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During the Middle Ages, in the year 1054 Pope Leo IX of the West and Patriarch Michael Cerularius of the East excommunicated one another, orders which remained in effect until they were annulled in 165. This happened after centuries of argument and caused the first and greatest rift in the Christian church to this day. That split is known as the East/west schism, and from it grew the two major halves of Christianity that exist today, the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic
The East/West schism was the first major schism of Christianity. The two major groups of Christianity were the Roman and Constantine Churches, and while the eventual excommunication of both groups was over a very small matter it was the result of many differences between the two churches and paved the way for many more divisions within the Christian church for centuries to come.
The year 1054 was not the beginning of the break between the east and west churches, but the year of the final, official and legal separation of the two churches due to the culmination of many cultural differences and long-simmering feuds over seemingly obscure points of doctrine.
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Key early debates centred on Christology and whether Rome or Constantinople should claim supremacy in Christendom as well as issues of theology and doctrine. Researchers seem to disagree on what it was that the church eventually broke up over, but they all mention the "filioque' phrase. This dispute centered on the fact that the west had inserted a special phase in the Nicene Constantinople creed, it indicated that the holy spirit proceeded from both the father and the son, rather than from the father through the son as the east believed. The east believed that only a council concerned with the unity of the whole Christian church could make changes like this to the creed.
The churches did not understand each other culturally, they each had lost touch with the other's language, the East spoke Greek and the West spoke Latin. Western and Eastern church leaders had different opinions on a range of matters from at least the second century. They had different rituals and ways of worshipping, the Westerner formulated prayer methods while the Easterner simply spoke the name of Jesus or gazed in silent reverence at an icon, but each disliked the other's method of worship. They focussed on different parts of the scripture, the East was more aware of the goodness in man, the West of the implications of original sin. There were differences of opinion within these two broad camps as well, but in general, Eastern fathers were more speculative while Western fathers were more practical.
With their differing emphases, the Eastern and Western wings of the church gradually grew further apart, both churches developing their own traditions of spirituality, worship, and church life. The estrangement of the two churches meant that they were left to develop their religious beliefs and practices separately, and so they became wholly different in their outlook and treatment of Christianity.
Although relations have improved in recent years, the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches continue to operate separate from one another. The East/West schism has had a lasting effect on the growth of Christianity, causing it to evolve into two separate Traditions, from which more offshoots have come, such as the Protestants, the Lutherans and so on. The East/West schism had a major effect on the growth of Christianity, it was the breaking apart of the Church when it was still new and finding it's feet, causing it to develop much differently than it would have if it had stayed together.
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