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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism paper at affordable prices ! Published in the October edition of the Wall Street Journal, the British historian Paul Johnson¡¯s essay entitled ¡°The Answer to Terrorism? Colonialism.¡± is an open declaration calling for the return of the old forms of colonialism in the anti-terrorism war. As a theme of this article, a new form of colony, the conquests and annexations which, according to the author, belonged to a bygone era are once again on the order of the day. But in my opinion, the value of colonialism which Paul Johnson has heaped praise on is rather a reorganization of the world through the imposition of military power than the way out of the swamp of terrorism. And the whole article is but to provide a justification for the opening of a new epoch of imperialist conquest, which hides itself behind the anti-terrorism cause.

What is colonialism? It is not a policy defined by Paul Johnson by which to suppress the well-organized criminal communities, networks and states with political control, but rather it is by which a nation, in quest for expansion of power, maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies, supported by the notions that such territories and people are inferior and thus deserve domination. Colonialism bases its intrinsic value on inequality of human races and targets on the colonies its hegemony and domination.

In Johnson¡¯s article, he first argues that America has no alternative but to wage war against states that habitually aid terrorists. Then he proceeds to give a potted history of the 1th century in which he asserts that the expansion of the major imperialist powers, above all the British Empire, was aimed at bringing a halt to piracy and finally succeeded by taking the form of colonialism. With the comparison made between today¡¯s anti-terrorism cause and the old-day anti-piracy wars, Johnson successfully (if not unsuccessfully) brings out his idea that colonialism is the answer to terrorism. And in the concluding part of the article, he spells out not only the other targets for attack but sets out the new forms of rule which should be established. Well written, the whole article seems to be plausible while actually specious with many false ideas represented. To discuss it, let¡¯s first look at the basic concept supporting Johnson¡¯s argument---the racist version of Orientalism.

The idea that the western imperialist powers, now led by America, are the superior powers to extinguish terrorism, dampen down coups, civil wars and conflicts, salvage inferior oriental countries---those Islamic countries in particular---is to be found in every line of his article. The subject of the expansion of colonialism is the West and the object the East---in 1th century¡¯s so-called anti-piracy war, it was Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and in today¡¯s anti-terrorism war, it was Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, Iran and Syria. To take it for granted that the eastern crime-and-impoverishment-stricken states must be rescued by the western imperialist powers, Johnson emphasizes the necessity of colonialism as a way out ¡±I suspect the best medium-term solution will be to revive the old League of Nations mandate system, which served well as a ¡®respectable¡¯ form of colonialism between the wars¡±. But what is lying under that ¡°respectable form¡±? Is that the respect for the turbulence-ridden states? Is that the respect for the cruelly ravaged human rights? Pry into the basic notions supporting Johnson¡¯s argument and the colonizing states¡¯ policies, it is only possible to excavate the deep-rooted belief in human inequality---that is, races are not born equal with the orient isolated from the mainstream of human progress in the science, arts, commerce and politics and the west advanced and superior both in intellect and cultural senses. Johnson and other colonialism-supporting institutions share a common affirmation in the different categorizations of all human races and emphasize on the east¡¯s sensuality, its tendency to despotism, its aberrant mentality, its habit of inaccuracy and its backwardness and hence its fate to be taken care of. Dominated by the idea of human inequality, Paul Johnson¡¯s conclusion in the treatment of the orient is just as ¡°simple¡± and ¡°self-evident¡± as it is racist and differentiating. Colonialism brings out the focus on the western-culture authority, or the attempt to dominate the ¡°other¡± in the name of a cultural supremacy and intellect superiority which is itself produced in the moment of differentiation. Argued by Edward Said, an authority in the academic field of Oriental Studies, famous for his critic book Orientalism, such prevailing western-superiority complex stems from the wrong studying of the oriental world. In his book Orientalism, he writes about the negative influences of Orientalism on the way the westerners think about the oriental (http//www.frontpagemag.com/archives/rogues/windschuttle1--.htm)

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¡°Colonial rule was justified in advance by Orientalism, rather than after the fact¡­our familiarity, not merely with the language of the people of the East but with their customs, their feelings, their traditions, their history, and religion, had provided the sole basis upon which we are likely to be able to maintain in the future the position we have won. ¡­Orientalism led the West to see Islamic culture as static in both time and place, as eternal uniform, and incapable of defining itself, and this gave us a sense of its own cultural and intellectual superiority. The West consequently saw itself as a dynamic, innovative, expanding culture, as well as the spectator, the judge and jury of every facet of Oriental behavior. ¡­ This became part of its imperial conceit.¡±

¡°The rationale for Western imperialism could be described by its perpetrators not as a form of conquest, but as the redemption of a degenerate world. ¡­¡±

Said argues that the Orientalism¡¯s false description of Arabs and Islamic culture, the false establishment of the Europe¡¯s self-image and the politics-serving purpose to a great extent all have distorted the westerners¡¯ conceptions of the east. The west tends to depict itself as the Godfather with an eye to subjugate the emergence of a ¡°zone of chaos¡±. And the west tends to degrade the east as the failed states calling for imperialist domination and salvation. As the racist idea Rudyard Kipling has expressed in his famous poem The White Man¡¯s Burden (published in McClure¡¯s Magazine in February of 18), the white man had the burden and responsibility of bringing the blessings of their superior civilization to the savages of the non-European world. And here Paul Johnson¡¯s assertion of the need for a new colonialism is certainly another failed product of the faults of Orientalism---that is, the belief that the imperialist powers are to save and to redeem the degenerated world but not to conquer and to plunder. In such a differentiating point of view, Johnson identifies colonialism with his, or, say, the imperialist powers¡¯, concepts of ethnocentrism and hegemonism and renders everything under this set of criteria which are actually disagreeable with the human nature and human equality.

In his article, Johnson leaves no doubt as to the model of ¡°great power¡± action he has in mind---British imperialism of the 1th century---and the way it colonized other countries. He rewrites the history of the war against piracy with a purpose to cover over the fact that imperialist conquest in the 1th century had nothing to do with ¡°piracy¡± but was the outcome of a struggle by the major capitalist powers to enhance their position in the global competition for profits, markets and resource, just as today¡¯s war against ¡°terrorism¡± is being pursued for the same aims. Johnson makes one significant omission as he harks back to the ¡°glory days¡± of British imperialism. The carve-up of the world in the latter part of the 1th century and the first part of the 0th century did not bring peace and prosperity. Rather, it led to two inter-imperialist wars, resulting in hundreds of millions of deaths as the major capitalist powers---the US, Britain, Germany, France, and Japan---inevitably came into conflict with each other in the global struggle for resources, markets and spheres of influence. Colonialism is but to ¡°service the needs of more or less traditional aristocracies both within the social context of feudalism and in the transition to capitalism during its long-term phase of global mercantilist competition¡±. (http//chnm.gmu.edu/rhr/haynes.htm) Mentioned in Johnson¡¯s article, Africa was colonized by France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain at the end of the last century in the name of war against piracy. However, the history of the colonial exploitation imposed by those imperialist powers didn¡¯t recorded itself in the same way as Johnson did. After Belgian King Leopold 1st took over Congo as his own personal domain, millions of Congolese were killed and this vast area of central Africa became impoverished under his infamous rule while the rulers of little Belgium got very rich to achieve their own capital accumulation and their competence in the resetting of the new world order. And today, imperialism hasn¡¯t changed. It is ¡° the same system, serving the same corporate masters. What has changed is only the political situation¡±. (http//www.street.com/npc/Africa.html) It is possible that to some extent colonization quelled the notorious piracy; but it supplanted it with more notorious political, economical and social carnage perpetrated by the colonists. Colonialism is no efficient and justified means to solve the world affairs, or rather it is the intervention of the imperialist powers---organizing exploitations, stoking up wars and ethnic conflicts for their own purpose, and arming repressive regimes---and the imposition of economic policies that have created a social disaster for people of those colonies. The chaos caused by yesterday¡¯s crimes is made the starting point for the perpetration of new ones, beginning with the establishment of colonial forms of rule. Paul Johnson¡¯s answer towards terrorism is really a pretext under which the imperialist powers set out to take over the terrorism-ridden lands for their own profits---colonizing is constructive for the colonizing societies while destructive for the colonized.

Instead of being the answer to terrorism, colonialism is rather the answer to imperialism. Seizing upon the tragedy of terrorism to bring forth his so-called relieving solution, only reveals Paul Johnson the longstanding plans of the imperialist powers to impose hegemony in the oil-rich region. The whole article is but a whitewash; and now that the whitewash has peeled off, everything is clear

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Louisiana Purchase, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Louisiana Purchase paper at affordable prices ! Forever changing the geographical makeup of the United States, the Louisiana Purchase has come to be regarded as the most important real estate deal in history. While France would use the proceeds from the sale to fund a war it would eventually lose, the young United States of America would continue its westward expansion, eventually becoming the most powerful nation in the world. During the negotiation for the Louisiana Territory, the Americans originally sensed the situation's urgency. However, with Americas patience toward the negotiation, and Frances dismal economic state, no amount of negotiating techniques could spare Frances surrender of the massive territory to the United States at a bargain price. Observing the negotiation process, one notes that ____________ and _______________ helped the U.S. achieve _____________ while doing _____________ for France. Or something along those lines. You need to have an argument, not just a description of the history.

Certainly, these results could not have been predicted given the circumstances each country was facing. On the one hand, the United States was a young nation with alien countries surrounding it�the British in present day Canada, the Spanish in the Floridas and the French in Louisiana, which included the whole Mississippi Valley and extended indefinitely westward. France, on the other hand, was involved in a war with the British and questioning whether they could maintain their colonies while simultaneously protecting themselves in Europe. Despite the fact that the deal made sense politically to both countries in the short term, each country had its naysayers. Many in France, for example, thought the country should keep the land in the West, as New Orleans was quickly becoming a major port; these pessimists believed a port city would stimulate much-needed international trade. France, incidentally, was in the middle of a war and strapped for money; under these circumstances, Napoleon subsequently feared that a British offensive on French soil was imminent. As protecting his country was of the utmost short-term importance, the deal with the United States ultimately had to be made.

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We can learn about Holden�s character from his own account of his adventures and to a lesser extent from his speeches and actions; and also from the reactions of others to him. Holden is like all teenagers; he has a mixture of moods and attitudes, and searches for some security. Holden is aware that there are many choices available, but he has had no instructions on religious or moral values.

Holden is virtuous; but it his virtue that leads him into difficulties. He expects everyone else to be like him, Holden sets very high standards. He is sympathetic and thoughtful � he asks Ackley out despite his dislike of him and visits Mr Spencer when he has the flu. Holden feels sorry for Sunny � the prostitute. He notices details such as her green dress and the he remarks on Mrs Morrow�s rings and her magazine, and the nun�s cheap glasses. Holden is an idealist. His high expectations include honesty, which he expresses as a lack of phoniness and consistency, however these are not achieved by the adult world he must soon join, as a result of this he becomes more and more depressed. essaybank.co.uk wwga gaw esgagas ayga gaba nga kcga gauk!

Holden hates hypocrites and phoneys, but meets few people who are honest. Even his teachers are phoneys; Mr Spencer acts in front of the headmaster, and the headmaster performs in front of the rich parents and Mr Antolini appears to have suspect morals. The nightclubs that Holden visits are full of phoney�s; Sally Hayes adores them and is one herself. The acclaimed Lunts and Olivier, Ernie and the cabaret singers are praised by everyone except Holden; even his brother, D.B. has gone to Hollywood, the phoniest place of all; he goes as far as saying that he is a "prostitute� because he sells his writing for films. The few people who are not phoney�s though are Allie and James Castle. wwgf gfw esgfgfs aygf gfba ngf kcgf gfuk.

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Although Holden is innocent he is not naive. Society has affected him to the extent that he is aware of the cost of things. He refers to the value of his coat, his cases, his typewriter and even his pens. He does not cherish his possessions as he tells us. When his gloves were stolen the only thing he cares about is that he is cold. When he was a child he lost his belongings � now as a teenager he fails to take his change and hates people who spend time at posh restaurants and popular bars; yet there is a hypocritical side to him which makes him take taxis, go to bars, cinemas and theatres, and stay in hotels. EXUJMF Visit essaybank ca co ca uk ca for more ca Do not ca redistribute EXUJMF wwae aew esaeaes ayae aeba nae kcae aeuk

Holden is both repelled and fascinated by sex. He longs to find what it is all about, and to experience the passion that was hinted by Stradlater and envied by Ackley. He watches from his hotel window in an almost voyeuristic fashion and finds that the reality is unappealing. He finds that Sunny�s efforts to entertain him were dirty. Sex, which is so prized by the adult world, Holden finds worthless. wwfb fbw esfbfbs ayfb fbba nfb kcfb fbuk;

Holden is aware of the importance of social status, he can�t be in the same room as someone who is insecure about their status. Holden seems anxious to keep up with his contemporaries, behaving in an over the top manner with Stradlater, being rude to Ackley and refusing to answer questions. His friends find him immature but this is not surprising as he is two years younger than them.

Society has taken everything from Holden, both of his brother�s presence and also his parents�. Stradlater borrows all he owns, his clothes and even his

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in three cats i like the most., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your three cats i like the most. paper at affordable prices ! Studies show that people who have pets are often less stressed than those who do not. Owning a cat can satisfy a deep-seated desire to nurture and care for another living thing. A cat is quiet, independent and self-cleaning. Great cuddlers and good listeners, in many ways, cats are the perfect companion. Here are three cats of my choice explaining why they belong on the top ten cats . Those three cats are the Manx cat, the Burmese cat, and the Siamese cat.

Manx cats are lively and playful indoor or outdoor pets. More or less, they love to find places to perch up high and look down on their surroundings. They have an extremely powerful back legs that they use to jump to tremendous heights, run at top speed, and make quick turns. They also have an odd habit of retrieving and burying toys like a dog might do. For the most part, they are friendly, social and loving cats that are very intelligent and sensitive. Some of them prefer one person to care for them while others enjoy the entire family. Obviously, each cat has its own personality much like humans do.

Like the Manx cats, Burmese cats are extremely people-oriented; their personalities are almost dog-like in a tendency to shadow their owners and in a desire to give and receive affection. Many Burmese cats have delighted their "humans" by learning to retrieve. They love warm laps and caressing hands and enjoy cuddling up in bed either under the covers or on top of their favorite persons. In my opinion, they delight in helping to manage the house. Some of their favorite chores are assisting with paper work or reading (by sitting on top of the material), or going into cupboards (to demonstrate where things ought to be). Typically, Burmese are always with people. The females tend to request center stage and take an active role in ruling the household. The males prefer to supervise from the lap position, are more laid back and less opinionated. If emotionally slighted by their owner's ignorance, Burmese cats may be in a bad temper, but, fortunately, not for long. They are apparently highly intelligent and charming. If encouraged, a Burmese cat will often converse with its owners using a soft, sweet voice. Their meow is never loud, or raucous. Because of their lively nature, and tolerance the Burmese are usually good with children and dogs. Also, if introduced early, Burmese cats will adjust well to travel. Burmese cats are a good breed for someone who doesn't mind having their cat take part in most household duties. Whether you're working on the computer, or putting away groceries, the Burmese cat will usually find some way to involve itself.

In addition to the Manx and Burmese cats, Siamese cats are loveable and intelligent animals that will continually amuse you with their antics while frustrating you with their ability to get into everything. However, these cats demand attention and hate to be ignored or left alone. They become very mischievous when they are bored and lonely. Siamese cats are one of the more high-strung breeds that are agile and active. As a matter of fact these cats are not what every pet owner is looking for. Furthermore, those who do take on the challenge by bringing home a Siamese cat will be rewarded with unlimited affection and hours of entertainment.

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Contrary to popular belief, the cat is a social animal. A pet cat will respond and answer to speech , and seems to enjoy human companionship. As anyone who has ever been around a cat for any length of time well knows, cats have enormous patience with the limitations of the human kind.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Social Progress, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Social Progress paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! There has been much debate on whether or not industrialization aided the progress of social progress. Many feel that the industrialization of towns was the perfect way to get the social progress wave started. Others felt that industrialization did more harm than good. By taking a look at the views of Adam Smith, Hammond, and Frederic Engels, we will see exactly what makes people take these opposing views.

According to Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations, industrialization of the economy seemed to represent social progress in 1th century Britain. He feels that if industrialization didn't come along, society would be stuck in a rut and wouldn't be able to advance. Simple processes would take a long time to do. He gives the example of making a pin. A man who was not educated in the business would only be able to make one pin in a day, whereas if the work was divided into a number of branches (preferably particular trades) they could make about forty-eight thousand pins in a day. This is possible because every man is given a distinct job, sometimes two or three of them. The job is usually something that the man is skilled in. If they had been working separately and independently they wouldn't have been so productive.

The example with the pin is not the only instance that industrialization is successful. Although the labor might not be divided as well, the end results are the same. However, the division of labor results in a proportionate increase of the productive powers of labor. Smith mentions an interesting point when he says that what is the work of one man in a rude state of society, being generally that of several in an improved one. He is trying to say that the most prosperous societies are industrialized; the labor is divided, therefore more merchandise is produced. Usually the most prosperous nations do better than neighboring nations in agriculture and manufactures. Their lands are better cultivated and therefore produce more.

There are three reasons that the division of labor increases the quantity of work

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The first is the increase in skill in every workman. Logically if a man is skilled at a task he is performing, he will be able to produce a higher output. The division of labor allows a man to specialize in a particular trade because that is the only thing that he is doing all day long. Hence the phrase "practice makes perfect.'

The second is the time saved by not going to one job right after another. When a man passes from one sort of work to another, valuable time is lost. When going from one work place to another, a man usually saunters from the first job to the second. Understandably, when he begins his second job, his mind isn't really into the task he is performing. For a considerable amount of time he will play around on the job. In countries that require a man to work more than one job and the job is a job that needs a different set of tools than the other one, the man becomes lazy and incapable of any serious applications even when facing a deadline. Since he does not have the time to become skilled in any particular trade, the quantity of work he is capable of producing is limited.

The third is the invention of machines that move labor along and make it possible for one man to do the work of many men. Machinery is essentiaol to the progress of labor. The inventions of the different machinery that moves along labor is seemingly owing to the division of labor. When a man's attention is focused on one particular object, a man can figure out how to get the object or produce the object at a faster rate. People are always looking for a shortcut in the work that they do. Many machines were invented by common workmen who were looking for easier ways to perform their jobs.

Although there has been much praise for the industrialization aiding social progress, there has been some criticism. According to Hammond, who investigated child labor in the factories during the Sadler Commission Hearing, industrialization hindered social progress rather than progress it. During the hearings, many disturbing facts were brought forward. Children were forced to work from five o'clock in the morning until o'clock at night. They lived about a mile and a half from the factory and had to wake up around four o'clock every morning in order to walk to work. At noon they were given forty minutes for dinner. Breakfast was unheard of. There were no breaks besides the4 short break for dinner. Sometimes their food was spoiled by all the dust that was present in the mill. Often, during their break, they had to stop and clean the machinery. To keep the young children awake the overseers would beat them with a leather strap. For all this they were paid a mere four schillings a week.

Not only did the factory workers have to deal with horrible working conditions, they also had to deal with horrible living conditions. Behind the cottages of the working-class man there are filthy alleys. The bricks on the cottages shift and the wall have cracks in them. The streets are dirty. The floors are half buried in the earth. Usually the working-class quarters are separate or concealed from the sections of the city reserved for the middle class. Towns are set up so that the members of the bourgeoisie can take the shortest road through the middle of all the laboring districts to their destination without ever having to see the grime and the misery that surrounds them. The further out of the town you go, the dirtier and less inviting the shops are. At the southern end of town the shops appear so run down that there is no question that workers and only workers are the customers. There is a systematic shutting-out of the working class form the middle and upper class. When one sees this, it is clear thatq the wealthy and "big-shots' at the factories are not as innocent as they would like you to think.

Throughout history people have taken opposing views on whether or not industrialization played a positive or negative role upon social progress. People took their particular views according the life they witnessed when industrialization was being implemented. By taking a look at the views of Adam Smith, Hammond, and Frederic Engels, we can better understand what people were going through during this time period.

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PathologyThe ventricular septal defect is located in the membranous septum, it is subaortic and sometimes extends to the subpulmonic valve area. The VSD is large causing equalization of LV and RV pressures. These defects do not usually get smaller and are not known to close spontaneously. The right ventricular outflow tract is hypoplastic and almost always obstructive. Occasionally at birth the RVOT shows no significant obstruction and results in the so-called pink tetralogy of Fallot. Mild hypertrophy of the moderator band and ventricular septal defect should be distinguished from tetralogy of Fallot as the prognosis is different in each case. The pulmonary valve annulus is typically small in tetralogy of Fallot and the leaflets are deformed. The main pulmonary arteries in contrast to pulmonary stenosis is small as well as the branch pulmonary arteries. There might be branch pulmonary artery stenosis as well as peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis in addition to the RVOT and pulmonary valvar stenosis. Bronchial arterial collaterals are sometimes present which connect to the peripheral pulmonary arteries. The main pulmonary artery is occasionally atretic and the pulmonary arteries are fed either by patent ductus arteriosus or collateral vessels. The aortic valve is typically large.

Ten per cent (10%) of tetralogy of Fallot patients have pulmonary atresia. Of those patients, 70% have the pulmonary arteries fed by patent ductus arteriosus and 0% by collateral. In patients who have collateral blood vessels supplying the pulmonary arteries the pulmonary arteries may be significantly small which would necessitate utilizing the collaterals in a unifocalization process. Forty per cent (40%) of patients with tetralogy of Fallot have patent foramen ovale and 5% have a right aortic arch. As the incidence of anomalous coronaries are also higher in patients with tetralogy of Fallot than the normal population where it is seen in 5%. The left anterior descending artery might originate from the right coronary artery and pass in front of the right ventricular tract which is an important thing to know since the surgeon may attempt opening the RVOT and causing damage to the left anterior descending artery.

Clinical ManifestationsThe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction may be minimal in the beginning leading to significant left-to-right shunting at the VSD with symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. As the right ventricular outflow tract becomes more and more obstructive the pulmonary vascular resistance will exceed the systemic vascular resistance and right-to-left shunting will occur causing cyanosis. Cyanosis is influenced by hemoglobin level and therefore if it is low it may not be evident. Cyanosis induces an increase in the hemoglobin concentration and increase in erythropoietin production. When there are large or multiple collaterals from the systemic arterial circulation to the pulmonary arterial circulation there will be minimal cyanosis as pulmonary blood flow will be increased. The long systolic murmur of tetralogy of Fallot is secondary to the turbulent flow across the RVOT obstruction and pulmonary stenosis and not due to the VSD. Twenty-five per cent (5%) of tetralogy of Fallot patients are cyanotic at birth and 75% of patients become cyanotic at 1 year of age. Spells of hypercyanosis are uncommon in the first six months of life. They are most common in infants and toddlers. They again become rare in children more than 4 years of age.

Squatting helps to relieve cyanotic spells possibly due to increase in systemic vascular resistance because of kinking of femoral arteries as well as in a decrease in the venous return. Due to deformity of the pulmonary valve there may be a single second heart sound. When continuous murmurs are auscultated this might indicate the presence of a PDA or collateral vessels. Electrocardiography

There is typically right ventricular hypertrophy with right axis deviation. Superior axis deviation is seen in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and AV canal defect. Right ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy is seen in acyanotic infants with left-to-right shunting causing congestive heart failure.

Chest X-ray In tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia the heart acquires a boot shape (Cobur en sabot).

Cardiac catheterization

In straight-forward, clear tetralogy of Fallot there may not be a need for cardiac catheterization. However, if the peripheral pulmonary arterial anatomy is unclear than cardiac catheterization may be indicated to evaluate the peripheral pulmonary arteries and collateral circulation. In addition, the coronary arteries need to be studied.

Management

Cyanotic spells

These typically occur when babies or toddlers are upset leading to increase in the catecholamines and consequently increase in the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and more right-to-left shunting at the ventricular septal defect level. The first line of treatment should be to ask a parent to hold and comfort the child, usually this will break the spell. When holding the child it is best to place him in the knee-chest position to increase the systemic vascular resistance. When this fails then one might utilize one of the following measures

1. Morphine subcutaneously or intravenously will cause a negative inotropic pressure and left- to-right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. In addition, it has a sedative analgesic effect that might cause the child to relax with less catecholamines and less RVOT obstruction. Beta blockers such as an Esmolol drip or intravenous Inderal will cause a negative inotropiceffect and less RVOT obstruction thus breaking the cyanotic spell.Vasoconstrictors such as a drip of Epinephrine or Phenylephrine Hydrochloride will cause vasoconstriction and elevation of the systemic vascular resistance with less right-to-left shunting. Complete repair is typically done at 6 months to 1 year of age. Some surgeons have tried to preserve the integrity of the pulmonic valve to lessen the extent of pulmonary insufficiency by not placing a transannular patch. However, some of these patients would have significant residual pulmonary stenosis.

Course

Unrepaired the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction will continue to increase with more right-to-left shunting at the VSD and more cyanosis. The hematocrit will continue to increase and polycythemia would result. The right ventricular pressure might exceed that of the systemic when occasionally the tricuspid valve tissue is incorporated in the VSD causing VSD restriction. Such patients will have a poor surgical outcome because of RV strain. Aortic valve regurgitation seen in tetralogy of Fallot will increase with time because of increased pulmonary stenosis and more right-to-left shunting with increase of blood volume flow across the aortic valve resulting in aortic valve deformity and insufficiency. This will also explain the higher incidence of aortic insufficiency in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. One should always think of subacute bacterial endocarditis in patients with aortic insufficiency since this valve is the most likely area of subacute bacterial endocarditis in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Left pulmonary artery stenosis or even atresia could develop later on and not necessarily noted right after birth. When this occurs there will be increase in pulmonary blood flow to the right lung developing as pulmonary hypertension. In patients with pulmonary hypertension with tetralogy of Fallot it will be important to either preserve the integrity of the pulmonic valve or place a prosthetic pulmonary valve since insufficiency might be significant. The only time that pulmonary vascular obstructive disease is noted in patients with tetralogy of Fallot are those that were palliated many years ago with Potts or Waterston shunts.

Arrhythmias are frequent with tetralogy of Fallot. Premature ventricular contractions either focal or multifocal or even runs of V-tach are sometimes noted. The older the age of the child at the time of repair the more likely that they would develop arrhythmias.

Myocardial dysfunction is a more prominent problem in patients who are repaired at an older age, those with dysrhythmia and those with residual postoperative defects, for example, ventricular septal defect (18% of patients required re-operation for one reason or another). Late death in patients with tetralogy of Fallot occur in approximately 5% of repaired patients.

Brain abscess should be ruled out in any patients with CNS symptoms. This was a more frequent occurrence in the past as these lesions were not repaired until 4-5 years of age. Cerebral vascular accidents secondary to hypoxia particularly in those with anemia and due to polycythemia. Brain abscess should be ruled out in any patients with CNS symptoms. Scoliosis may result which is also common in other cyanotic congenital heart diseases. This is more common in females than males.

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH ABSENT PULMONARY VALVE

This is an uncommon variation of tetralogy of Fallot. The pulmonary valve leaflets are represented by nubbins of tissue. The clinical picture is dominated by pulmonary insufficiency rather than pulmonary stenosis.

The anatomy is the same as tetralogy of Fallot except that the right ventricular outflow tract is not excessively restrictive. The pulmonary arteries are dilated and sometimes aneurysmal. The pulmonary artery dilatation may extend beyond what is expected from pulmonary insufficiency to several generations of pulmonary arteries causing bronchial constrictions.

Clinical Manifestations

A systolic and diastolic murmur is present. This represents pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary insufficiency. The chest x-ray shows aneurysmal dilatation of the main pulmonary artery. The cardiac catheterization is important to delineate the peripheral pulmonary arteries.

Management is delayed as much as possible because of the need to place a valve, usually a homograft. Surgery is done earlier in patients with dilated distal pulmonary arteries and respiratory distress to halt further progress of bronchoconstriction. Pulmonary arteries could be plicated during surgery. Hypercyanotic spells are not a feature of this type of tetralogy of Fallot.

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH AV CANAL DEFECT

In tetralogy of Fallot with AV canal presentation is similar to that of typical tetralogy of Fallot. The electrocardiogram shows superior axis deviation with right ventricular hypertrophy. In almost all instances the anterior atrioventricular valve leaflet is free floating. Due to the complexity of this congenital heart disease, cardiac catheterization is almost always performed. Surgery is usually done at 1 year of age where the AV canal and tetralogy of Fallot are repaired simultaneously. There is a higher instance of Down syndrome in comparison to other types of tetralogy of Fallot.

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH DOUBLE CHAMBER RIGHT VENTRICLE

This typically occurs due to hypertrophy of the moderator muscle bundle. In these instances the right ventricular apex pressure is higher than the rest of the right ventricle. During surgical repair the moderator muscle bundle should be severed so as to eliminate the pressur e gradient

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The implications of electronic commerce (e-commerce) are the biggest issues facing most accounting organizations in the 1st century. E-commerce is the use of information technology and electronic communication networks to exchange business information and conduct business transactions in electronic, paper less forms. This definition illustrates that e-commerce is just commerce that now uses more electronic forms of communication (such as the Internet and E-mail) as opposed paper, face-to-face, telephone, television, or more traditional forms of communication. Due to the increase in speed, availability, and reduction of cost, this form of commerce has become adapted to almost all types of businesses.

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Full title - I Am the Cheese

1. Author - Robert Cormier

Type of work - Fiction

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Genre - Bildungsroman (coming-of-age), psychological thriller, mystery, orphan quest

Language - English

Time and place written - Late 170s, the United States

Date of first publication - 177

Publisher - Dell

Narrator - Adam is a first person narrator during the bicycle journey. There is an anonymous third person that describes Adams childhood memories. There are two- person word-for-word dialogues in the transcripts of the session tapes.

Point of view - The story is told from Adams first person perspective, or it is told from the third person with full knowledge of Adams emotions and motivations.

Tone - Suspenseful and sensitive

Tense - Present tense except for Adams memories, which told in the past tense

Setting (time) - 170s

Setting (place) - Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont

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Themes - Discovering and altering ones identity, helpless individual against powerful organizations

Motifs - Orphan quest, The Farmer in the Dell, mystery novel conventions

Symbols - Wind, Pokey the Pig, package

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Assignment 1

Introduction

The mission of marketing is to attract and retain customers. To accomplish this goal, a traditional bricks-and-mortar marketer uses a variety of marketing variables ¨C including pricing, advertising, and channel choice ¨C to satisfy current and new customers. In this context, the standard marketing-mix toolkit includes such mass-marketing levers as television advertising, direct mail, and public relations, as well as customer-specific marketing techniques such as the use of sales reps. With the emergence of the Internet and its associated technology ¨C enabled, screen-to-face interfaces (e.g., mobile phone, interactive television), a new era of marketing has emerged. Well-respected academics and practitioners have called for new rules and urged debate about fundamental tenets of marketing, including segmentation, mass marketing, and regionalized programs (Wind & Vijay, 001).

Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals (Mohammed et al, 00). It is a particular method of doing an activity, generally involving a series of steps or operations. The classical marketing approach involving four broad steps market analysis, market planning, implementation, and control (Kotler & Philip, 000).

The Internet is a worldwide network of thousands of linked computers compared to a giant international plumbing system (Berkeley, 17). That the Internet is not just one gigantic computer with all of the information; rather there are many computer centers, and we are connected to this plumbing system somewhere along the line. It kind of looks like a spiders web. (Refer to appendix 1). The internet marketing is the process of building and maintaining customer relationships through online activities to facilitate the exchange of ideas, products, and services that satisfy the goals of both parties (Imber et al, 000).

One of the early mistakes online marketers made was to not fully appreciate, or take advantage of, the unique characteristics of the Internet which make it such a powerful tool. As outlined in the evolution of Internet marketing, many organizations use their web pages simply as an alternative form of publication with nothing to distinguish them from the printed copy except for a reduction in certain costs.

Effective web-based marketing requires organizations to fully explore the following benefits of the Internet and incorporate these features as appropriate into their marketing strategies. Five unique areas of Internet benefits have emerged across time from a variety of authors (Dann & Dann, 001)

Interactivity, which is the degree to which the user can interact with the web site in a meaningful manner beyond following internal hyperlinks. The greatest advantage Internet-based marketing offers are its potential for interactivity. Interactivity is defined as the ability to address an individual, gather and receive a response, remember that response, and tailor the next response on the basis of the received information (Ghose & Dou, 18). The greater the interaction between the consumer and the web site, the higher the level of involvement which in turn increases brand loyalty and likelihood of purchase.

Variety and customization are the levels of change, interaction and customized content that can occur on a web site. Layering of information and pages within the web site provides the visitor with the opportunity of varying and customizing each experience with the organization. Depending on the user¡¯s familiarity with the company, its products, and the design of its web site, visits may be directed immediately to a specific purpose, such as ordering an item, or may involve more extensive investigation for information gathering and product comparison purposes.

Global access, which recognizes the international nature of the medium, and how local web sites have a global presence. By virtue of being on the Internet, web-based marketers can reach potential customers on a worldwide basis. More than ever before barriers to global commerce are being lowered with the result that small local businesses are able to access customers and markets which were inaccessible less than five years ago.

Time independence is the ability of many features of the Internet to be accessed around the clock, seven days a week without the need for a physical or personal presence staffing the web site. Access to the Internet is time independent which means that, in theory at least, web-based organizations have no opening or closing hours. In reality most web-based businesses do conform to standard opening hours with many small businesses having erratic access and service standards. Venkatesh (18) quoted a sign on the front page of a web site explaining the temporary closure of the site was forced by the human operators being down for servicing instead of the computers being offline.

Interest driven, which is the extent to which the Internet is a pull medium where online experiences are based on the active seeking our of the items of interest rather than the passive acceptance of whatever push media delivers to the screen. Unlike offline mass communications, such as advertising, which are intrusive and impact upon the subconscious of the potential consumer, access to specific sites requires the consumer to make an effort. The nature of the Internet, in conjunction with it being interest driven, allows for the removal of many of the standard market barriers of time zones, geography and lack of access to remote services.

The emergence of Internet has changed the modern market. Firstly, it is the adaptation of the offline to the online. Despite some of the limitations of the current Internet in terms of bandwidth, diffusion and technological issues, many offline transactions are being replicated online quite successfully. This is a comprehensive, yet not fully exhaustive, list of possible offline user behaviours that have been adapted across to the Internet. The value of examining a list of dual platform behaviours is that it recognizes that the Internet can affect certain aspects of marketing behaviour through its unique features, both positively and negatively. For example, the retailing online can range from exotic goods through to the mundane weekly groceries. There are a number of online shopping options, from familiar offline institutions like shopping malls, through to small businesses and online catalogues. Online shopping conglomerates exist in the form of cybermalls, coalitions of related goods and services which band together to provide an online shopping environment similar to that of the offline shopping centers.

Secondly, the global digital showcase. The Web offers an unprecedented opportunity to showcase organizational promotions, histories, product details and information that is not feasible in traditional offline media. The ability of the Web to offer multimedia web sites which can give the most basic ¡®click to buy¡¯ and in-depth corporate history and product detail from the same address gives marketers much greater promotional freedom than they have experienced in the offline world. In particular, using the Internet as a support medium also allows for mixed media promotion where interest is generated in offline advertising, and details are provided online.

Thirdly, the little piggy goes to the world wide market. The Internet has altered the market dynamics in that here is now less need to rely on complex distribution channels to get products to market. This is a dual edged sword though ¨C smaller businesses may become more independent in their distribution, but larger businesses have found that their reliance on intermediaries and distributions has increased. For example, Pepsi and Coke are two of the best know brands in the world, and yet you still cannot order a can of cola from their web sites. Their size, global position, and complex established distribution chains have limited the extent to which they can direct sell from their web site.

Fourthly, online entertainment is a progressively expanding market as people move towards virtual entertainment which is free from the traditional venue orientation of most offline leisure activities. While there are obvious restrictions as to what offline leisure activities can be replicated online, new functions such as multiplayer Internet games, ranging from bridge, scrabble and traditional board games through to complex D games are increasingly more accessible. The internet it self is also a source of pleasure ¨C web surfing has been associated with hedonism, pleasure seeking and arousal seeking behaviours (Hoffman & Novak, 16; Raman & Leckenby, 18).

Conclusion

In this assignment we know that marketing is the set of activities whereby businesses and other organizations create transfers of value (exchanges) between themselves and their customers (Shimp, 00). And the Internet is a network of networks, linking computers to computers sharing the TCP/IP protocols. Each runs software to provide or serve information and/or to access and view information. The Internet is the transport vehicle for the information stored in files or documents on another computer (Lib.berkeley, 00). There are five unique features of Internet; they are interactivity, variety and customization, global access, time independence and interest driven. These features have changed the modern market.

Reference

1. Berkeley, 17. What is the Internet, the WWW, and Netscape? An Introduction. [Online]. Available from

http//www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/WhatIs.html University of California. [Accessed on 1st Nov 00].

. Dann, S. & Dann, S. 001, ¡°Strategic Internet Marketing¡±, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, p. 4-60.

. Ghose, S. & Dou, W. 18, ¡°Interactive functions and their impacts on the appeal of internet presence sites¡±, Journal of Advertising Research, March, p. 8.

4. Hoffman, D. L. & Novak, T. P., 16, ¡°Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments Conceptual foundations¡±, Journal of Marketing, vol. 60, no. , July, p. 50-68.

5. Imber, Jane, and Betsy-Ann Toffler. 000, Dictionary of marketing term. rd ed, Barrons Business Dictionaries.

6. Kotler & Philip 000, Marketing management Analysis, planning, and control. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall.

7. Lib.berkeley.edu 00, What is the Internet, the WWW, and Netscape? [Online]. Available from

http//www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/WhatIs.html [Accessed on 1st Nov 00].

8. Mohammed, R. A., Fisher, R. J., Jaworski, B. J, Cahill, A. M., 00, Internet Marketing Building Advantage in a Networked Economy, nd ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston.

. Raman, N. V. & Leckenby, J. D. 18, ¡®Factors affecting consumers¡¯ ¡°Webad¡± visits¡¯, European Journal of Marketing, vol. , no. 7/8, p. 77-48.

10. Shimp, Terence A. 00, Advertising promotion Supplemental aspects of integrated marketing communications. 6th edn. The Dryden Press, Four Worth.

11. Venkatesh, A. 18, ¡°Cybermarketscapes and consumer freedoms and identities¡±, European Journal of marketing, vol. , no. 7/8, p. 664-76.

1. Wind, J. & Vijay, M. 001, Digital marketing Global strategies from the world¡¯s leading experts. New York John Wiley & Sons.

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"My purse, my purse," screams the lady. As the snatcher disappears, she yells, "this will come back to haunt you." This I think this relates to what Novalis wrote, "Character is destiny." Novalis was a pseudonym for Fredrich Von Hardenberg (Novalis pg.1 www.xrefer.com). He was an author of poetry and prose (Novalis pg.1 www.kirjasto.com). This quote "Character is Destiny" can be found in the German book of poems, Heinrich Von Ofterdingen (Novalis pg. 1 www.xrefer.com). It was originally stated, "I now realize that fate and character are the same thing" (Novalis pg.1 www.xrefer.com). It has the same meaning but is stated differently. I think "Character is destiny" applies to modern life. For instance character and destiny mean the same things as they did back then so the quote would still have the same meaning. Another point would be is that a person's fate will be based directly on their character. This quote can apply to modern times and to literature.

From my research I discovered that Novalis' writings were spiritually and religiously based (Novalis Pg.1 www.encarta.com). I found that this poem came from an unfinished book of poetry that was about longing for life after death. It was published posthumously (Novalis pg.1 www.encarta.com). Novalis, in my opinion, had a longing for life after death. I think he wanted this because his wife died young and he didn't have a long time to spend with her. Novalis also died young, at the age of (Novalis pg.1 www.encarta.com). Also at this web site I learned that they both died of tuberculosis. That is why I believe he had a longing for life after death because his one on earth was so short. In other research I did interviews. I interviewed my sister and my mom. My sister had to say, "it means that if you're a bad person you'll have a bad life" (Amber interview). I agree with her because it makes sense. If you're a bad person you should have a bad life. My mom said, "Who you are is what you'll become" (hers was very similar to my moms but stated differently. The last thing I discovered is that he was educated. He went to three different colleges and only had one finished work (Novalis pg.1 www.encarta.com). It shows that his writing meant a lot to him and that school had been important. He had a good background for writing, and he had probably lived his writings. This quote also applies to literature. For example, it applies in the book Silas Marner.

To show how it links to Silas Marner, a good example is Godfrey Cass, Silas Marner, and Dunstan Cass. Their future was all directly linked to their character, Silas ended up with Eppie, Godfrey loses Eppie, and Dunstan ends up dead. Godfrey lived his life on chance, didn't take responsibility for his actions, and was spoiled. Godfrey early in the story was childish. He lived his life moment to moment not thinking of the consequences, which was Eppie. He didn't take responsibility for Eppie, except for financially and this eventually cost him her. Godfrey had messed his life up early maybe because of Dunstan but it didn't give him any reason to abandon her. He took a chance here that later in life him and Nancy would have their own kids and Eppie wouldn't really matter. How wrong he was that Nancy ended up not being able to have children and Eppie would be his only one. Chance got him into that mess and chance he depended on getting him out of it. Another thing about Godfrey was that he was spoiled. His dad provided for him and Godfrey was protected. His taste with the real world was scary to him because there was no where to run when his father was gone. He was dependent on himself now. He now had a real problem, his wife couldn't have children and his father wasn't there to influence the decision of the jury. He was on his own. He didn't know responsibility because he had whatever he wanted. And a child was the only thing he couldn't have. There was no father to give it to him, his irresponsibility had cost him the only one he would have, and chance had killed the one he had. His destiny was one without a child. This was his destiny because this meant something to him, he didn't live a good life and this was an appropriate punishment or destiny. Silas on the other hand was a good person. He worked hard, was compassionate, and did the right thing. He worked for a living, and his job wasn't easy. Nothing was given to him and he didn't have much. He showed compassion towards Eppie because she was nice to him and treated him like a person. He also was helpful to people in desperate times of need. He did the right thing. When Eppie came to his door. He treated her right and was good to her. He provided what he could and knew that the right thing was to keep her and care for her. Which he did, and his reward was Eppie the replacement for all the pain. Having Eppie was his destiny. Dunstan was worse than all of them. He was a horrible person. He stole, he lied, was underhanded and tricky. He was a bad influence on Godfrey. He got him drinking till he was drunk and which was the reason he married Molly. He messed up his life but not beyond repair. He also lied. He would promise something then break it. Such as in the case with the money he borrowed from Godfrey. He promised to pay it back but never did. Another example would be saying he would sell the horse but instead accidentally killing it. He stole. He took the money from Silas' house. He ran away and died, but not before leaving his mark. He was the bad seed, who wrecked people's lives. He himself probably wasn't happy unless others weren't happy. He made sure this was true because he knew his brother was an easy target. However his character was his destiny, or karma what goes around comes around. He died without anyone, probably painfully, and in a manner that was appropriate for his character.

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In conclusion, persons' character is their destiny. It is true in modern times, literature, and always. In my opinion I think this was the point Novalis was trying to make. I think he thought that maybe you'll have a good life and afterlife. No person can know but everyone can speculate. I think that character is destiny is true for everyone, and to quote, "who you are is what you'll become"(Michelle interview).

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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Confrontation of Cortez and Montezuma. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Confrontation of Cortez and Montezuma paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Confrontation of Cortez and Montezuma, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Confrontation of Cortez and Montezuma paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Chapter 1 The Confrontation Between Cortez and Montezuma (151-151)

If I had heard the account back in15 I would have found the Native Americans portrayed as barbaric, savage, and cowardice creatures of myth. Cortez goes into a very detailed description of the religious sacrificing of humans, but shuns the details of other less "civilized" religious ceremonies. Personally, I view this as a way to make the Native Americans seem less civilized and more ruthless.

I believe the mythical and cowardice sense comes through the artwork portrayed in the chapter. In most of the artwork the Native Americans are attacking from behind, to most people that is viewed as a cowardly way to fight. I find that the mythical element comes through the body language, whether is be the artist own style or bad copying, the Native Americans seem to be portrayed in awkward positions.

In reading this first chapter, I found there were many questions raised and answered by the text. Cortez's feelings about the Native Americans were obvious. The Native Americans needed to be civilized, and they needed to be brought together under God.

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I found the Native American's account of events much more interesting and probably more believable based on comparisons of more detail of events and the motives behind what Cortez was trying to betray.

The Native Americans have an explanation for all the events that Cortez portrayed as "plotting" and "massacre," and they seem very logical. I inferred from the reading that the reason why the women and children were gone form the village when Cortez arrived was because of some sort of festival or celebration.

I found that the portrayal of the Spaniards by the Native American's in account and art work was well founded. The Spaniards were greedy and did kill for no reason. Seen in this light, I would find that the Native Americans would treat the next Europeans with caution, due to the massacre that occurred

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The Financial Post's Guide to Investing and Personal Finance shows you how to make the most of your money in the least expensive way. Financial products like equities, bonds, and mutual funds play an important role in the investing process. Just as the financial product you invest in, financial planning is even a more significant factor. Finally a financial map and personal discipline is the key to bringing the whole plan together. Therefore, Financial Post's Guide to Investing and Personal Finance shows you how to invest your money in a way that you can get the most out of it.

Argument 1

Choosing the right financial products is as important as a comfortable pair of shoes. Financial products like equities, bonds, and mutual funds all have different risk factors and depending on how much money you can afford to lose determines how you would choose which is right for you. Equities, or stocks, are of high risk and are affected by many things such as increasing globalization and inflation. Many industries that issue stocks are global and prices changed by foreign competitors have an impact on the pricing power and profitability of Canadian companies. Bonds on the other hand are more favorable when the market is in a downswing because they have a lower risk factor and are traditionally issued by government, utilities and large corporations. Mutual funds however are an indirect way of investing in pools of money used to buy a variety of securities. With the right choices in financial products your invested money can be making up to forty percent, but with the wrong choices you could be losing forty percent.

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Argument

A key to investing is financial planning because a balanced portfolio should consist of diversification and have a long-term plan in order to weather economic fluctuations. To build a balanced portfolio you must diversify your portfolio by investing in different asset classes. A small portfolio is usually only limited to the major categories of stocks, fixed income and cash. The main idea in balancing a portfolio is to ensure that losses in a single security do not sink the investment fund. By setting limits on your investments you can almost always ensure that this will not happen. Diversification can also mean a portfolio that contains foreign and domestic stocks as well as a collection of stocks from different industry sectors. By having this mix of security classes and types in a portfolio it will vary the risk profile of an individual as long as the portfolio is reviewed on a regular basis.

Argument

Financial products and balancing your portfolio are both very important aspects to achieving your financial goals, however without discipline your financial success will never materialize. Once you have invested your money and are receiving money from those investments you must decide if either long or short-term investments are right for you. Tax planning along with insurance planning must be taking in to consideration with a long-term investing. RRSP's (Registered Retirement Savings Plan) are a good way of avoiding tax for a long-term investment. By investing for the future you can save yourself from worrying about unemployment or retirement.

Conclusion

The Financial Post's Guide to Investing and Personal Finance gives one the information on how to invest your money in the most beneficial way. By using various financial products such as equities, bonds, and mutual funds one can make the most out of their money. Along with financial products, financial planning must be used to benefit from your money. Also, a long term and vigilant observance is essential to obtaining your personal goals.

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Infinity is the biggest thing you can imagine, then imagine a lot more. Infinity is a number, however it is very different from any normal number like 1, , 10, or 5 million, it is infinitely larger than any of these. ¡§But how big is infinity?¡¨ That is one question that will never be answered completely. For now let's start out with some simpler concepts and we will grow to that more difficult one later.

Let's think about some sets that we know are infinitely large; the set of positive integers, the set of real numbers, the set of even integers, the set of rationals, and so on. We know a lot of sets that are infinitely large. In fact if we think hard enough, we can come up with infinitely many, infinitely large sets. We know the set of integers that are multiples of one, the set of integers that are multiples of two, of three, and of any other integer. But this still doesn't answer our question ¡§how big is infinity?¡¨ Is any one of these infinities larger than any other?

One way to prove that two sets are the same size, or equinumerous, is to place them in a one-to-one match-up. Even without knowing how large two sets are we can prove they are the same size by pairing every element of one set up with a single element of the other set. If none are left over from either set, we know they are the same size. So how can we pair say all the positive integers with just the evens? Easy

1 „

„ 4

„ 6

„² „²

n „ n

Similarly we can pair all the integers with any multiple, x, of the integers, by saying n „ xn.

The sets we placed in a one-to-one match-up so far have all been countable, meaning they are the same size as the set of counting numbers (the natural numbers). Now lets try and put our same set of all the positive integers with the set of all rational numbers. This may be a bit more tricky considering that the rationals are considered a dense set, meaning in between any two are infinitely many more. If we can find a listing that contains all the rational numbers we can set it into a one-to-one match-up with the counting numbers. It turns out that this can be done, by listing the numbers in a table (or matrix) of fractions. Where each fraction is

Row number �n

Column number

Then list them starting at the position (1,1) and making a zigzag, tracing out (1,1), then (1,), then (,1), then (,1), then (,), then (1,), then (1,4), and so on until the entire table has been traced. Some duplicates will be found, however that is irrelevant because we have still found a well-ordered list of all the rationals. So it is true we can put the rationals into a one-to-one match-up with the counting numbers.

What about the reals? Well this is a bit harder than the rationals were, however Georg Cantor, found a way to prove that this cannot be done using his famous Diagonal Argument. It goes like this

1. Suppose there is a well-ordered list of the reals that includes all of them

. It can be set into a one-to-one match-up with the counting numbers

. Put all the reals into their decimal form

4. Now lets examine a specific number, call it x n is the counting number paired with a real. x is 0 + the nth decimal digit for each n. Let me clarify a little,

1 „ 1.45678¡K

„ .4715617¡K

„ .¡K

4 „ 0.00000000¡K

5 „ .141565¡K

„² „²

n „ another number

and so on

x is 0 + 0.00000 + 0.070000 + 0.00000 + 0.000000 + 0.00000 + ¡K

x = 0.70¡K

Basically if we line up the decimal points of all the reals in our list, x is all the decimal points along the diagonal with a zero whole part.

5. Lets look at another number y, which is each decimal point from x with one added to it

( becomes 0)

y is 0.48410¡K

6. y is not in our list because the first decimal place in y differs from the first number it cant be the first, and since the second decimal point differs from the second number it cant be the second, and so on for each number in our list. Therefore y is not in our list.

7. We have a contradiction, and thus the reals cannot be set into a one-to-one match-up with the counting numbers

We have now found a set that has a different size then the counting numbers, but both sets are infinitely large?!?!

What we have just determined is that infinity can have different sizes or levels. All of the sets I have mentioned thus far are of infinite size. The size of a set is called its cardinality. The sets {1}, {4}, {�à}, {e}, and {„w} all have cardinality one, the sets {1,0}, {e,7}, and {-.45, cos0} all have cardinality two. The counting set is given cardinality �ç (omega). The real numbers are given cardinality c (standing for continuum). The reason for this comes from the Continuum Hypothesis, which says that

If all subsets of a set have cardinality of the entire set or cardinality (call it x) smaller than the cardinality of the entire set, then the set in question's cardinality must be one higher than x.

The original intent of the continuum hypothesis was to say this

If all subsets of the reals have either a cardinality the same as the reals or positive integers then the cardinality of the reals is exactly one higher than that of the positive integers.

And so the term continuum was given to the real numbers and c was picked as its cardinality.

If the continuum hypothesis were true then c would be the next cardinality after �ç.

The cardinalities that we know of so far can be put in a set and ordered from least to greatest like this {1,,¡K�ç,?} We know �ç is the next one after all the counting numbers. Other than c is there anything else? If we look at Cantor's Theorem we can answer this question.

Cantor's Theorem

If X is any set, then there exists at least one set, the power set of X, called P(X), which has a higher cardinality than X. (The power set of X is formed by taking the set of all subsets of X)

Proof

1. Assume X is the largest set possible

. X = {a, b, c, d, e¡K}

. The power set of X is given by

P(X) = { {a}, {a, b}, {b, c, e}, {a, c}, {e} ¡K}

4. P(X) can't be smaller than X because it contains all the singletons that are in X, {a}, {b}, {c} etc.

5. P(X) can't be bigger than X because we assumed X was the largest set possible.

6. According to the Cantor-Schroeder-Bernstein Theorem

If cardinality of A is less than or equal to cardinality of B and the cardinality of B is less than or equal to the cardinality of A, then the two sets cardinalities are equal and a one-to-one match-up exists.

|A| „T |B| and |B| „T |A| then |A| = |B|.

The cardinality of P(X) equals the cardinality of X.

7. So we can create a one-to-one match-up

X P(X)

a „ a

b „ a, b

c „ b, c ,e

d „ a, c

e „ e

8. We can see that some X's appear in their match in P(X) on the right and some don't.

. Let's create a new set F that consists of all elements of X, which are not matched to subsets that contain them.

10. What element of X matches to F? If F is only the elements that don't match to things with themselves, no element of X can be matched to F, but F is a subset of X, which means that it must be in the power set of X. And so P(X) is really larger than X.

This tells us that there is no largest set. The Hebrew letter aleph, „q, has been adopted as a cardinal number. „q0 has been set to equal �ç. The reason for the „q's is because there are infinite cardinals that represent infinite sizes and by using subscripts it is possible to show this. Cantor wanted to call c (the continuum cardinal), „q1 (the next cardinality after „q0). This was the basis of his continuum hypothesis, however he was never able to prove his hypothesis.

To close out this paper I thought I might add a few fun things I came across in my research dealing with infinity and other topics I have discussed. This is the idea of paradoxes. One set that created problems was the set of everything thinkable. Cantor assumed there were two kinds of infinities in order to deal with the contradictions caused by some paradoxes. These two infinities were, as he called them, the consistent and the inconsistent infinities. Another paradox that I thought of, deals with the set of all sets (call it S). But S is a set and so by the definition of S, one of the elements of S must be itself. How can S be a set in which one of the elements of it, is itself? Another famous paradox I came across was Zeno's paradox. The problem was brought up in the form of a story where a tortoise challenged Achilles to a foot race. The tortoise claimed he could prove that if he was given any sized head start, say 10 feet he would win the race regardless of their speeds. His argument went like this. It will take you some time to catch up the 10 meters you are behind me, during that time I will have moved some distance, regardless of how small it is, forward. Now I still have a lead in the race. It will take a much smaller time for you to catch up the new distance, but it will take some time, in which I will advance further. Then I will still have a lead, and so by extending this I will always have some lead over you. Another way of examining the same question is how do we move form point A to point B? First we must go half way to B, and then from there, halfway again to B, and halfway again, and so on. We have an infinite amount of tasks to complete before we reach B. Which leads us to wonder whether motion is possible at all. Obviously we know motion is possible, so we look closer at the problem. We see how we are eventually adding infinitely small amounts of time. Say 1sec + 1/sec + 1/4sec +1/8sec +¡K 1/nsec = sec. This concept of adding infinitely many tasks is called a supertask. Some supertasks are possible, like this one, and others are not possible at all.

Infinity is a magical concept in mathematics and has always intrigued mathematicians in numerous ways. It has been a hotly debated topic in the mathematical world and has always remained a crucial part of many controversies in mathematics. This wonderful number will always be there, but will never be fully understood.

In the 10's Kurt Godel showed that the continuum hypothesis could never be disproved, based on the axioms of set theory. Later on in the 160's Paul Cohen showed that it cannot be proved, either. The continuum hypothesis is similar to the Axiom of Choice in this sense. The Axiom of Choice states that given two sets, one set has cardinality less than or equal to the other one. This also can never be disproved nor can it be proved. Therefore mathematicians are left to either accept it or reject it when conducting their work. By assuming the axiom of choice exists, it becomes possible to show that the continuum hypothesis can never be disproved. Barrow, John D. Pi in the Sky, 1. pp. 6-

http//www.ii.com/math/ch/#overview

http//www.mathacademy.com/platonic_realms/encyclop/articles/cantor_theorem.html

http//www.mathacademy.com/platonic_realms/encyclop/articles/zeno_tort.html

http//www.mathacademy.com/platonic_realms/minitext/infinity.html

http//www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~mathsch/courses/Infinity/Cardinality/Lesson1.shtml

http//www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~mathsch/courses/Infinity/Cardinality/Lesson.shtml

http//www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~mathsch/courses/Infinity/Cardinality/Lesson.shtml

http//www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~mathsch/courses/Infinity/Cardinality/Lesson5.shtml

http//www.thoralf.uwaterloo.ca/htdocs/scav/cantor/cantor.html

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