napoleon has put himself in charge without the other animals voting on it, and he is abusing them more than Jones did.

At first Napoleon seems to be a good leader, but he eventually turns bad because he is

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overcome with greed and becomes power-hungry. With the aid of his guard dogs and the manipulative abilities of Squealer, Napoleon knows that he can make anybody do or think what he wants.

I think that Napoleon should have followed the commandments left by Old Major. He should also have taken in account the other animals opinions when making a decision (democracy).

In my opinion the most important episode in Animal Farm is when Snowball and Napoleon are arguing over Snowballs plan to build a windmill. During the debate, something terrible happens. Instead of letting the animals decide whether or not to build the structure, Napoleon signals his private troop of attack dogs who chase Snowball off the stage and under the fence, never to be seen again.

This scene is very important because the animal's future goes downhill from there. From that point on, Napoleon uses his dogs to make the animals do as he pleases.

When I read this chapter I was stunned. It all happened so fast, I had to read the paragraph over about times to make sure I understood what actually happened. At that point in the novel, Napoleon was barely talked about. While Snowball, on the other hand, is the main character in the book at the time.

Napoleon goes through many changes throughout the novel. The two most drastic changes that occur are his consumption of alcohol, and his role as a leader.

Both changes are for the worst. At one time Mr. Jones was a decent master to his animals. At this time the farm was thriving. The farm began to go downhill once he established a drinking problem. Once Napoleon and the other pigs began drinking, the same thing happened, the other animals on the farm had to suffer.

The next change in Napoleon is his leadership role. Once he successfully got rid of Snowball, he quickly became more or less a dictator.

In the past two years I have gone through many changes. The biggest change, in my opinion, is my shyness level. Two years ago, I didn't even have the guts to say hi to someone who passed by me. Now, I find myself being a lot more confident and I'm not afraid to speak to anyone I'm not familiar with. I think I was able to overcome this by going out a lot more. Now I go out to at least one party a week. While before I used to just stay at home and do nothing.

The ending to Animal Farm was very good. It was as though it was right back at the beginning of the book again. Napoleon and the other pigs have invited Mr. Pilkington and his men over for dinner. The farm animals are glancing through the window of the farmhouse while Mr. Pilkington is congratulating the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence which he had observed on animal farm. Not long after starting a card game, an argument breaks out because two of the same card were played simultaneously. While the pigs and the men are in an uproar, the animals looking through the window can't make out which is man, and which is pig.

Orwell uses his allegorical farm to symbolize the communist system. Though the original intention of bringing down Mr. Jones, is not inherently evil in itself, Napoleon's consecutive embrace of nearly all of Mr. Jones' principles and harsh mistreatment of the animals proves that indeed communism is not equality, but just another form of inequality. The pigs and dogs take most of the power for themselves, thinking that they are the best administrators of government. Eventually the power corrupts them, and they turn on their fellow animals, eliminating competitors through propaganda and bloodshed.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Teens and STD's, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Teens and STD's paper at affordable prices ! Teens and young adults have been infected and affected by AIDS and other STD's at very high rates over the past recent years. HIV and AIDS are deadly viruses which attack the bodies' immune system, causing you to lose your ability to fight off sickness and/or disease. Although many think that this young group of people would be the least likely to be infected by an STD or HIV because of their inexperience, these people are those who are at a very high risk because of the excessive amount of curiosity that develops at this age. Today, one in four infections of HIV or AIDS occurs in a person younger than twenty-two.

Unfortunately, much of what puts these adolescents at risk is the fact that being a teenager means taking chances; teenagers want to test limits and question authority. Many of these young adults do not realize that unsafe sex is irreversible. The AIDS Partnership Program in Michigan stated that before they reach age twenty, seventy-seven percent of all girls and eighty-six percent of all boys had experienced sexual intercourse.

Another unfortunate fact about teenagers is that most do not consistently use condoms. The 11 National Survey of Adolescent Males found that condom use is likely to be highest at the beginning of a relationship and then decline once the partner is believed to be "safe". Teenagers in the United States today with larger numbers of sexual partners are less likely to use a condom as well. An article published in 18 titled "Patterns of Condom Use Among Adolescents" suggests that teens that use condoms for their first sexual encounter are twenty times more likely to use condoms on a regular basis.

Teenagers in today's society whom are gay, drug users, juvenile offenders, school dropouts, runaways or of the homeless youth are especially at risk of being infected with HIV, AIDS, or any other STD. This is usually because these groups of teenagers are those most difficult to reach for prevention and education on the particular subjects of HIV, STD's, and/or AIDS. This youth also has a very limited access to health care and service-delivery systems.

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A parent's influence on their teenagers' sexual experiences is under-rated in many situations. A parent is in a very unique position to talk with their children about STD's and AIDS prevention and education. A parent's influence on a child can not only help delay first intercourse amongst teens, but can also increase condom usage amongst those who are already sexually active.

Despite common opinion and/or belief, an STD is only one-hundred percent preventable from passing from one person to another by sexual means when abstinence is practiced. Many people believe that they will never be infected by AIDS or an STD if they use protection. Unfortunately this is not the case for all people, because accidents can happen. However, using a condom or other means of protection greatly reduces the risk of infection in sexually active people. Another way to prevent the spread or infection of AIDS is to never share syringes with other people.

Education among young teenager seems to become more excessive, but many young adults are still unaware of the deadly disease known as HIV or AIDS. Such things as symptoms of STD's or AIDS and/or prevention could be the key to preventing many young people in today's society from being infected by the disease. Common symptoms of AIDS usually include symptoms similar to the common flu, such as recurrent fevers, chills, or night sweats. Decreased appetite, a persistent, dry cough, and extreme, constant tiredness could also be included in a list of common symptoms among young teenagers. Physical signs are much easier to notice however, and these include such things like rapid weight loss for no apparent reason, swollen lymph glands in the neck or underarm, white spots in the mouth, and raised or flat marks or bumps on the skin that are usually a purplish color.

Another issue rarely thought about by the average person is the affect of AIDS in other countries around the world. In Africa alone, there have been more than seventeen million deaths already with numbers greater than that to come if something is not done to prevent the spread of this disease. In some countries, many do not have a choice of whether or not to have safe-sex or practice abstinence.

Over-population is already a problem in many countries in Africa because of the many families that birth children to create free helping hands on their farms. Young women can become married and start a family as young as twelve in many of these countries, which causes the virus to spread to many young children and young adults. When these young women are infected and become pregnant, they also pass this deadly disease on to their unborn child. Condom-use is extremely rare in Africa and almost non-existent in many areas.

Another common reason that young people in Africa and other countries become infected with AIDS is because of their lack of knowledge and understanding on the situation. This lack of knowledge and education on these particular subjects is most likely because of the poverty and lack of sophistication in many of the world's countries today.

Not including AIDS, there are many other STD's in existence that can greatly affect a young person's life without there realization of the risks. These STD's might include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, Genital Warts, Hepatitis B, or Crabs and Scabies. Many of these diseases are easily recognized and curable if caught in the early stages. Unfortunately there are those that are not curable and the infected person will be stuck with the virus for the rest of their lives.

Chlamydia is one of the most common and easily spread STD's. Unfortunately most women and men infected by this STD do not have any signs or symptoms of the disease. However, if Chlamydia is not found and treated in the early stages of the disease, it could lead to serious health problems later in life.

Gonorrhea is another STD which can lead to serious health problem later on in life if not caught and treated in its early stages. If any, symptoms usually include painful urination; however there are usually no symptoms for this disease, especially in men.

Syphilis is one of the more dangerous STD's. The health problems that can occur with this disease if not treated can, and usually are more serious than those with Chlamydia or Gonorrhea. Many people usually are not aware that they have been infected with the disease for it is usually a painless sore.

Herpes is caused by a virus. Signs that a person has been infected with this disease are fairly obvious and include painful sores. These blisters can go away and can be controlled, but there is no cure for the virus.

Hepatitis B is a disease for which there is no known cure, however can be prevented by a series of vaccinations. Hepatitis B can be spread from one person to another without any signs and without the person ever being aware that they have been infected by the disease. The virus attacks a persons liver and can cause serious illnesses.

Crabs and Scabies are tiny bugs that can cause itching. These are the most easily spread because they can be caught by any close physical contact.

Teenagers around the world are experiencing AIDS and many other STD's that should and could be prevented in today's modern world. There are many different reasons and causes for such young people to be experiencing such awful illnesses. Few people realize that these illnesses are not only affecting Americans, but millions of people all over the world. STD's and AIDS are causing millions of deaths to innocent people. Is there any way to stop such a deadly disease from continuing?

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Repeatedly, it is also heard that we are so dependent on Science and Technology that we who create it are nothing but mere puppets. How can we be the slaves of this great resource? In fact, it would not be wrong to term Science as a friend of Humanity. This faithful friend has come through many a times. We have reaped innumerable benefits out of this friendship. In return, the sacrifices we had to make constituted just a small price in return. This price can be termed as a small token of appreciation for our friend, Science.

According to an existential argument, existence precedes essence. If so, then human existence is absurd and unjustified. The goal of a human being then is to justify his existence. We humans tried to take charge of our own lives by choosing to justify its cause. According to Mahlotra, a person who is aware of the fact that by the freedom of choice we have, we are responsible for our actions and performs those actions acknowledging freedom of others too, is the one who shall find meaning in his life. Satre points out for us that a man is nothing else than a series of undertakings, that he is a sum, the organization, the ensemble of the relationships which make up these undertakings. For some people Science and Technology are those actions, which fill their life with meaning.

Medicine for instance, is one of the thousands and thousands of fruits that we have harvested from this friendship. It has helped humankind in innumerable ways. People have started taking charge of their own health and life. Therefore, the life expectancy of a person living in the nineties is about twenty years more on an average from that which people enjoyed at the start of the last century. By the virtue of medicine, not only does a person live longer but also lives his life to the fullest in the best of health.

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Deadly diseases such as small pox, plague and polio have caused a large number of epidemics resulting in major loss of life. The Plague Epidemic of London in the 1600's had wiped out nearly a fifth of its' population. Researches and scientific effort led many scientists to find cures or preventive vaccinations for these life-threatening diseases. Today these diseases have been eradicated from the face of the earth. Thanks to our Science, millions of lives have been saved from the clutches of these evils. The benefits of discovery of these vaccines needed to be passed on to the public. To cater to the huge human population, Technology in this field evolved side by side the scientific progress. Better techniques resulted in faster and more efficient developments of these scientific discoveries.

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HARDWARE

The real user will need relevant hardware to complete the task. A monitor to see the information that is displayed on the screen .A mouse to select the input my data. The real user will also need a keyboard to input all of the data. The user will need a base unit with a hard drive so the computer will work. The user needs a printer to print off all the processed letters. The user will need a colour printer to make the letters look better and this make the processed seem more important as it stands out. This is so important to show the real user and to get their feedback.

SOFTWARE

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For the problem, The user will need a word processor and a spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel. He needs these two programs as he is going to merge them together to make the letters. The user will need a web browser to get various pieces of information such as maps to the indoor cricket nets. So as the members can get to the centre.

INPUT DATA

The real user will get the information direct from the members or from the personal records of certain members. The user will collect any outstanding information from the members themselves by using methods such as e-mail, phone or post. If sent by post then there will have to be a tear off reply slip so as the members can put their personal details on. The user will check data for errors by calling them up, as this is the only way to properly check for any errors involved.

PROCESS (TO DO LATER)

OUTPUT

The output for the solution is going to be at least twenty letters to be sent and replied to. On the screen there will be a variety of different things. There will be individual letters based on a template using mail merge. There will be a template with all the relevant fields inserted with the relevant details. Merging with a data source fills in these fields. There will be a spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel. Displayed on the screen will be all the members personal details, also included in this will be the times when there cricket winter nets start. Twenty personalised letters will be printed with all the necessary information displayed on them. The information that will be on the screen will be a tear of strip for the reply and the pertinent information about when their nets are.

DIFFERENT OUTPUT

Details of the letter will change according to the age and circumstances because if they play in the adult sides because of their ability then they will be asked to come along to the adult nets. So that will be the problem that the real user will have to overcome.

OUTPUT BE SORTED

The data will be sorted in a variety of ways. The word processor sorts text alphabetically, numerically, or by date in ascending order (A to Z or zero to ) or descending order (Z to A or to zero). When sorting by field results, if an entire field (such as a last name) is the same for two items, The word processor next evaluates subsequent fields (such as a first name) according to the specified sort options.

LAYOUT

There will be two programs needed to complete the problem. The two programs these are a spreadsheet and a word processor such as Microsoft word. The spreadsheet will be set out in the usual way with columns and rows with field headings at the top. On the word processor the letter will be set in a formal way with a logo and all the relevant fields inserted.

BACKUP STRATERGY AND SECURITY

The real user will save his work onto the hard drive and he might save it onto a magnetic tape. The real user should or will save his work every 15-0 minutes. The time to take the information and save it to the hard drive is very minimal and to save it on to a magnetic disk will take a little longer.

SECURITY

The personal data of the members will have to be highly guarded these could be done in a variety of ways including physical ways such as put all the information into a safe. The computer will have to have a password for data security also.

DATA PROTECTION

This is an organisation set up to insure that the personal information of the public was kept safe and where it is stored on a computer. This is called the data protection act. Individuals must be told what the data will be used for.

HOW BIG WILL THE FILES BE?

The files will be relatively small and all of the information will be able to be stored on a floppy disk. A floppy disk holds a relatively small amount of data, generally 1.44 megabytes. Data on floppy disks is retrieved more slowly than from hard disks. The real user will user will use the disk to make backups of data.

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In A Modest Proposal, Swift vents his mounting aggravation at the ineptitude of Irelands politicians, the hypocrisy of the wealthy, the tyranny of the English, and the squalor and degradation in which he sees so many Irish people living. While A Modest Proposal bemoans the bleak situation of an Ireland almost totally subject to Englands exploitation, it also expresses Swifts utter disgust at the Irish peoples seeming inability to mobilize on their own behalf. Without excusing any party, the essay shows that not only the English but also the Irish themselves--and not only the Irish politicians but also the masses--are responsible for the nations lamentable state. His compassion for the misery of the Irish people is a severe one, and he includes a critique of their incompetence in dealing with their own problems.

Political pamphleteering was a fashionable pastime in Swifts day, which saw vast numbers of tracts and essays advancing political opinions and proposing remedies for Irelands economic and social ills. Swifts tract parodies the style and method of these, and the grim irony of his own solution reveals his personal despair at the failure of all this paper journalism to achieve any actual progress. His piece protests the utter inefficacy of Irish political leadership, and it also attacks the orientation of so many contemporary reformers toward economic utilitarianism. While Swift himself was an astute economic thinker, he often expressed contempt for the application of supposedly scientific management ideas to humanitarian concerns.

The main rhetorical challenge of this bitingly ironic essay is capturing the attention of an audience whose indifference has been well tested. Swift makes his point negatively, stringing together an appalling set of morally untenable positions in order to cast blame and aspersions far and wide. The essay progresses through a series of surprises that first shocks the reader and then causes her to think critically not only about policies, but also about motivations and values.

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Summary

The author invokes the melancholly and all-too-common sight of women and children begging on the streets of Ireland. These mothers, unable to work for their livelihood, are forced to employ all their Time panhandling for food. The children, also for want of work, grow up to be thieves, or else emigrate to fight for the Pretender (the son of James II, who lost the throne of England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688) or to seek their fortunes in the Americas. The author appeals to the general consensus that these beggared children are, in the present deplorable State of the Kingdom, a very great additional Grievance. He supposes that anyone who could devise a way to make these street children into productive members of society would be doing the nation a great service. The authors own Intention, he says, goes even further than providing for these children of Professed Beggars; his proposal includes in its scope all children of a certain Age whose parents, though they have not yet resorted to begging, are too poor to support them.

Having considered Irelands population problem for many years, the author has concluded that the arguments and schemes of others upon the subject are wholly inadequate. They have been, he says, grossly mistaken in their Computation. He offers some calculations of his own a newborn infant can be supported for its first year on breast-milk and two shillings, a sum that can easily be obtained by begging. It is after this relatively undemanding first year, therefore, that Swifts proposal will go into effect. I propose to provide for them in such a Manner, as, instead of being a Charge upon their Parents, or the Parish, or wanting Food and Raiment for the rest of their Lives; they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the Feeding, and partly to the Cloathing, of many Thousands. Another advantage of his proposal, Swift says, is that it will reduce the number of abortions and infanticides. He speculates that most women undertake these highly immoral practices more to avoid the Expence than the Shame of unwanted children.

The author fills out the background to his proposal with additional statistical data. In a national population of 1.5 million, there are probably 00,000 women of childbearing age. Out of these, 0,000 might be supposed to be financially able to maintain their own children. That leaves 170,000 breeders. Of these, perhaps 50,000 will miscarry or lose their children in the first year, leaving 10,000 children born of poor parents each year. The Question therefore is, How this Number shall be reared, and provided for? In the current state of the nation Swift asserts it to be impossible. They cannot be employed in a country that neither build[s] Houses,...nor cultivate[s] Land. Except for the exceptionally gifted, they will not be able to steal for a living until they are at least six years of age, although, I confess, they learn the Rudiments much earlier. A child under the age of twelve is no saleable Commodity, and even when they are old enough to be sold into servitude, children bring no very large price--certainly not enough to offset the costs involved in rearing them to that age.

Commentary

Swifts opening paragraph offers a starkly realistic, although compassionate, portrait of families of beggars in Ireland. The first sentence gives a fairly straightforward and un-ironic description, but by the second sentence the author begins to offer judgments and explanations about this rampant beggary the mothers are unable to work, and have been forced into their current poverty and disgrace. Swifts language here reverses the prevailing sentiment of his day, which held that if beggars were poor, it was their own fault. The reader is unsure at this point whether to take Swifts professed compassion for the beggars as earnest or ironic. The issue never becomes completely clear. In this passage, and in the tract as a whole, he tends not to choose sides; his stance is one of general exasperation with all parties in a complex problem. Swift is generous with his disdain, and his irony works both to censure the poor and to critique the society that enables their poverty. The remark about Irish Catholics who go to Spain to fight for the Pretender offers a good example of the complexity of Swifts judgments he is commenting on a woeful lack of national loyalty among the Irish, and at the same time critiquing a nation that drives its own citizens to mercenary activity. He makes a similar stab at national policies and priorities with the aside that takes for granted that poor Irish children will not find employment, since we neither build Houses,...nor cultivate Land.

The reader is inclined at first to identify with the proposer, in part because Swift has given no reason, at this point, not to. His compassion in the first paragraph, the matter-of-fact tone of the second, his seeming objectivity in weighing other proposals, and his moral outrage at the frequency of abortion and infanticide--these characteristics all speak out in his favor as a potential reformer. Yet the depersonalizing vocabulary with which he embarks on his computations is calculated to give us pause. He describes a newborn child as just drooped from its Dam and identifies women as Breeders. Against this language the word souls (which ought to make sense as a way of talking about hapless human beings) takes on a wry tone when applied to Irelands now strictly statistical population. This language offers an early indication of the way the authors proposal reduces human beings alternately to statistical entities, to economic commodities, and to animals.

It becomes clear fairly quickly that this will be an economic argument, although the proposal will have moral, religious, political, and nationalistic implications. Despite his own moral indignation, when the author suggests that most abortions are occasioned by financial rather than moral considerations, he assumes that peoples motivations are basically materialistic. This is not, of course, Swifts own assumption; he presents a shockingly extreme case of cold-blooded rationality in order to make his readers reexamine their own priorities. Swift parodies the style of the pseudo-scientific proposals for social engineering that were so popular in his day. His piece is partly an attack on the economic utilitarianism that drove so many of these proposals. Although Swift was himself an astute economist, here he draws attention to the incongruity between a ruthless (though impeccably systematic) logic and a complexly human social and political reality. Part of the effect will be to make the reader feel that the argument is bad, without knowing quite where to intervene--to pit moral judgment against other, more rigidly logical kinds of argumentation.

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Summary

The author begins detailing his proposal, saying that he hopes it will not be liable to the least Objection. He offers the information, derived from an American he knows, that a one-year-old child is a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome Food; whether Stewed, Roasted, Baked, or Boiled. Based on this fact, he proposes that the 10,000 Irish children born in a year should be disposed of as follows 0,000 should be kept for breeding and continuance of the population, but only a fourth of these are to be males, in accordance with the practice common among breeders of livestock (one Male will be sufficient to serve four Females); the other 100,000 are to be fattened and then sold as a culinary delicacy. He proceeds to offer suggestions as to the sort of dishes that might be prepared from their meat.

After this quick outline, the author moves on to the specifics of the proposal. First, he discusses the price of the meat. Since a one-year-old baby weighs, on average, only twenty-eight pounds, the flesh will be relatively expensive. These children, therefore, will be marketed primarily to Irelands rich landlords, who, as Swift points out, have already devoured most of the Parents anyway. Second, he speculates that the new foodstuff will be in season year-round--with perhaps a particular surge in the springtime. The cost of nursing a Beggars Child to marketable age is shillings a year. The cost of the meat will be ten shillings, and the profits of the sale will be mutual the mother will make eight shillings, and the landlord who buys the child will not only have four Dishes of excellent nutritive Meat, but will also enjoy an increase in his own popularity among his tenants. In times of need, the skin could also be used for leather. The author does not doubt that there will be plenty of people in Dublin willing to conduct these transactions and to butcher the meat.

He then tells of a friends proposed Refinement on my Scheme, which was that, in light of the shortage of deer on the estates of Irelands wealthy Gentlemen, teenage boys and girls might be butchered as an alternative to venison--especially since so many of these young people are already starving and unable to find employment. Swift, however, resists this idea, protesting that their Flesh was generally tough and lean...and their Taste disagreeable. He also speculates that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon Cruelty. The author follows this up with an anecdote about the natives of Formosa and their cannibalistic practices. He then acknowledges a general concern about the vast number of elderly, sick, and handicapped among the poor, who are no more able to find work than the children. Having been asked to consider how the country could be relieved of that burden, Swift declares himself unworried--these people are dying off fast enough anyway.

Commentary

The irony of Swifts piece turns on the assumption that his audience, regardless of their national or religious affiliations or their socioeconomic status, will all agree to the fact that eating children is morally reprehensible. The reader registers a shock at this point in the proposal and recognizes that a literal reading of Swifts pamphlet will not do. Swift is clearly not suggesting that the people of Ireland actually eat their children, and so the task becomes one of identifying his actual argument. This involves separating the persona of the proposer from Swift himself. The former is clearly a caricature; his values are deplorable, but despite his cold rationality and his self-righteousness, he is not morally indifferent. Rather, he seems to have a single, glaring blind spot regarding the reprehensible act of eating children, but he is perfectly ready to make judgments about the incidental moral benefits and consequences of his proposal. The proposer himself is not the main target of Swifts angry satire, though he becomes the vehicle for some biting parodies on methods of social thought.

The proposal draws attention to the self-degradation of the nation as a whole by illustrating it in shockingly literal ways. The idea of fattening up a starving population in order to feed the rich casts a grim judgment on the nature of social relations in Ireland. The language that likens people to livestock becomes even more prevalent in this part of the proposal. The breeding metaphor underscores the economic pragmatism that underlies the idea. It also works to frame a critique of the domestic values in Irish Catholic families, who regard marriage and family with so little sanctity that they effectively make breeding animals of themselves. Swift draws on the long-standing perception among the English and the Anglo-Irish ruling classes of the Irish as a barbaric people. Swift neither confirms nor negates this assumption altogether. He indicts the Irish Catholics for the extent to which they dehumanize themselves through their baseness and lack of self-respect. He also, however, admonishes those who would accuse the poor for their inhumane lack of compassion. And, he critiques the barbarism of a mode of social thought that takes economic profitability as its sole standard.

With the introduction of the idea of cannibalism, a number of associated insinuations come into play. Swift cultivates an analogy between eating people and other ways in which people, or a nation, can be devoured. The British oppression amounts to a kind of voracious consumption of all things Irish--humans devouring humans in a cannibalism of injustice and inhumanity. But Irelands complicity in its own oppression translates the guilt of cannibalism to a narrower national scale; this is not just humans being cruel to other humans, but a nation consuming itself and its own resources. Swifts aside about the fact that wealthy Irish landlords have already devoured most of the poor parents voices a protest against their exploitation of the peasants.

One of Swifts techniques is to let abstract ideas resonate in multiple ways. The word profit, for example, refers at various points to economics, morality, and personal indulgence. When Swift looks at who stands to profit from the sale of infant flesh, he includes not only the family that earns the eight shillings, but also the landowner who will earn a certain social status by serving such a delicacy, and the nation that will obtain relief from some of its most pressing problems. In this way, Swift keeps reminding his reader of the different value systems that bear on Irelands social and political problems.

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Summary

I have too long digressed, says Swift, and so he continues to enumerate the advantages of his proposal. It will reduce the number of Papists (Catholics), who form the majority of the poor population and who tend to have large families. He identifies the Catholics as the enemies of the nation--or of its wealthy Anglo contingent--accusing Irish Catholics of subversive political activity, while contrasting them with the many Protestants who have left the country rather than be forced to pay Tithes against their Conscience.

The proposal also means that poor tenants, once their children become a valuable commodity, will be better able to pay off their debts to their landlords. The arrangement will be good for the national economy, turning what had been a liability into part of the national product--not to mention the added national benefit of a new dish. In addition, the parents of these now-marketable children will reap a profit beyond just the eight-shilling sale price, since they will be relieved of the expense of caring for the children after the first year. The new food will undoubtedly improve business in taverns. The proposal will have the moral benefits of encouraging marriage and increasing mothers love for their children. It will also likely spur a healthy competition among parents as to who can bring the fattest Child to the Market, as well as reducing domestic violence, at least during the time of pregnancy, for fear of a Miscarriage. An indirect consequence of eating childrens flesh will be an increase in exportation of beef, and well as a rising standard for other meats, which are in no way comparable in Taste, or Magnificence, to a well-grown fat yearling Child. Swift speculates that one fifth of the carcasses will be consumed in London, and the rest elsewhere in Ireland.

Commentary

The author identifies himself as a member of the Anglo-Irish ruling class, who were predominantly Anglican. His picture of embattled Anglicans forced to leave the country is an ironic one, however. Swift is denouncing the practice of absenteeism among Irish landlords, who often governed their estates from abroad, thus funneling all the fruits of Irish peasant labor out of the Irish economy and into the English coffers. The proposers allegiance is to the interests of the wealthy, and it is at the upper classes that Swift aims his sharpest barbs. Swifts contempt for the irresponsibility, greed, and moral indifference of the wealthy is matched only by his disgust at the utter failure of Irelands political leaders. Swift begins moving away from the faux-economics of child-breeding in order to hone in on the realities of Irelands economic crisis. Many of the arguments the proposer advances here have to do with the very real problem of building a viable Irish national economy. Swift reveals that his objection is not so much with the basic mercantilist idea that the people are the most valuable resources of a nation, but rather with Irelands failure to value that resource in any meaningful and nationally constructive way.

Swift also elaborates on his critique of domestic mores among the Irish poor. The fact that they need an economic inducement to marry, to love their children and spouses, and to refrain from domestic violence are obvious strikes against them--although probably against the bigotry of the proposer as well since, for Swift, there are multiple sides to every story.

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Summary

The author now anticipates an objection to his proposal--that it will too drastically reduce the national population. He admits this, reminding the reader that such a reduction was in fact one of the goals. The proposal, he emphasizes, is calculated specifically with respect to Ireland and its circumstances, and is not meant to be applicable to other kingdoms. He offers a catalogue of the various remedies others have suggested taxing absentee landowners, buying only domestically-manufactured goods, rejecting foreign luxury, reforming the morality of Irish women, instilling Parsimony, Prudence, and Temperance in the people, as well as a healthy patriotism, abandoning factionalism and internal strife, refusing to sell our Country and Consciences for nothing, encouraging landlords to treat their tenants justly, and enforcing honest practice among merchants. The author disdains these measures as naive and unrealistic. He tells of his own weariness after years of struggling with such impracticable ideas, and his final relief and excitement at hitting upon his current proposal, which hath something solid and real, of no Expence, and little Trouble, and which will not run the risk of angering England. It will have nothing to do with England, in fact, since the flesh of human infants is too delicate to withstand exportation. He hints that there might be a country that would be eager to eat up our whole Nation, even without preservatives.

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Down Syndrome

Have you ever caught yourself staring at an individual you believed to be retarded or handicapped? Maybe you snickered under your breath when one of them made a funny noise that caught you off guard. Im sure many of us have been in a situation similar to these and know the guilty feeling you get inside when you react in such a manner to their actions. I think most of our guilt comes from pity and our reactions come from the lack of knowledge on the topic.

People tend to ignore what they do not understand and Im writing this to hopefully change how some people think. Down syndrome is a condition that cant be physically passed from one person to the next. It is a genetic condition in which there is an extra chromosome in the cells of a babys body. This extra chromosome results most often from abnormal cell division of the egg before conception. It can also occur in the sperm before conception of a baby or in the fertilized egg after conception. A Down syndrome child will have 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. The chromosomal error can be found on chromosome 1, which is why they call it trisomy 1. Why the cells divide in an abnormal way is not known.

Minor cases of Down syndrome may leave a person with different physical features but have such little affect on their thinking process, its almost unnoticeable. However, there are more severe cases in which an affected person will most likely end up being reliant on someone else for their entire lives. Although Down syndrome has been around for centuries in the human race, no cure has been discovered. Affected people have a wide variety of treatments to cope with the disease and live life as normal as possible.

Another aspect of Down syndrome is mild to moderate mental retardation. Down syndrome is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation in the United States. Special schools can help individuals with the genetic disorder learn basic skills needed in the real world, and physical therapy can help with the reduced muscle tone (hypotonia) that is experienced in most cases.

Doctors have done extensive research on this disease over the years and have made some very important findings that are making life easier for these individuals and the families that take care of them. An amniocentesis can be used to detect any chromosomal abnormality before the baby is even born! Unfortunately, 0% of mothers (or mothers to be) use this knowledge for abortion. In some ways, I feel abortion is an option for those parents that are unsure of their commitment and longing for a child even if the child in not perfect. On the flip side, it is a human life. It is said that one out of every 700 babies will be born with Down syndrome. However, these odds may very depending on the paternal age of the mother. A child born to a woman 5 years of age has approximately a 1 in 100 chance. A child born to a woman 40 years of age and over has a 1 in 10 chance. Leukemia is also a factor in that Down syndrome patients are more likely to develop the disease than normal people.

Although doctors are still unsure where or how Down syndrome originated, extensive studies have revealed many helpful tips in making these peoples lives as best as possible. Before todays studies, Down syndrome patients were put in mental institutions because people didnt know how to help them. Several heart defects associated with Down syndrome were never diagnosed years ago causing more infants with Down syndrome to die. Now infants are tested with echocardiograms before they are born to help detect the heart defects early so heart surgery can be performed to prolong their life. Today, some of those that are handicapped are living individually and making a good living.

In conclusion to my studies, Down syndrome is a rare, yet present condition that can be found in all parts of the globe. Most people look at the individuals who have the condition and tell themselves how lucky they are to not have to go through what some of them do. From some standpoints, this is true to all of us. But how many people will actually take the time to better understand the situation and actually see what makes them as special as any normal human being. It is human nature to ignore or criticize the unknown, this will always be true to a certain point. Just as the truth will always remain the same in that these people are beautiful human beings that deserve the same respect and rights as anyone else.

Please note that this sample paper on Down Syndrome is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Down Syndrome, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Down Syndrome will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Johnson Scathingly Dismissed Gullivers Travels as a Story about "Little People and Big People"; In Your View, What is it About?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Johnson Scathingly Dismissed Gullivers Travels as a Story about "Little People and Big People"; In Your View, What is it About? paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Johnson Scathingly Dismissed Gullivers Travels as a Story about "Little People and Big People"; In Your View, What is it About?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Johnson Scathingly Dismissed Gullivers Travels as a Story about "Little People and Big People"; In Your View, What is it About? paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! "One of the greatest triumphs that the human soul has ever achieved"

T.S.Eliot, 1, (speaking of the fourth voyage)

"A satire on the four aspects of man the physical, the political, the intellectual and the moral............It is also a brilliant parody of travel literature; and is at once science fiction and a witty parody of science fiction. It expresses savage indignation at the follies, vices, and stupidities of men, and everywhere implicit in the book as a whole is an awareness of mans tragic insufficiency. But at the same time it is a great comic masterpiece"

Samuel Holt Monk

Cheap University Papers on Johnson Scathingly Dismissed Gullivers Travels as a Story about "Little People and Big People"; In Your View, What is it About?

"unconvincing and unpopular with all but the professional misanthrope"

William A. Eddy, 1

Gullivers Travels elicits as many responses as there are readers of it. Indeed, the commentary already available makes adding to it a daunting task. However, some solace can be found in the fact that this piece of work seems inexhaustible, with each new age offering different perspectives. I must confess to thinking that due to the seemingly simple question to this essay that I would not experience too many difficulties, to this I have been proven very wrong. I, like many others before me underestimated the complexities of Gulliver's Travels leaving me initially unable to decide what it was about. There are so many themes running through this piece of work that it seems impossible say definitively what it is about! Swift's voice is very evident throughout the book, indeed there are times when his presence is felt so strongly that unlike a lot of authors works, I feel it would be impossible to justly consider the question without exploring contextual and historical perspectives as well as trying to discover a little of Swift's attitudes and personality.

In the case of Swift, distinguishing the literary work from the literary life of the author is a particular problem, acknowledged by many of Swifts commentators including F. R. Leavis, who strongly disapproved of such commentary. Inability to separate Gulliver from Swift seems to lead inevitably to a psychoanalytic approach, (the dangers of which I shall discuss later) a problem which is made more difficult by Gulliver's lack of depth along with the strongly felt presence of Swift. Gulliver appears to be more of a functional character rather than a realistic one, adding to the difficulty of distinguishing Swift's voice from Gullivers. The shallowness of the character of Gulliver has fueled discussion as to whether or not Gullivers Travels can be placed in the genre of the novel

"while it has, in the nature and locations of Gulliver's adventures, the improbability of romance, it has in it's narrative manner the realism of a novel"

Tippett, pg8

Whilst Allen argues that

"though possessing many of the attributes of a novelist [Swift] cannot be called one"

Tippett on Allen, pg.8

When considering what Gullivers Travels is about, it is difficult to ignore the influences of the many television and film adaptations, most of which reflect Johnsons sentiments. Indeed, Gullivers Travels has infiltrated our society to such an extent that it would be difficult to find anyone in the western world who would not hold some opinion of what Gullivers Travels is about. I believe that much of the popular opinion expressed would also concur with Johnson's.

To say that Gullivers Travels is "a story about little people and big people' is plainly a gross underestimation of this piece of work, and yet cannot be dismissed as untrue! It has been said of Gullivers Travels that

"from the highest to the lowest it is universally read, from the Cabinet Council to the nursery"

Tippett, (18) cites John Gay, pg0.

This is true, and from the eyes of a child it is a story about little people and big people. For Johnson to dismiss it as such is more a statement about Johnsons intellect than Swifts talents! On the other hand, there is a lot to be said in favour of the highly edited childrens versions of Gullivers Travels, which I found more enjoyable than the recently read unabridged copy, which would have benefited from selective editing! The "little people and big people' are important as regards perspective, which is a considerable theme

"nothing is great or little otherwise than by comparison"

(G.T. 11.1)

Swift used perspective throughout the book to illustrate this. For example, Gulliver comments that he is horrified by the sight of the huge monstrous breast' of a nursing mother in Brobdingnog, and on noticing how their skins were "rough and coarse and ill coloured" Gulliver

"reflect[s] upon the fair skins of our English ladies, who appear so beautiful to us, only because they are our own size, and their defects not to be seen but through a magnifying glass, where we find through experiment that the smoothest and whitest skins look rough and coarse, and ill coloured. I remember when I was in Lilliput, the complexions of those diminutive people appeared to me the fairest in the world"

(G.T. 11.1)

Through the use of perspective, comparison, contrast, similarity and difference, Swift makes many illustrations. Indeed it is often through the use of similarity that he achieves great humorous effects. For example, that the Lilliputian vanities of woman are the same as in England! Also, that in Lugardo, that the mathematics of the scientists are as ridiculous and pretentious as their European counterparts! It is only by illustrating the differences of the lands that their similarities amuse, simple yet effective.

Swift also uses the comparisons of bodily size to illustrate his point that

"Reason did not extend it self with the Bulk of the Body On the contrary, we observed in our Country, that the tallest Persons were usually least provided with it. That among other Animals, Bees and Ants had the Reputation of more Industry, Art and Sagacity, than many of the larger Kinds"

(G.T.II6)

Although the use of perspective is used throughout, It does not, alone explain what the book is about. The opening quotes illustrate what other people think Gullivers Travels is about; one certainty is that there is no definitive agreement of the question.

A debate which becomes as tedious as Gullivers Travels itself, focuses on whether Swift was insane prior to his demise into senile dementia? This is the question asked by many commentators of Swift, and most seem to conclude that he was indeed non compos mentis. This I feel is the main complication of author-centred approaches when looking at swift. However, psychoanalytical approaches have had such an influence upon Swiftian criticism that it would be fool hardy to ignore them. The psychobiographical approach to swift probably began with the Earl of Orrey's On the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift, (175) In which he condemns the voyage to the land of Houyhnhnms as

"a real insult upon mankind" [in] "the last part of his imaginary travels.......Swift has indulged in misanthropy that is intolerable. The representation which he has given us of human nature, must terrify, and even debase the mind of the reader who views it"

(Fox cites Orrey, Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism pg. 7)

The opinion expressed by Orrey was soon to be extended upon and still flourishes in modern commentary, most concluding as Orrey did, that Swift was a misanthrope, a misogynist and was indeed pathological! A lot of these comments arose not only from Gullivers Fourth voyage; the primary weapon of commentators such as Huxley, Murrey, Stephen and Greenacre to name but a few, is Swift's preoccupation with anality and the anal product! Stephen concluded that

"His [Swift's] indulgence in revolting images is to some extent an indication of a diseased condition of the mind, perhaps of actual mental decay"

Tippett, (18) cites Stephen (188), pg 4

Aldous Huxley, whom Brown gives credit for first recognizing the "central importance of the excremental theme in Swift" states

"Swift's Greatness lies in the intensity, the almost insane violence of the "hatred of the bowels' which is the essence of his misanthropy and which underlies the whole of his work"

Brown on Huxley, pg.611/61 (The Norton Critical edition)

I believe that Huxley has is correct that the excremental theme does have central importance in Swift, but I do not agree with the rest of the statement. Norman O Browns essay The excremental Vision from which this quote is taken gives an altogether more convincing and refreshing explanation to Swift's Excremental Vision, a term which Brown has borrowed from An essay by Murry of the same title, but with radically differing conclusions. Brown goes on, with great wit, to dismiss the writings of Huxley, Murry and the psychoanalysts attempts to write off Swift as

"a neurotic who exhibited psychosexual infantilism, with a particular showing of coprophilia, associated with misogyny, misanthropy, mysophilia and mysophobia"

Brown cites Karpman, (14) pg. 614

Not to mention Greenacre's comments on the symbolism of Gulliver being "a little man in a little boat" (Brown), to which Greenacre explains as

"The common symbolism of the man in the boat as the clitoris suggests the identification with the female phallus thought to be characteristic of the male transvestite"

Brown cites Greenacre, pg.615

Brown then, in my view, rightly protests

"Common humility makes us turn away from Huxley, Murry and the psychoanalysts. By what right do they issue certificates of lunacy? By virtue of their own preeminent sanity?

Brown, pg 615

However, rather than dismiss psychoanalitical criticism, he argues that the reason Gullivers Travels, along with other works of Swift, lends itself so easily to psychoanalytic interpretation is in fact because Swifts "excremental vision' has many parallels with Frauds theories, ultimately that

"The correlative doctrine in psychoanalysis is of course the equation of money and feces"

Brown, pg 60

Resisting the temptation to go on quoting Browns many comparisons of Freudian psychoanalysis to what he terms Swiftian psychoanalysis, suffice to say that Brown concludes that where Freud explored the unconscious from a psychological standpoint

"Swift is carried by the logic of myth (myth, like wit, reaches the unconscious) to make the same equation"

Brown, pg60

I.e. that of money and feces! Brown convincingly illustrates that what Swift was saying through his excremental vision, was in fact that

"Shame and repression of anality did not exist in the age of innocence"

Brown, pg. 60

For Swift then, the excremental vision is an attack on the pride of man , which in the age of innocence was a sin, and which Swift witnesses in his lifetime as becoming a virtue

"For Swift it becomes the decisive weapon in his assault on the pretentions, the pride, even the self respect of mankind"

Brown, pg 611

This brings us to the need to look at the contextual and historical aspects of Gullivers Travels, along with a need to understand something of Swifts religious and socio-political beliefs (which I will discuss later) in order to gain greater understanding of what Gullivers Travels is actually about.

As well as finding Browns essay a very convincing argument, the problem I have with much of the psychoanalytical criticisms of Swift is that I believe the whole issue of "excrement' throughout Swifts work is too evident to have been Swift's unconscious at work. Thus, if he knew he was writing it, as I believe he did, then he also must have had a reason for it ! On this particular point, I agree with Brown.

The accusation of whether Swift was a misanthrope, and whether we agree with sentiments like these

"unconvincing and unpopular with all but the professional misanthrope"

William A. Eddy, 1

of which there are many, depends greatly on our own personal interpretation of the text, along with our own attitudes towards mankind. In a letter to Pope Swift stated

"When you think of the world, give it one lash the more at my request. I have ever hated all Nations professions and Communityes, and all my love is towards individuals; for instance, I hate the tribe of Lawyers, but love Councellor such a one, Judge such a one; ...so with Physicians (I will not speak of my own Trade), Soldiers, English, Scotch, French, and the rest, but principally I hate and detest that animal called man, although I hartily love John, Peter, Thomas and so forth."

JS letter to Alexander Pope, Sept. 175

This corresponds closely with

"My Reconcilement to the Yahoo-kind in general might not be so difficult if they would be content with those Vices and Follies only, which Nature has entitled them to. I am not in the least provoked at the Sight of a Lawyer, a Pick-pocket, a Colonel, a Fool, a Lord, a Gamester, a Politician, a Whore-Master, a Physician, an Evidence, a Suborner, an Attorney, a Traitor, or the like This is all according to the due Course of Things But when I behold a Lump of Deformity, and Diseases both in Body and Mind, smitten with Pride, it immediately breaks all the Measures of my Patience" (G.T.IV1) my underlining

Pride, I believe is one of the core dislikes of Swift's. I Do not believe that Swift was totally a misanthrope, but I did feel that he was frustrated, disheartened and perhaps even a little afraid by the way he saw society changing. I think he simply understood the limitations of mankind but accepted that, not hated it. As a religious man, he believed that man did have many faults, but that pride was not an inevitable fault of mankind but was an avoidable sin

"therefore I here entreat those who have any Tincture of this absurd Vice [pride], that they will not presume to come in my sight."

(G.T. 1V 1)

Colonialism is another theme in Gullivers Travels, and although at times is very contradictory, is at other times treated with brilliant irony

"For instance, A Crew of Pyrates are driven by a Storm they know not whither, at length a boy discovers Land from the Top-mast, they go on Shore to Rob and Plunder; they see an harmless People, are entertained with Kindness, they give the Country a new Name, they take formal Possession of it for their King, they set up a rotten Plank or a Stone for a Memorial, they murder two or three Dozen of the Natives, bring away a couple more by Force for a Sample, return Home, and get their Pardon. Here commences a new Dominion acquired with a Title by Divine Right. Ships are sent with the first Opportunity, the Natives driven out or destroyed, their Princes tortured to discover their Gold; a free Licence given to all Acts of Inhumanity and Lust, the Earth reeking with the Blood of its Inhabitants And this execrable Crew of Butchers employed in so pious an Expedition, is a modern Colony sent to convert and civilize an idolatrous and barbarous People."

(G.T. IV1)

I would suggest that this statement rings more of "healthy cynicism' than misanthrope! Swift accepted the limitation of mankind, however, what he hated was that mankind did not make the most of the good attributes it possesed, and indeed, seemed to be degenerating

"That he looked upon us as sort of Animals to whose Share, by what Accident he could not conjecture, some small Pittance of Reason had fallen, whereof we made no other Use than by its Assistance to aggravate our natural Corruptions, and to acquire new ones which Nature had not given us"

(G.T. IV7)

To look at the Historical period in which Swift wrote Gullivers Travels is also a useful tool to shed light on what Gullivers Travels is about

"In it's general conception, in the characterization of Gulliver and in innumerable significant details it reveals itself as a reaction to the religious, intellectual and scientific tendencies of it's age and for many critics it can only be properly explained in this light."

Tippett, pg. 4

Here, I believe Swift to be giving a moral warning rather to his readers rather than an all out condemnation. Remember that Swift was a religious man, who would have believed in the sinfulness of man, and that without divine grace would be unable to overcome his natural sinful nature. What Swift was afraid of was the future decline of moral standards due to the changing philosophy of the time. Written a few decades earlier, he probably would not have been labeled a misanthrope at all!

Swift seems to regret the changes taking place in society. In the eighteenth century there were basically two schools of thought

"optimism and benevolence are ranged against pessimistic views of human nature, the advocacy of the new science against the defense of older forms of humanistic learning, speculative philosophy against a traditional dependence upon divine revelation, in short the modern against the traditional."

Tippett, pg. 44

Needless to say, Swift was a traditionalist

"I have got materials toward a treatise proving the falsity of the definition animal rationale, and to show it should be only retionis capax. Upon this great foundation of misanthropy (though not in Timon's manner) the whole building of my travels is erected; and I never will have peace of mind till all honest men are of my opinion."

JS letter to Alexander Pope, Sept. 175

Some critics have related the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos with the two opposing philosophical views of the eighteenth century, with Gulliver somewhere between the two, not totally rational, yet not without reason. If we assume this to be correct, then was Swift saying that man is Yahoo, or that man is in danger of becoming Yahoo without divine grace? I believe he was saying the later; because man is not totally rational then he is unable to govern himself successfully. The danger of having a small amount of reason is that mans passions are in danger of overcoming that reason. I think it absurd, as some commentators have said that Swift is advocating the Houyhnhnm as the ideal state, as he was well aware of the faults of mankind. Also, in many ways the Houyhnhnms were absurd creatures, I think it more likely that he used the contrast between the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos to illustrate that mankind was not as rational as some would like to believe.

If we combine Swifts personal attitudes with Browns explanation that Swift had great insight into the "universal neurosis of mankind', (Brown, pg.617) then many of the traditional explanations of Swift as a madman seem extremely unlikely. Ultimately then, I must conclude that underlying the many themes of political satire, science, perspective, commodification, colonialism .....etc. that if forced to say what Gullivers Travels is about, I would have to say that it is a moral fable, warning against the changing philosophy of humankind that Swift was witnessing. If this was the case or not one thing I can conclusively say is that Im sure he could have said it quicker! perhaps C.J.Rawson makes this point more eloquently when he rightly points out points in Gulliver and the Gentle Reader, that the difficulty for the reader to know how to take Swift, he points out the

"curious precariousness of the reader's grasp of what is going on..[and the] continuous defensive uneasiness...[and] an undermining of our nervous poise" only then do we experience "something of the quicksilver quality of Swift's satire"

(Rawson, 17)

Swift as they say, has the last laugh

"the chief end I propose to myself in all my labours is to vex the world rather than divert it"

JS letter to Alexander Pope, Sept. 175

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Happy life of Francis Macomber, The, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Happy life of Francis Macomber, The paper at affordable prices ! I believe that the development of the plot clearly proves that Mrs. Margot Macomber murders Mr. Francis Macomber. Their relationship is not healthy and Francis has changed in a way that makes Margot feel very uncomfortable. The reactions of Margot and Wilson, once Francis is dead, only support the murder of Mr. Macomber.

The relationship between Francis and Margot is not healthy. We know that from time to time they are "on the verge" of breaking up, or having a huge fight, their story does not specify. Margot ruins their relationship on the safari when she has an affair with Wilson, and flirts and kisses Wilson right in front of Francis, and when she totally puts Francis down and says that Wilson is the better, braver man. We can believe Francis when he accuses Margot of having the affair because Francis proves himself not to be very jealous, because he does not do much about Margot's behavior. Their relationship is also a very dependent one because Margot depends on Francis to support her with his money, and Francis depends on her as a companion. "She had missed the chance to leave him and he knew it. If he had been better with women she would probably have started to worry about him getting anther new, beautiful wife; but she knew too much about him to worry about him either."(45) So, Margot is free to have affairs because they are bound.

The power that Margot has, that allows her do whatever she wants, shifts over to Francis who finds confidence. Margot notices this, "From the far corner of her seat Margot Macomber looked at the two of them. There was no change in Wilson... But she saw the change in Francis Macomber now… "Your both talking rot,' said Margot. " Just because you have chased some helpless animals in a motorcar you talk like heroes…'If you don't know what we're talking about why not keep out of it?' Macomber asked his wife. "You've gotten awfully brave, awfully suddenly,' his wife said contemptuously, but her contempt was not secure. She was very afraid of something." (54) This something could mean that Francis is ready to leave Margot.

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I believe that the development of the plot clearly proves that Mrs. Margot Macomber murders Mr. Francis Macomber. Their relationship is not healthy and Francis has changed in a way that makes Margot feel very uncomfortable. The reactions of Margot and Wilson, once Francis is dead, only support the murder of Mr. Macomber.

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CLAIM "It's my body."

ANSWER A woman's body does not have two beating hearts, two blood types, two heads, four eyes, four arms, and four legs. A pregnant woman and her baby have all this and more. And what about when she's pregnant with a male baby? That's not her body... it's a unique, baby boy growing in her womb.

CLAIM "It's only a fetus."

ANSWER Fetus � literally meaning "little one" in Latin � refers to the preborn baby after eight weeks gestation. Webster's Dictionary states that a fetus has "passed the early stages of development and attained the basic final form prior to parturition (birth)." Some people seem to have forgotten they once lived and grew in the womb as a "fetus." Would it have been okay if they had been aborted when they were "only a fetus?"

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CLAIM "Abortion is legal; therefore, it must be right."

ANSWER The U.S. Supreme Court has been wrong on many major decisions and then overturned itself. Remember the Dred Scott case on slavery? If the Supreme Court suddenly declared child abuse or rape legal, would that make them right? Would we ignore such injustices and do nothing to protect the innocent?

CLAIM "Freedom of choice" and "It's a woman's right to choose!"

ANSWER How can anyone claim they have the "freedom" or "right" to kill an innocent baby? The only "choice" in abortion is between a dead baby and a live baby. Plus, those who defend this "choice" aren't consistent. Why is it only in the case of abortion they argue that "choice" should be absolute? Using the same rationale, wouldn't people have the right to "choose" to use drugs ("it's my body") or the right to "choose" to practice prostitution? Humane societies don't tell people they have a "freedom of choice" to kill their own children. There are right choices and wrong choices. In recent history, millions of innocent people died because of terribly wrong choices that slave owners and Nazis thought they had a "right" to make. Terrible choices have led to dead slaves, dead Jews and dead babies.

CLAIM "The government shouldn't interfere."

ANSWER Our Declaration of Independence declares that each of us has an "inalienable right to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Thomas Jefferson defined government's role "The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only object of good government." Government should protect all of us, especially before we are born, when we are most vulnerable.

CLAIM "Poor women need public funds (your tax money) to pay for abortions so they will not be discriminated against."

ANSWER The rich can readily afford cocaine and prostitutes. Should taxpayers also be forced to buy these for the poor? The bottom line is that abortion is the worst form of child abuse. It kills a baby and wounds the mother for life. If the poor cannot afford abortions, they and their children are blessed not to become victims of this bloody holocaust.

CLAIM "I'm personally opposed to abortion, but I don't want to impose my morality on others."

ANSWER What about other moral issues such as rape, robbery, child abuse, arson and murder? What if politicians said, "I'm personally opposed, but. . ." about racism? They'd be kicked out of office on the spot! What about slavery? If abolitionists had bought this "personally opposed, but" argument, some states could still be saddled with slavery today. Every law ever passed sets standards that reflect someone's (or a body of lawmakers') morality. A politician who won't vote against something he/she is morally opposed to doesn't have an ounce of honesty in his/her blood.

CLAIM Privacy � In 17, The Supreme Court said women have a "constitutional right" to "privacy" on abortion.

ANSWER The Court was wrong. Nobody has a right to injure or kill another person "privately." Does a right to "privacy" also protect parents who abuse, molest or kill their born children in the "privacy" of their home? Why not? What about their "right to privacy?" How is it that Roe v. Wade determined that unborn children are not "persons" even though they have the right to inherit property, the right to be protected from a drug-addicted mother, the right not to be killed by a drunk driver, and many other rights? Some states have entire sections of law outlining crimes against unborn children in which they're protected from negligent or willful harm or death from conception on.

CLAIM "Dred Scott and Roe v. Wade aren't comparable."

ANSWER Yes, they are comparable in that the Supreme Court was wrong to deny inalienable rights in both cases. The Dred Scott decision of 1857 upheld slavery as legal. It decreed that black people are the private property of the slave owners. This was a grave error of the Supreme Court, denying African Americans one of their most fundamental human rights � the right to liberty. In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court erred again by denying a whole class of human beings (preborn babies) the most fundamental right � the right to life.

CLAIM "If legal abortions are banned, women will resort to dangerous back alley abortions."

ANSWER In 17, the year before the Supreme Court legalized abortion, a total of women died from illegal abortions, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Dr. Bernard Nathanson, co-founder of NARAL (National Abortion Rights Action League), admits his group lied and inflated the number of women who died from illegal abortion when testifying before the U.S. Supreme Court in 17 "We spoke of 5,000 to 10,000 deaths a year. I confess that I knew the figures were totally false. . .. it was a useful figure, widely accepted, so why go out of our way to correct it with honest statistics?" Claims that abortion became safer for women after it was legalized fail to acknowledge that large numbers of women are physically injured or killed by so-called safe and legal abortions every year. The book Lime 5 documents 0 cases of women injured or killed by abortion or sexually assaulted by their abortionists (see page 18 and www.prolife.com for details). Former abortion provider Carol Everett states, "In the last 18 months I was in business [she ran four abortion centers in Texas in 18], we were completing 500 abortions monthly and killing or maiming one woman out of 500."

CLAIM Rape and incest � "Abortion should be legal to end a pregnancy resulting from rape or incest."

ANSWER It's important to remember that the child conceived through rape or incest is no less human than any other child. Dr. David Reardon (www.afterabortion.org) points out that abortion is the very worst "solution" that we can offer to the pregnant woman at this crisis time in her life. Abortion compounds her problems. Abortion makes her an aggressor against her own innocent child and it never makes the painful memories of rape go away. If a small child were killed in the street by a negligent driver and it was later determined that the child had been conceived in rape, would the driver be held less responsible? Is that child's death less tragic?

CLAIM "It's a woman's issue. Men should have no say."

ANSWER Every baby has a mother and a father. Why should fathers be denied their parental rights? Why shouldn't men defend the innocent and the weak? More than half of America's pro-life movement is made up of women who ask men to join their cause. Many women become pro-life after discovering their own abortion was a terrible mistake. They discover how painful abortion is from first-hand experience, then they ask men to help expose abortion so that fewer women and babies become victims.

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