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The various nations that inhabited North America prior to the greatest influx of European influence had created their respective cultures around the subsistence economy. The subsistence economy dictated the rules that balanced life and death. Generations of continuous struggle with nature for sustenance brought about the development of social, political, religious and economic patterns. Eventually separate and distinct cultures emerged and attached themselves atop the foundations established by these patterns gender roles were dictated by methods of collecting available foodstuff, leadership was determined in the most natural way that facilitated the best physical protection, deities were super-imposed natural characters that provided all of existence through spirituality, and the economy centered on products that facilitated life. These basic themes and traits may have been stressed in importance at varying degrees from one group of natives to the next, but they can be found in every culture that revolved around subsistence.

The Europeans brought to North America the fur trade and the market economy, at which centered the transfer of commodities not necessarily essential for the extension but more for the embellishment of life. This, in practical definition, new way of envisioning the environment presented an alternate window of reality where the culture of native America would not survive. The introduction of the market economy served to alter native culture in many ways. Some nations were able to absorb the changes, adapt and prioritize their lifestyles to prolong cultural survival. Some found necessity in moving on to continue life as they felt it suited them. Many perished. The effects were almost immediate. But the causalities of the drastic transformations that erupted to deface the sudaric cloth of the native past would take many years to surface and still is topic for debate. However, it can be safely said that the replacement of or intrusion upon the subsistence economy by the market economy was the conflict that raged to undermine Indian culture.

The European-Indian fur trade was the most powerful and most documented era where many different cultures could be found at any given stage of evolution into the market economy. There are thousands of histories on Native American culture and they all offer testimony to the affects European and American trading had on their societies. One such study is Richard White's 18, The Roots of Dependency Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaw, Pawnees, and Navajo. White's argument is that the triumph of the market economy was neither easy nor inevitable. The Indians resisted in order to preserve their culture, but ultimately entrapment in the market, environmental and social catastrophe, and inappropriate political customs set the stage for Native American dependence on Anglo products.

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White's study of the three nations of natives attempts offer explanation for the collapse of the aboriginal subsistence system while examining how human societies influence environment and the social consequences of human induced change. Additionally, his research involves the political, social, and economic relations that motivated human actions on the land. The fundamental cause of the "social consequences" that transformed native culture was the white man's attempt to bring Indian resources into the market economy.

The subsistence cultures of the Choctaw, Pawnee, and Navajo were only as different as the environments in which they lived. The Choctaw of the Mississippi Valley, Pawnee in the Kansas and Nebraska plains, and Navajo in the Arizona and New Mexico deserts had built their subsistence system balancing food collection through horticulture and hunting. The European and American fur traders, questing for the profits of the hunt, incorporated natives to assist in gathering skins. In exchange, traders offered products and goods that Indians saw as useful within the context of their subsistence economy. As demand grew for furs and skins, the Indians failed to meet the market demand because their priorities were in only obtaining the product they needed. Items like pots, woolens, guns and horses were not perishable and so once they had been obtained it was only necessary to meet the demand of the trade market once those items need to be replaced.

The initial introduction, it seemed, of the market economy had very little influence on the established native economy. Trade was only a new peripheral aspect of Indian culture. It did not seep into the core of societies that remained preoccupied with survival. However, the intense pressure for conformance to capitalistic values, the issuance of credit, and the introduction of liquor (a perishable) caused "structural distortions � political, economic and social" to result. (White, xv) This conditioning, of one economic system over another, caused a "syndrome…of characteristics" which denied natives the ability of expansion or self-sufficiency. (White, xvii) The results were dependency, loss of control over resources and increased pressure to lose group identity.

The greatest factor in directing native inability to maintain self-sufficiency was the change in the environments that was brought about by the increased demand from the market economy. The Choctaw and Pawnee staples of white-tailed deer and buffalo respectively were practically hunted to extinction and the Navajo land that supported goat and sheep was invaded and left barren by massive herds of cattle. These events forced an imbalance in the subsistence cycle causing a reprioritization and adjustment that best facilitated continued survival. That adjustment in White's view was dependency.

The problem with this notion is that while yes the market economy did irrevocably alter native life, White assumes the same perspective of Native Americans that ultimately led to Native American subjugation and exploitation. That assumption is that societies that had maintained and perpetuated their existence for thousands of years must have been overcome by a more superior force (in this case economic) rather than instinctively adapting and prioritizing, adjusting to meet the demands of survival. Granted the results were catastrophic and unfortunate in terms of the loss of ancient histories and even life, but it is important that natives be given the credit of still being in control of their destiny…for without that they became extinct the minute the first European landed.

Also published in 18 was Sylvia Van Kirk's study of the fur trade and market economy affect on gender issues, specifically the social changes made involving native and mixed blood women. Her book, entitled Many Tender Ties Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870, examines the growing social, political and of course economic influence north western Canadian women exerted as a direct result of the domination of the fur trade. Van Kirk asserts native women who became spouses of fur traders were vital in the advancement of the market economy. Additionally, because there was very little distinction between a woman's "home sphere" and "work sphere" they supplied an integral socio-economic role that served to not only expand capitalism among natives, but also woman's rights among the European.

Van Kirk claims that in fur trade, white and Indians met "on the most equitable footing that has ever characterized the meeting of "civilized" and "primitive." (Van Kirk, ) She also stresses less the total capitulation of the subsistence system in favor the market economy instead she insists that the changes that evolved were results of shifting influences of dual cultural roots. Because of their isolation from European culture and because of their quest for commercial success, traders adopted many Native American traditions and customs. To accentuate cross-cultural cooperation many traders accepted wives from tribal leaders, establishing a kinship and reciprocal privileges between the two cultures. As the "tie" that bound the two, women were firmly established in a position of influence and reverence. In addition to being the "unofficial" work force of the fur trade industry, they were also relied on for their domestic skills. These skills included the making of moccasins and snowshoes, curing produce, collecting alternate foods, dressing furs and skins, and serving as guides and interpreters.

These women assisted propelling the market economy forward because they felt that it was in their best interest that trade succeeded. Many of the goods that were traded for by Indians directly revolutionized women's work. Metals for agricultural tools, pots for cooking, and horses that took the burden of pack animal off their shoulders were advancements that native women felt they could not live without. The Victorian values and chivalristic notions carried by many of the European traders were also influential to some Indian women's notions that their fate would be better with traders. Many native women who became trader's wives saw an increased range of autonomy and freedom from cultural taboos. It is this perspective that Van Kirk has offered that is most historically ground breaking. The idea that capitalism and the market economy were supported by women not because of one's superiority over the other, but because they provided an outlet for gender equalization and elevation is very revolutionary. However, it only reinforces the theory that man (in this case woman) continues the prioritization concept within the context of an ever-changing environment.

Van Kirk's non-emphasis on native victimization is bold and may help explain, as she says "the dynamics of social and economic interaction." (Van Kirk, 7) But perhaps she does more to explain the subtleties and nuances that lay at the crossroads of historical alternatives. These nuances do more to shape the future than they are perceived credibly capable. The problem, however, is that they must be studied within the larger historical trends to be significantly appreciable. In this case proper contextual relevance must be applied to the study of women's influence in the fur trade by establishing the larger issue of the competing economic philosophies. Only then can any singular group's influence be given proper reflectance.

More current examination of the influence of the fur trade on Native American culture lies in Kathryn E. Holland Braund's 1 Deerskins and Duffels The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685-1815. Braund's thesis is that the market economy represented by the fur trade was prosperous to both the Europeans as well as the Indians as each adopted the styles, interests and valuables of the other. Reminiscent of White, Braund states that trade goods ceased to be novelties and became necessities for the Indians forcing economic dependence on trade (somehow translated into a mutually prosperous relationship). This dependence, in turn had "irreparably changed" native culture. (Braund, xiii)

What is different about Braund's approach as compared to White is that she employs cultural histories as well as ethnological studies to present a "before market economy" and an "after market economy" picture of native culture. Braund presents the transformation of the Creek culture, highlighting elements of the fur trade as the primary impetus of that transformation. Her "pre-trader" and "post-trader" portrayal of the Creek nation includes outlines of gender roles in the social, labor, and domestic arenas as well as an overview of the Creek political and religious mechanisms.

Following European advancements into Creek culture, a "notable contrast" occurred that improved and complicated Indian life. (Braund, 5) The Creeks most notable contrast between their "pre" and "post" trade contact was their increased tribal power in relationship to other tribes. Maintenance of that power was essential to the Creek leaders who began an increasing reliance on the fur trade to supply the tribe with weapons and horses. Creek warriors over hunted the deer population (for trade) causing an imbalance in the environment and the subsistence cycle that supported them. That reliance and the introduction of liquor spiraled into eventual dependence on European goods.

Braund's history applies the advantage of being the latter version out of the box. She combines the strengths White and Van Kirk respectively share in their narratives. However, each approaches the study of the fur trade from the same general vantage. In each example we are correctly led to conclude that the forces that direct an economy directly affect if not dictate the culture that employs that economy. Any alterations, or as with Native Americans, substitutions of economies lead to dramatic and monumental cultural adaptations. White, Van Kirk, and Braund offer examples of how alteration of American Indian economics rapidly disrupted environmental, gender, and ethnological patterns. These patterns had been established over thousands of years of consistent practice of a subsistence-based economy. However, each authors' conclusion, while although technically correct, leave the reader and the discipline of history with a false sense that these cultures continued in their somewhat altered form. If the logic is followed through the result is not altered culture, but new culture…first generation mutated offspring of the dynamic conflict between two economies.

As was alluded to above but will be more directly stated now, economics derive culture. The subsistence economy created and formed Native culture. Its replacement with the market philosophy was followed by Indian's failed attempt to continue the application of that culture supported by a surrogate economy. While many customs and traditions were maintained (most altered in purpose), Native Americans who did not practicing subsistence economics found their ancient cultures replaced with new ones. These new cultures reflected the instincts of priority. This is how Native American culture should be studied, as new additions in man's evolutionary adaptation to the environment. Native culture was the strongest and most virile culture for the economy from which it sprang. That is its historical significance. The cultures that exist today are their testament to the evolutionary laws that govern man's continued survival.

Braund, Kathryn Holland. Deerskins and Duffels The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685-1815, Univ of Nebraska Press, 1.

Engels, Mary T., ed. Tales from Wide Ruins Jean and Bill Cousins, Traders, Texas Tech Univ Press, 16.

Knight, Oliver, An Oklahoma Indian Trader as a Frontiersman of Commerce, in The Journal of Southern History, Vol , No , May 157, pp 0-1.

Kraus, Michael, America and the Utopian Ideal in the 18th Century, in The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol , No. 4, Mar 16, pp 487-504.

McManus, John, An Economic Analysis of Indian Behavior in the North American Fur Trade, in The Journal of Economic History, Vol , No 1, Mar 17, pp 6-5.

Miller, Christopher and George Hamell, A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade, in The Journal of American History, Vol , No , Sep 186, pp 11-8.

Spring, Joel. The Cultural Transformation of a Native American Family and Its Tribe, 176-15, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., NJ, 16.

Van Kirk, Sylvia. Many Tender Ties Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870, Univ of Oklahoma Press, 18.

White, Richard. The Roots of Dependency Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos, Univ of Nebraska Press, 18.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Daisy Miller and The Gaze, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Daisy Miller and The Gaze paper at affordable prices ! Although modern women have somewhat overcome the unfair prejudice and the degradation of the female gender, women in the nineteenth century were forced to deal with a culture in which gender equality was much less understood and existed. The nineteenth century society often placed specific, stereotypical, and restrictive standards on how the female gender should behave. The gazes, which can be described as ¡°the viewing relationship characteristic of a particular set of social circumstances¡±(The Gaze), of various characters at the American woman in literature reflect such gender inequality in the old, conservative society. Especially, in the short story Daisy Miller by Henry James, the gazes of Winterbourne at Daisy during their first meeting, Mrs. Costello at Daisy when having a conversation with Winterbourne, and James at the Miller women and Mrs. Walker are the good examples to present the gender inequality in such conservative society. They are used to create the appropriate behaviors of American women and to demonstrate how the female gender was seen by the other sex as well as the same sex between the young-American and the old-European societies in the nineteenth century.

The gaze of Winterbourne at Daisy during their first meeting clearly illustrates how the female gender was seen by the other sex. As Daisy approaches toward Winterbourne and her brother Randolph, Winterbourne is immediately attracted to the pretty American girl. James writes ¡°She was dressed in white muslin, with a hundred frills and flounces, and knots of pale-colored ribbon. She was bareheaded, but she balanced in her hand a large parasol, with a deep border of embroidery; and she was strikingly, admirably pretty. How pretty they are! thought Winterbourne, straightening himself in his seat, as if he were prepared to rise¡±(4). Winterbourne¡¯s gaze on the physical features of Daisy shows that she is from the wealthy family. Also, his impression, ¡°How pretty they are!¡±, suggests that Winterbourne immediately makes a judgment about Daisy as a typical pretty American girl and he does not individualize her as a unique person. Furthermore, the reaction of his body shows his sexual arousal at the sight of Daisy. This tells that the American woman is seen as a sexual object either consciously or unconsciously. As the conversation of Winterbourne and Daisy continues, Winterbourne considers Daisy as a flirt. James writes ¡°He was inclined to think Miss Daisy Miller was a flirt--a pretty American flirt. He had never, as yet, had any relations with young ladies of this category¡±(10). This indicates that Winterbourne misjudges Daisy¡¯s uncultivated and innocent manner as a flirt and distinguishes her into a category as a pretty American flirt he had never met before. All of these clearly show how a man comes to the conclusion about the American women by only looking at women¡¯s physical features and the body reactions that he receives.

The gaze of Mrs. Costello at Daisy when having a conversation with Winterbourne shows how the female gender was seen by the same sex and how the American woman should behave in the women¡¯s point of view. James writes ¡° They are very common, Mrs. Costello declared. They are the sort of Americans that one does ones duty by not--not accepting ¡±(1). Mrs. Costello¡¯s comment about Daisy and her family confirms the disapproval and the contempt of Daisy¡¯s family since they are common according to her. In other words, Mrs. Costello immediately looks down upon the Daisy¡¯s family because of their new money and unsophisticated conduct. Also, she blames them for not accepting the code of social behavior since Daisy refuses to obey the rules of European society. It is clear to see that Mrs. Costello disapproves a woman, who acts only on her free will and spontaneous impulse. When Winterbourne tells his aunt that he is going to take Daisy to Chateau de Chillon, Mrs. Costello responds, ¡° Dear me! cried Mrs. Costello. What a dreadful girl! ¡±(15). Her response shows the negativity toward Daisy since Winterbourne and Daisy decided to go to the old castle together after knowing each other only for half an hour. In the Mrs. Costello¡¯s point of view, Daisy¡¯s such act is unimaginable since it is against the code of conduct for women to go to places with foreign men. Since Mrs. Costello is incapable to notice beyond these issues, she immediately judges Daisy based on the stereotype she sees her fulfilling as the young American flirt. All of these surely show that Mrs. Costello only accepts the idea that women must follow the customs and traditions of old Europe. Also, they show that a woman judges the same sex based on her way of life and belief.

Last, the gaze of James at the Miller women and Mrs. Walker illustrates how the female was seen by the opposite sex and how the behaviors of women from the American society were different compare to the behaviors of women from the European society. James categorizes the Miller women and Mrs. Walker to show the different lifestyle that they pursued. James writes ¡°This lady and her daughter, however, were not at home; and on the next day after, repeating his visit, Winterbourne again had the misfortune not to find them¡±(4). This portrays the lifestyle that the Miller women pursued. Their preference on the outward action and the loose modes of custom is reflected on the fact that they are often not at home. Also, for Mrs. Walker, James writes ¡°Mrs. Walker was one of those American ladies who, while residing abroad, make a point, in their own phrase, of studying European society, and she had on this occasion collected several specimens of her diversely born fellow mortals to serve, as it were, as text-books¡±(4). This quotation depicts that Mrs. Walker¡¯s lifestyle is to achieve the greater approval of her social circle by staying home most of time and having a party to which she can invite her social peers. Also, it shows that she focuses on the appearance and the formal propriety of women in the European society. It is clear that Mrs. Walker uses her party to observe the European society instead of participating in it. Such contrasting lifestyles surely categorize women between the American and the European society.

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In the nineteenth century, women were required to behave in the rigid rules of formalized civil society. When women denied accepting such strict and conservative standards, they were ridiculed and rejected by their social circle and compatriots. In Daisy Miller by Henry James, the gazes of Winterbourne at Daisy during their first meeting, Mrs. Costello at Daisy when having a conversation with Winterbourne, and James at the Miller women and Mrs. Walker are used to prove the unfairness toward women due to the strict rules of the old society. Also, they are used to show the suitable behaviors that the American women should pursue and to illustrate how women were seen by the other sex as well as the same sex between the American and the European society. Although women of today are still striving for gender equality, James and his characters surely helped to light the way for gender equality to go one step further.

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While members of this industry sell mostly athletic footwear, many in the industry have recently entered the sports apparel and accessories industries as well. NIKE, Reebok, Converse and Adidas can be seen splashed all across the front of athletic clothing. This represents a double benefit for the industry because people pay to be seen in the companys apparel, and the industry gains free advertising.

Historically, consumers have purchased their footwear at specialty and department stores. Most of these purchases were of the higher-priced designer brands. During the 180s, consumers doubled their purchases of athletic footwear with an average annual growth rate of 7. percent. As the 10s opened, a recession caused many consumers to be more value conscious and sales of athletic footwear stalled. This also caused several consolidations and mergers in the industry.

The mass merchandisers also contributed to the consolidations in the industry. Mass retailers such as Sears, K-Mart, and Wal-Mart began to offer the name brand shoes. The companies then had to reduce the price of many models and had to create a two-tiered market, with cheaper models sold at the mass retailers and the higher-priced models sold at specialty and department stores.

The latest industry statistics show total sales increased by 7 percent on a 6 percent unit sales figure from 14 to 15. (http//www.npd.com/smpr1.htm) Domestic consumers bought 44 million pairs, while spending $1. billion in 15. For four straight years, the 1 and under female category has shown great increases. Also, in 15, adult women accounted for 45 percent of total dollars, while adult men contributed 4 percent of total sales. This mens figure was up 5 percent over 14, another high growth area.

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The industry as a whole concentrates heavily on advertising. Some well-known sports figures endorsing NIKE include Michael Jordan, Bo Jackson, Deion Sanders, and most recently, golf phenom Tiger Woods. Reebok spokespeople include Shaquille ONeal and Emmitt Smith.

The future of the Athletic Footwear industry looks bright. Out of 66 million pairs sold, athletic shoes account for percent of total pairs of footwear in 14 [See Appendix B], and $8.05 billion in wholesale revenue. This indicates the demand for athletic shoes should remain high for years to come with plenty of room to grow. Internationally, the industry has great potential. Only NIKE has been successful at penetrating the Asian market. In 1, Asian sales represented $500 million of NIKEs total of $4 billion.

The words NIKE and sport shoes are almost synonymous in todays society. However, this was not the case thirty-five years ago. In fact, it took some time, but NIKE, Inc. is now the #1 athletic shoe seller in the United States and the world (Hoovers ).

The current CEO and Chairman of the Board for NIKE, Inc., Phil Knight, and the current Senior Vice President, Bill Bowerman, formed their own athletic shoe company in 164 in Eugene, Oregon. At the time of their first meeting, Knight was an undergraduate business student and Bowerman was Knights track coach. By 171, their newly formed athletic shoe company was growing and the brand name was chosen to be NIKE, the Greek goddess of victory. At the same time, the famous NIKE swoosh design was created by a graduate student for the price of $5.00. This logo represents the wing of the Greek goddess, NIKE (NIKE timeline).

In 17, with some persuasion by Knight and Bowerman, NIKE shoes were worn by some of the runners at the Olympic Trials. Following that, several major athletes began wearing NIKE shoes. As a result of this, an abundance of young runners wore NIKE shoes at the 176 Olympic Trials (NIKE timeline). This was the beginning of the NIKE legend.

The good news for NIKE came in the 170s when jogging became a national craze. Everyone began wearing sneakers (even if they did not jog or run). Eventually, the jogging habits of Americans slowed down, but athletic shoes would never again be thought of in the same way. The bad news came when NIKE and the mostly male officers (former male athletes) missed the big opportunity in the womens athletic shoe market. Business did pick up eventually in this market, but Reebok, NIKEs challenger, took the immediate lead in womens fitness (Labich 5).

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Night, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Night paper at affordable prices ! Through the help of spiritual and religious "mentors" such as his father, mother, Moshe the Beadle, and the Pole, main character Eliezer in Night by Elie Wiesel has a strong change in his faith in God. Eliezer struggles to find reasons to appreciate God's existence when he has sent him, his family, and his friends through the entire process of this terrible period of time, known as the Holocaust.

First of all, in the very beginning of his journey before deportation, his father and the rest of his family assure Eliezer that if he keeps faith in God and prays to the Lord, then everything will eventually be okay. When the family is settled in their tiny ghetto, their mother keeps repeating "we must keep going, we must keep going" (16). People are optimistically saying things like "perhaps we are being deported for our own good" (16). These speeches helped pass the time and made Eliezer believe that they may have a chance of survival. Moshe the Beadle convinces everybody that if they remain faithful, they will eventually pull through.

Soon after entering the harsh conditions of the concentration camps, Eliezer's faith in God slowly diminishes. His father reminds him to repeat the Kaddish, "May His Name be blessed and magnified, " (5) but for the first time, Eliezer feels like he shouldn't bless His [God's] Name. He has nothing to thank God for because he has not done anything to stop this torture of innocent Jews. Eliezer does, however, "thank God you're [friends and acquaintances] still alive!" (6) when he meets up with old friends again. When the guards begin to strip people of their new shoes, he also thanks God for "having created mud in His infinite universe" (8). That mud disguised his new shoes as being old and dirty, and allowed him to keep one of his last items of identity. Eliezer then meets the Pole, who advises prisoners to become friends with each other. All they need to do is have faith, and "you will keep death away from yourselves" (1).

Nearing the end of his journey, Eliezer prays to God to never let him leave his father the way Rabbi Eliahou's son did. He prays to help his father every step of the journey. When his father dies, Eliezer thanks God for setting him "free" of the burden from caring for his father.

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When his journey comes to its end, Eliezer has lost almost all faith in God for letting all of the terrible things happen to these innocent people. Despite the many spiritual "mentors" he has met along the way that tried to restore his faith in the Lord, Eliezer will never forgive Him for all of the cruel misery he has caused the Jewish community to endure.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Themes of P&P, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Themes of P&P paper at affordable prices ! One thing that may not be obvious is that it is always more "genteel" to be a rural land-owner than to be actively involved in commerce, no matter how much money you're making in business (thus "trade", or business, can be a disparaging word). This is why Mr. Gardiner is looked down upon by the Bingley sisters and Lady Catherine. Charlotte Lucas is a victim of Sir William Lucas being taken in by this myth of rural land-owning gentility.

But why is it so popular? Perhaps because, in our era of gender roles in flux, it presents an earlier age where these roles were clearly defined and understood by all. Interestingly though, Elizabeth Bennet (Lucy Taylor) stands out as an unusually independent woman. Although she knows she cannot break through society's constraints, she insists on the maximum freedom within them. The story of her and Darcy's reluctant romance is one of two people coming to know and like each other in spite of society's expectations, with neither having the whip hand. It is a meeting of minds, which might be the deeper reason we like this romance from an otherwise alien time.

Marriage is an important theme of Pride and Prejudice. Its influence over the characters and events of the novel is hinted at in the ironic opening sentence: "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife'(Chapter 1). Regardless of what any young man might desire or need, finding suitable marriage partners for her daughters becomes an all consuming passion for Mrs Bennet. In her opinion, the wealthier a young man, the more attractive a proposition he becomes. Jane Austen is keen, however, to point out the dangers of a marriage that is not based on mutual love and respect.

The second marriage of the novel is the practical and mutually advantageous arrangement between Mr Collins and Charlotte Lucas. Charlotte, who at twenty-seven would have been considered a mature bride in Jane Austen's day, realises that any real chance of love has probably passed her by. Although she realises her chances of true happiness are limited, she marries Mr Collins in the hope that she will avoid poverty and loneliness in old age:

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"Without thinking highly of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her object; it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be their pleasantest preservative from want'(

In Jane Austen's world, Lydia's scandalous loss of dignity and fall from grace would have resulted in banishment from her family and respectable society. Even though Lydia is saved from total degradation, her punishment will be an unhappy marriage without the love and respect of her partner.

Social Satire

When Jane Austen wrote her novels in the early nineteenth century, English society was dominated by the aristocracy and landed gentry. Society and etiquette was controlled by a rigid set of conventions and protocol, which on the surface at least, were there to preserve decency and good manners. As a result of their inherited wealth and positions, the landed classes, who owned much of the countryside, had an innate belief in their own superiority over the rest of society. Consequently, they looked down on those whose occupations and income were not connected with land ownership.

Jane Austen describes the landed gentry in detail and attacks the shallowness of their etiquette and manners. She criticises their arrogance and conceit and the way they are prepared to condemn those who contravene their moral standards and behavioural codes. While she gives them a semblance of civility, Jane Austen is scathing of the gentry's superficiality and hypocrisy. The absurd and patronising Lady Catherine de Bourgh , for instance, is ridiculed for her intolerance and disdain for those of a lower social rank. She is prepared to accept Mr Collins' sycophantic flattery but is not prepared to tolerate a member of her family marrying one of his distant relatives.

Another aspect of Jane Austen's social satire is her amusing portrait of the pompous and hypocritical Mr Collins, whose Christian beliefs are contradicted by his materialism and lack of charity and forgiveness towards Lydia. In the author's opinion he is too conscious of status and possessions for a clergyman.

In each case, anxieties about social connections, or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth's realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Austen views love as something independent of these social forces, as something that can be captured if only an individual is able to escape the warping effects of hierarchical society. Austen does sound some more realist (or, one could say, cynical) notes about love, using the character of Charlotte Lucas, who marries the buffoon Mr. Collins for his money, to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate marriage. Yet with her central characters, Austen suggests that true love is a force separate from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances.

Reputation - Pride and Prejudice depicts a society in which a woman's reputation is of the utmost importance. A woman is expected to behave in certain ways. Stepping outside the social norms makes her vulnerable to ostracism. This theme appears in the novel, when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with muddy skirts, to the shock of the reputation-conscious Miss Bingley and her friends. At other points, the ill-mannered, ridiculous behavior of Mrs. Bennet gives her a bad reputation with the more refined (and snobbish) Darcys and Bingleys. Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these examples, but later in the novel, when Lydia elopes with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock, the author treats reputation as a very serious matter. By becoming Wickham's lover without benefit of marriage, Lydia clearly places herself outside the social pale, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family. The fact that Lydia's judgment, however terrible, would likely have condemned the other Bennet sisters to marriageless lives seems grossly unfair. Why should Elizabeth's reputation suffer along with Lydia's? Darcy's intervention on the Bennet's behalf thus becomes all the more generous, but some readers might resent that such an intervention was necessary at all. If Darcy's money had failed to convince Wickham to marry Lydia, would Darcy have still married Elizabeth? Does his transcendence of prejudice extend that far? The happy ending of Pride and Prejudice is certainly emotionally satisfying, but in many ways it leaves the theme of reputation, and the importance placed on reputation, unexplored. One can ask of Pride and Prejudice, to what extent does it critique social structures, and to what extent does it simply accept their inevitability?

Class - The theme of class is related to reputation, in that both reflect the strictly regimented nature of life for the middle and upper classes in Regency England. The lines of class are strictly drawn. While the Bennets, who are middle class, may socialize with the upper class Bingleys and Darcys, they are clearly their social inferiors and are treated as such. Austen satirizes this kind of class-consciousness, particularly in the character of Mr. Collins, who spends most of his time toadying to his upper class patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Though Mr. Collins offers an extreme example, he is not the only one to hold such views. His conception of the importance of class is shared, among others, by Mr. Darcy, who believes in the dignity of his lineage; Miss Bingley, who dislikes anyone not as socially accepted as she is; and Wickham, who will do anything he can to get enough money to raise himself into a higher station. Mr. Collins's views are merely the most extreme and obvious. The satire directed at Mr. Collins is therefore also more subtly directed at the entire social hierarchy and the conception of all those within it at its correctness, in complete disregard of other, more worthy virtues. Through the Darcy-Elizabeth and Bingley-Jane marriages, Austen shows the power of love and happiness to overcome class boundaries and prejudices, thereby implying that such prejudices are hollow, unfeeling, and unproductive. Of course, this whole discussion of class must be made with the understanding that Austen herself is often criticized as being a classist: she doesn't really represent anyone from the lower classes; those servants she does portray are generally happy with their lot. Austen does criticize class structure but only a limited slice of that structure.

'Pride and Prejudice' criticizes the Victorian society values through the three major problems of women: economic dependence on a man, their traditional role as domestic and accomplished wifes and their need to marry a man to fulfil their 'proper' destiny. These problems are represented in some characters in the novel, and, specially, in Elizabeth Bennet.

First of all, the major problem of Victorian women was their lack of economic independence, and therefore, being under the protection of a husband or any male relative. As they could not work and most of them did not have money of their own, society pressed them to find 'a single man in possession of a good fortune'. This is the case of the Bennet sisters and the Lucas sisters. It is especially hard for the Bennets because their estate is entailes to their cousin, Mr. Collins. The situation is criticized through Elizabeth's opposition to marrying him for money. On the other hand, Charlotte Lucas, does what society expects from her and marries Mr. Collins.

Secondly, this economic dependece links to the traditional view of women during the Victorian times. The role of 'Angel in the House' was the established path, which every woman had to follow: being passive, domestic and accomplised. However, Elizabeth does not possess these Victorian values. She likes being outdoors and unaccompanied, just as she did when she visited Jane in Netherfield. She is not passive because she likes to discuss with other people her opinions, facin even a man like Mr. Darcy or a highly ranked woman as Lady Catherine. And finally, she is not at all accomplished because her mother educated her at home. This traditional view of women is strongly criticiezed with men's attitude towards women. Men in the novel treat women as objects and not as 'rational beings'. It is especially clear in the frist proposals that Elizabeth rejects in which Mr. Darcy and Mr. Collins do not take her into account. The fact that Elizabeth does not follow the role of Victorian women shows the critical ideas that the novel presents about society.

Finally, women's destiny is totally ruled by their lack of freedom socially and economically speaking. They MUST marry, even if they are part of the aristocracy and have money. Mrs. Bingley is a clear example of how tradition and society pressed women into marriage to fulfil their lives. Elizabeth also needs to marry, but for money. The big irony of Elizabeth's opposition to the Victorian traditions is that she finally follows her 'proper destiny' and marries the richest man. In the end the critique is on marrying for money rather than in marriage itself.

In conclusion, 'Pride and Prejudice' uses Elizabeth to show the clear problems of women in the Victorian society, although she is not a total rebel in the problem of marriage. Elizabeth, then, is the one to focalize what was considered normal and give it asense of being unjust to women through irony and a lot of common sense.

Reputation and social status are important when it comes to love, or are they? Pride and Prejudice exemplifies examples that prove this statement to be invalid. It is acknowledged and known that a man in possession of a good fortune is in want of a good wife and Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice represents this statement. Through strong themes, sociological aspects, irony and a little bit of foreshadowing and symbolism this comedy of manners shows the ability of love to overcome all obstacles

The pivotal theme is that marriage is important to individuals and

society. Throughout the novel, the author describes the various

types of marriages and reasons behind them. Marriage out of

economic compulsions can be seen in Charlotte's marriage to

Collins. Marriage due to sensual pleasure can be seen in Lydia's

marriage. The marriage of Jane and Elizabeth are the outcome of

true love between well-matched persons.

For the women of her time marriage on any terms

was often the only escape from a depressing spinsterhood in respectable

poverty. Around this crucial issue of marriage she weaves her lively

subthemes of social criticism, making fun of snobbery, hypocrisy, the

spiteful gossip of respectable housewives and the prying impertinence of

ladies of title

Every society has its rules of social behavior, but manners are much less

important today than they were in Jane Austen's time. Her world was

dominated by social rituals that had built-in rules-balls, formal visits, and

conversations in which people were supposed to avoid personal or

otherwise embarrassing subjects. In Pride and Prejudice Austen

demonstrates her view that these rules are necessary: they constitute civil

and considerate behavior, the "oil" that allows relationships to run

smoothly. She is often critical of characters who break the rules and

sometimes uses them for comic effect-as when Lady Catherine de Bourgh

pries into the Bennet family's affairs. Mr. Collins represents the other side

of the coin-he is comic because he carries good manners to a ridiculous

extreme. Elizabeth represents the middle ground. When Mr. Collins

proposes, she rejects him with a proper "thank you." But when Darcy

proposes, she tells him that she cannot express gratitude to him because she

does not feel gratitude-and she goes on to tell him exactly how she does

feel, in words that bristle with angry criticism of him. It is clear that while

Jane Austen approves of the correct forms of social behavior, she makes fun

of them when they are carried to excess, and she does not approve of them

as cover-ups of strong and justifiable feelings.

. PRIVILEGE AND RESPONSIBILITY

The English gentry, as Jane Austen shows us, were highly privileged

people. When Darcy is criticized for being proud, Charlotte Lucas comes to

his defense, saying that a man of his wealth and family background has a

right to be proud. As the story unfolds, however, it becomes clear that

privilege brings with it responsibilities-ones that Darcy takes seriously. For

example, his housekeeper tells of his generous treatment of his servants and

tenants. And, shortly after that, Darcy undertakes the rescue of Lydia and

the rehabilitation of Wickham, at least as far as he is able. Darcy's sense of

responsibility impresses Elizabeth and finally wipes away her prejudice

against him.

Women in Regency Britain had far less options than women of today. By and large, women did not receive a formal education, and their aim was to become "accomplished", which means being proficient in the social graces such as music, needlework and literature, although the latter did not have the same emphasis.

In our story, Elizabeth was a well read and, therefore, intelligent young lady, having made full use of her father's extensive library – hence she became his favorite. As a result of being well read, she was regarded as opinionated, and this was one of the features that attracted Darcy to her.

There was constant pressure on women of these times to marry well, to obtain financial security, not for just themselves, but also for their immediate family.

Being in love with your partner was clearly a bonus, and most women did not expect to achieve this. The most important benefits of marriage for a woman were financial security and social position.

The position of unmarried women was clearly defined. You will note in Pride and Prejudice that there is no instance where a single woman traveled alone, or was without a chaperone.

When the Bennett daughters traveled they were either with a relative or a married woman. Both Jane and Elizabeth traveled with the Gardiners. When Elizabeth stayed in Kent, it was with Mrs. Collins. When Lydia traveled to Brighton it was with Mrs. Foster, the Colonel's wife, so when she runs away with Wickham she breaks all the social codes of the day and therefore, brings disgrace on her family. This situation could only be redeemed one way – with Lydia's marriage to Wickham. Anything less would forever tarnish the Bennett family name.

The situation regarding unmarried women with no financial means of support was dire. However, if they could obtain a position as a companion or governess, these were the few jobs that were allowed for women to take in Regency Britain. Although they retained their respectability, some of these jobs were unpleasant and degrading for they were always in a vulnerable situation. They could always be easy prey for men in the families for which they worked.

Another way to obtain income for the single woman was through writing, and some women authors used a male pseudonym.

However, the best way for a woman to avoid all these pitfalls was to marry well.

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Their "War" was against doing the normal, they wanted freedom of thought and to be an individual. They were terrified by the dangers of conformity and fought against stereotyping. Mr. Keating stated "I thought the idea of education was to learn to think for yourself' but this statement was not widely agreed on with a reply of "at these boys age not in your life'. "To strive to seek to find and not to yield", they fought their battle according to this saying by Alfred Lord Tennyson.

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The movie Dead Poets Society is a metaphor for the poem "O Captain my Captain'. Each having to fight for a prize which cost them but taught them very valuable lessons.

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