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11 Silver Prayaas

Leadership is one of the most

observed and least understood

Buy cheap participative management term paper

phenomenon on earth. Burns (178)

remarks. The problem arises not only

in understanding the operation of the

theory but even in its definition

Leadership is a complex and

multifaceted phenomenon to which

organizational and psychological

research has been applied.

A macro-level comparison of

business organizations in India vis-a

vis those of successful countries like

Japan, America, Germany, France

and Korea provide certain interesting

information. Physical and human

resource-wise comparison indicates

that there may not be yawning gaps

between Indian organizations and

the organization of the countries cited

above. While these countries have

developed management styles in

consonance with their cultural ethos,

Leadership in organizations

An Indian perspective

S W DESHPANDE

A number of theories and models have been proposed of leadership in organisations by

western theorists. These theories have worked well in those countries since they have been

developed keeping in view, the cultural context. These models may be good there but they

prove to be some what inadequate in the Indian cultural context. Indian organisations

cannot forget that their leadership models come from their socio culture. Indian cultural

is so accommodative that it welcomes noble thought coming from all over the world. The

author has developed a leadership model which would befit Indian organisations. The

model "EAST MEETS WEST' could satisfy the needs of the Indian corporate world.

Indian management experts had no

choice but to depend on western

perspectives because of the absence

of a local database and theoretical

framework.

Leadership theory began as a one

dimensional, internal and

individualistic process in which only

a leader 's personality traits or

behaviors were considered.

Situational elements, external to the

leader-member dyad were

subsequently added to the leadership

equations as well as an

acknowledgement of group

processes. An important new growth

stage was reached in the contingency

era as leadership theory evolved from

unidimensional to the

multidimensional arena. Here the

interaction of the leader,

subordinates and the situation all

became important in explaining

leadership. Leadership theory was

further advanced when the focus

changed from leadership being

primarily a top-down process to

much more of a bottom-up process.

Situational and non- leadership

factors were considered again but

this time from an integrative

perspective. The culture era built on

the situational factors, which

extended the scope of leadership

from group interactions to the

interactions of the entire

organization, affected by the persons

involved, their situations and their

influences on each other. King (10)

has summarized the major leadership

eras and periods, which are

presented in Table 1.

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March 00 11

Table 1 Evolutionary Stages of Leadership Theory

Personality Era Transactional Era

- Great Man Period - Exchange period

- Trait Period - Role Development Period

Influence Era Anti-Leadership Era

- Power Relation Period - Ambiguity Period

- Persuasion Period - Substitute Period

Behavior Era Culture Era

-Early Behavior Period - Transformation Era

-Late Behavior Period - Charisma Period

-Operant Period - Self- fulfilling

Contingency Era

In India the studies on leadership

began in the mid 50s. There are two

definite trends in the studies, the first

one are the studies done by Indian

researchers following the western

models, ignoring the Indian cultural

characteristics and the second are the

studies conducted by the American

organizational behavioral scientists

visiting management institutes in

India in the 60s and opined on the

basis of a limited data. Both the types

of studies have their limitations in the

sense that they have presented a lopsided

view of leadership of the Indian

organizations.

In the first type, we may include the

study by Ganguly (177) who has

surveyed a large number of

managers from a variety of

organizations and concluded that

that there was an interactive effect of

the leadership styles and the

organizational climate. Leaders

tended to use the benevolent

autocratic style but shifted to the

consultative style in organizations,

which have a participative work

climate. Prior to this, Pendse (165)

had done his doctoral work on

consultative style of leadership and

suggested that this worked very

effectively with the rural folk. The

second type of studies projected

authoritarian features on Indians.

Mead has opined that Indian

subordinates need authoritarian

leaders. Empirical studies (Hofstede,

176, 188) comparing values

across a number of countries have

clearly indicated the existing cultural

differences. Hofstede observed that

Americans score high on recognition

and achievement and low on

conformity, whereas Asians scored

high on conformity and orderliness

but low on independence Sinha

(17) has questioned the validity of

the assumption that Indians are

authoritarian in the sense defined by

Adorno et al (150). One of the

typical Indian cultural characteristics

is tolerance, which does not go with

the authoritarian personality.

Leadership styles and the

management processes in India

unfortunately appear to be a queer

cocktail without any unique and

distinctive focus of its own. Right from

the start, from the post independence

phase of development, not adequate

and serious grass-root efforts were

made to evolve leadership styles and

management processes that are true

to Indian ethos and culture and this

ethos itself has not sufficiently been

understood in its real spirit. The

educated Indians appear to be

Indianising management,

considering the Indian culture to be

feudalistic and backward. There are

many cultural values shared by both

Japan and India for example, respect

for the head of the family,

hierarchical relationship, seniority

and age. However, in India it is these

very features, which are made the

principal target of attack by the

Indian elite.

In the "80s two indigenous theories

of leadership came into prominence.

The first one is by J.B.P. Sinha who

advocated the Nurturant Task (NT)

style of leadership. This theory follows

a contingency approach in the sense

that the Nurturant - Task leader is

postulated to be effective only for

those subordinates who prefer

dependency and a personalized

relationship, are status conscious and

perform work as a part of a

relationship. Although, majority of

Indian subordinates do share these

cultural characteristics, there may be

enough subordinates who are

independent-minded, prefer

autonomy and want to work without

close supervision. Such subordinates

work more effectively under a

participative leader. In fact, the theory

postulates a broad developmental

continuum from the authoritarian

through NT to participative

leadership styles. This model of

leadership is presented in Figure 1.

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114 Silver Prayaas

The Indigenous Theories

• The Nurturant Task (TN) Style of Leadership (J.

B. P. Sinha)

A Model of Effective Leadership

F NT Nt/p P

Autonomous Group

S S1 S S

t t1 t t ti

(Notes F authoritarian; nt/p combination of nurturant task; P participative

leaders; S subordinates; t time point; solid lines positive relationship;

broken line negative relationship; arrow direction of relations.)

Figure 1. A model of effective leadership (J.B.P.Sinha, 18)

S1 is the Telling Style, S is the Selling

Style, S is the Participative Style and

S4 is the Delegating Style. Hersey

and Blanchard proposed these four

leadership styles in their Life Cycle

theory of leadership (16). t1, t

and t denote the periods in the life

span referring to the maturity levels

of the subordinates.

The next is The Pioneering-Innovative

(PI) style of leadership (Khandwala,

18). The NT style of leadership

proposed by Sinha is more

appropriate for the middle level

managers whose main function is to

manage human relations.

Khandwalla has contended that a

leader has to be pioneering and

innovative. The PI style is

characterized by commitment to

pioneering, novel and sophisticated

technologies, products and services,

high risk taking and strong emphasis

on creativity and adaptability.

Following liberalization of economics

of the developing countries in Asia,

the PI style is likely to receive greater

attention.

Despite Khandwalla's claim, the Pi

leadership does not seem to include

the typical Indian ethos of affection,

nurturance, care, consideration,

preference for dependency and

personalized relationship,

hierarchical orientation. The cultural

ethos is reflected in the Singh and

Bhandarkar's (10) formulation of

transformational leadership. They

have tried to find the roots of Indian

leadership in the Indian family.

A close examination of the

functioning of business organizations

in India indicates that not only do we

import leadership styles and

management systems, but even

compare this error by changing them

in faddist fashion. Such an approach

invariably leads to cynical reactions

like branding leadership styles of

management systems as new

gimmicks emerging from academic

ivory towers. Moreover many

companies feel nonplussed by the

surefire management success

formulae from Harvard, Oxford or

Tokyo. Rather than blindly adopting

the leadership styles and the

management systems, we would be

better off if we were to make the

change at the root itself � evolve

culturally consistent and relevant

leadership styles.

Indian culture, being probably the

only unbroken culture in the world,

has both kinds of processes Those

that can help change and those that

hinder change (development). A

better understanding of these

processes may help us to use them

for planning.

Positive forces in the Indian culture

include high extension motivation

(concern for others), as reflected in

the patriotic traditions, and respect

for others as reflected in the

welcoming different ideas, people

openness; synthesis, respect for

knowledge etc.

The following processes in Indian

culture are shown in Table

Table Processes in the Indian

Culture

1. Dependency motive,

generating -

a) Avoidance syndrome (not

taking initiative, not

taking responsibility,

exaggerating obstacles)

b) Excessive fear of failure

and risk avoidance

c) Over conformism

d) Favor seeking

. Casteism, generating -

a) Difficulty to relate to peer

level

b) Dependency relationship

as contrasted with

interdependence

c) Role fixation

d) Self rejection resulting

because of role fixation

. Fatalism, generating -

a) Cynicism (Nothing good

The Indigenous Theories

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March 00 115

can come out)

b) Lack of self critical self

examination (Low

personal block)

4. Non-involvement and

noncommitment -(feeling of joy

after success and feeling of

sadness after failure)

a) Non-conforming

behavior

b) Excessive tolerance

5. Individualism, generating -

a) Lack of interpersonal trust

b) Difficulties

in collaboration

6. Irreality orientation, generating

�(may be due to Upanishadic

teaching that everything is

MAYA - unveil)

a) Symbol infatuation

b) Fantasy directedness

c) Difficulty in anticipating

problems and values

Singh and Bhandarkar (10)

have listed some components

of Indian culture. They are

presented in Table .

Table Components of Indian

Culture

 Karta

 Relationships

 Respect for elders

 Proximity to Power

 Hierarchy

 Security

 Simple Living and High

Thinking

 Psychology of Entitlement and

over � emphasis on Reward

The first component is the institution

of KARTA. The immense authority and

power characterize the Karta or the

head of the house. Besides, since the

Hindu family is largely a patriarchal

institution, the father is the most

omnipotent in the family. The "Karta'

experience is amongst the earliest

and strongest socialization

experiences of the Indian child. It is

nurturing, caring, dependable,

sacrificing, yet demanding

authoritative and strict dimension of

the father (or figure head of the

house) which the individual learns to

value for in life. By behavior and style,

the Karta normally evokes a feeling

of security, trust and dependability.

As a result of this cumulative

experience, a father is what the

individual looks for symbolically in

the workplace, for empowering and

protection. In return the individual

develops respect and reverence for

his superior and demonstrates

willingness to respect his authority.

When the individual joins work with

his set of expectations, he can be

faced with two kinds of situations. He

either has a superior who, by and

large, meets his demands or he finds

that the superior is very low on "Karta

� like' traits, there is meaningful and

purposeful superior � subordinate

relationship. The superior also finds

that he can easily build a cohesive

team, with the subordinates having

respect for his authority. On the other

hand, when the superior fails to

satisfy the "Karta image" expectations

, these very positive behaviors may

easily turn negative. In the extreme

case, there will be non-acceptance

for the superior's formal authority.

Relationship is the next important

component of the Indian culture. This

is the result of the extended

childhood, which characterizes the

Indian family system, compared to

the shorter childhood, which children

experience in the western system of

child rearing. The individual comes

to the work place and brings with him

a strong need to relate with others.

When organizational culture is not

Dr. S.W. Deshpande has

done his post graduation in

arts and is a consultant,

Trainer and Teacher. He was

the Head of Dept. of

Psychology in the University

of Pune from 15 July to

17. He was also the

Programme Director of

Sinhgad Institute of Business

Administration Pune. He has

presented various papers on

management in National

and International journals

and has attended

International Conferences

in management in Dublin,

Sharjah and Dubai. He was

the King Edward Memorial

Scholar from 15 to 161.

He was also the President of

the Marathi Manasshastra

Parishad and the Chairman

of the Board of Studies in

Psychology and Member of

the Academic Council of

SNDT University, Mumbai.

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116 Silver Prayaas

depersonalized , relatedness releases

positive energies like empathy,

intimacy, togetherness, we-feeling

etc. When the organization culture

is characterized by impersonality,

formal role-relationship, individual

experiences a sense of deprivation

of intimacy. Work wise, there is poor

team spirit leading to poor

performance, especially where

people with different group

orientations have to work together as

a team.

Proximity to power The ethos of the

joint family system with its heavy

accent on Karta experiences,

generates a unique psychological

response in the individual. The

experienced powerlessness ( to act

independently) and dependency in

childhood and adolescence result in

placing a high value on the power

as well as need to choose this power

source.

In the workplace the person has

similar expectation from the superior

who is looked up as a powerful

person. There can be too many

expectations, and excessive

dependence upon the authority

figure. At the work level, this would

mean that there is no independent

decision making, thus killing

individual capacity to take risk and

initiative to be innovative and

creative.

Blake and Mouton (15), borrowing

two dimensions form classical

American studies, developed a

Managerial grid. The two dimensions

were concern for task and concern

for people. They highlighted five

leadership styles in the managerial

grid, which is presented in Fig. .

Fig Managerial Grid

THE GRID

(Blake & Mouton)

,1 1,1

,5 ,5

5, 5, High

1 4 5 6 7 8

Low Concern for production High

1,

Thoughtful attention to needs

for satisfying relationships

leads to a comfortable,

friendly organisation

atmosphere & work tempo.

,

Work accomplishment is

from committed people.

Interdependence through a

"common stake" in

organisation purpose leads to

relationships of trust &

respect.

Exertion of minimum effort

to get work done is

appropriate to sustain

organisation membership.

Efficiency in operations

results from arranging

conditions of work in such a

way that human elements

interfere to a minimum

degree. 1

Low

8

Concern for people

6

5

4

5,5

Adequate organisation performance is

possible through balancing the necessity to

get out work with maintaining morale of

people at a satisfactory level.

7

The present investigator is attracted

to the managerial grid.

In order to evolve culturally consistent

(not accept) them. If these noble

thoughts were culturally relevant, we

would surely assimilate them.

If we see the components of Indian

culture, an individual at the

workplace expects a boss who is

powerful but at the same time

sympathetic, caring and also

providing security to the employee.

He should be like

As strong and hard as the sword but

as delicate and soft as a flower. A

East Meets West

(DESHPANDE, 17)

.1 .1 1.1 1.1

.5 .5 5.5 5.5

. . 5. 5. 1. 1.

Concern for productivity

Concern for people

CONSULTATIVE

TYPE

BENEVOLENT

AUTOCRAT

Benevolent Autocrat

Indicators

•Decisive / shows initiative

•Finisher / committed

•Evaluative of quality, quantity,

time

•Costs, profits & sales-conscious

•Both develops & proposes new

ideas

•Shows that efficiency &

productivity are valued

•Industrious / energetic

•Obtains results

and relevant leadership styles, one

has to carefully consider the

components of Indian culture. It is

also necessary to see that there are

culturally relevant models of

leadership prevailing in the western

countries, which proved the test of

time. Our teaching of Upanishadas

have widened our horizon to

welcome whatever good is there in

any part of the world

Let all the noble thoughts come from

all over the world, we would welcome

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March 00 117

who become mature, responsible

and also committed to the

organization. For such employees

5. style � CONSUlTATIVE TYPE

would be more relevant (Figure.).

There is a difference between this

style and American participative style.

In the latter, the decisions are arrived

at through discussions wherein each

member participates. Every member

has a role to play in the decisionmaking.

In the consultative style, the

boss, leader, or the powerful person

discusses with the other individuals

in the group, consults them but he is

the decision maker. This style is

recommended for the higher level

subordinates. As the Indian teaching

goes

REFERENCES

1) King, A.S. (10) Evolution of Leadership Theory Vikalja Vol 15(), 4-54

) Singh, P and Bhandarkar, A (18) Transformational leaders- A Study of their leadership profile Public Enterprises

Vol , Nos. -4

) Pendse V.V. (165) Consultative Type of Leadership, Unpublished P. Hd. Thesis Submitted to University of Pune

4) Singh, P and Bhandarkar (18) From Cultural Ethos to organizational milieu, In Management in Govt published

by ISTD, New Delhi.

5) Sinha JBP (18) Indian Perspectives on Leadership and Power in organizations. In social behavior and personality

edited by Janale Pande Allahabad.

6) Burns, J M (178) Leadership, New York Harper and Row

7) Blake, R. R. Morton J.S. (166) The Managerial Grid " Management Facades" Advance Management Journal

8) Chemers, M.N. (000) Leadership research and theory A functional integration group dynamics, Theory Research

and practice Vol 4, No 1, 7-4

) Humphreys , J.H. (001) Transformational and Transactional Leader Behavior Journal of management Research

Vol 1 No 148-156

10) Dhar, V Mishra, P (001) Leadership effectiveness Journal of Management Research Vol 1 No 4 55-66

11) Adorno, T.W. Frenkel-Brunswik, Else, Levinson, D.J. & Sanford, R.N. (150) The Authoritarian personality, New

York, Harper

Leadership is action, not position

- D. H. Mc Gannon

combination of these two we shall

find in our boss. A .5 style in the

managerial grid would be relevant

one. This is a BENEVOLENT

AUTOCRAT. The characteristic of a

benevolent autocrat are given in

Figure. below.

The father figure (KARTA) is

transferred to the workplace. The

employee derives satisfaction in such

an organizational setup where the

boss is strict but soft and considerate

when the occasion demands. This

leadership style is applicable to the

lower level subordinates who are

dependency prone, doing almost

routine type of work.

As the employees become

experienced there could be some

àmßV{fw [m{Se{ df} [w̧ o_Ì dXmMa{V²

From the age of 16 the father should

treat his son as his friend. At the

workplace also task orientation is not

the prime concern of this style. The

employees are responsible mature

and dedicated. Self-esteem should

be well protected by the boss, butthe

task orientation should not be

totally ignored.

The present author puts forth a

continuum of the maturity of the

subordinates and recommends the

benevolent autocrat style at the lower

and the consultative style at the upper

level of the maturity continuum.

These are the culturally consistent

and relevant leadership styles for

Indian organizations.

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heaven. Angels and death are brought together like osmosis. His

ability to start off in a cold bitter atmosphere of regret, and then

sway the readers emotion to a peaceful loving atmosphere is in itself

astonishing. Desire brings Keats to the heightened point of emotional

gratification within, The Eve of St. Agnes. St. Agnes is such a

peaceful age-old memory for Keats. He presents strength when pain is

being inflicted. His early images of purgatory, show Keats in a bind

of human emotion and regret for past sins. However, Pope does this

as well throughout, The Rape of Lock. Although, Pope is less

likely to find a happy medium in his tale of tolerance. He does

manage to relinquish all his desires for the sake of his own inner

strength. This strength is portrayed more intensely through his soul.

Memories are key to the anguish of the poem. In all of Keats

mediocre issues come love and honor. The entire tenth stanza is

caused by the emotions involved with love. However, this must leave

some readers at a loss. Keats doesnt seem to really care whether

anybody understands him. Keats only concern is to repent and achieve

harmony in life with his body and soul. Each of these two poets has

signified their lack of realism with a substantial concern for age-old

myth, and undeniable love. The portrayal of love in each poem has

brought most of the emotional satisfaction from the reader. Hence,

having observed these two magnificent artists for their personal

adherence to the reader, it is necessary to delve into the emotional

collaboration of imagery and its effect on the mind, body, and soul of

the two sides involved in each reading.

Imagery can sustain many possible contradictions on the

writers intentions. For instance, Keats hides his characters(Porphro

and Madeline) in order to present a more lustful in-depth love.

Safety is a key to Keats prolific attitude on the secrecy of a

womans virginity. A wholesome outlook is always in the future, it

would seem. However, this outlook is never reached throughout the

poem. In comparison with Pope, Keats has distinguished himself in his

writing. Pope relies on old myths and obscure legends in order to

achieve his outcome of clarity. Each writer has their own hero of the

day. In each writers mind is the idea that one can be g-d through

their own scripture. Each must be excused for not always being able

to know what is still real and what is fiction in life. Their

expensive minds have brought their own personal truth to light. Can

they hear the crying of their love sick pasts? In classic style, Pope

has brought dreams to reality. While Keats has more realistically

attended to his personal experiences. In addition to women, love,

g-d, sex, soul, mind, and body, Keats and Pope have taken different

outlooks on many similar issues. Keats has given the reader a more

intense feeling of desire and lust, then Pope. However, when myth and

love collide Alexander Pope has answered with his tale of g-ds,

angels and afterlife. As an empirical narcissistic person, I have

romanticized about the romances Keats has described. His inner

thoughts are more clear, then those of Pope. Additionally, Pope is

more morbid and in a way sour about his shortcomings in life. Which

are expressed significantly in many of Popes images. For instance,

poetic eyes is used by Pope on line 14. This image can be

expressed as a better way for the reader to see that life imitates

art! Now, viewing both works in detail has brought out an arousal of

insecurity and misunderstood quality. However, each has distinguished

its own identity by its style.

Referring back to the comparison of Pope and Keats styles can

be quite an enhancement upon the cerebral context in each poem. Pope

has strictly concerned himself with literary merit, and ghostly

apparitions of old tales that haunt all writers of the possibility for

brilliance. Keats however, has staked his claim as a romantic

idealist of love and thought. Mind, body and soul are key factors in

both of these works. Heaven is portrayed as a savior to man, and an

unforsaken goal for others. Spirituality reigns deep within the

hearts of both Keats and Pope. Consequence is not an issue, but the

ability to repent through words of wisdom is. This is what keeps Keats

and Pope sane(As well as many other writers, including myself). With

wisdom comes age, and with desire comes lust. Therefore, romantic

poets need to be preserved for their tremendous ability to stretch the

common ability to comprehend all of lifes trials and tribulations as

seen here in all its glory!

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in murder witness, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your murder witness paper at affordable prices ! I always loved money because I love to spend it. However, having witnessed a murder over money helped me to remember that life is more important. I hear people say money is the root of evil. People will go from one extreme to the other with or for money. What I mean to say is money can be life or death and I choose life.

I won't bore anyone with details leading up to the murder. Bang Bang, this guy got shot at twice; one bullet missed, but the second bullet went right through his head. I was in Derry, New Hampshire waiting for a ride home. Spinney, the murderer, put the 357 pistol in my direction signaling me over to him. Sure enough as I walk over to him he pulls a wad of cash out of the dead man's pocket. Spinney says, "your coming with me I can't leave a witness behind."

I soon came to find out we were going for a long ride. In fact, we were going to all the way to St. Petersburg, Florida. I was yet to know that this ride would forever change my life. Spinney killed this man for ten thousand dollars cash. Spinney had also kept me with him so he wasn't alone. Spinney had AIDS and didn't have very long to live.

During the ride we spoke about our lives and how we perceived death. Spinney told me how he was going to kill himself when we got to Florida. He offered whatever money he didn't spend to me, if I wanted it. At first I said yeah, but when I thought of everything that had happened, I began to question it.

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Spinney just so happened to be from the same city as me. So, I figured the police would suspect I had something to do with it. For the next ten hours I was a wreck; "now what do I do," I said over and over again. I go home I'm facing twenty-five to life for something I didn't even do. If I take the money they will think I was an accessory to murder. The only other options were to kill myself or take the money and be on the run for the rest of my life. For the first time in my life I didn't even want the money; just to go back to my life before.

Spinney made me video tape him before and during killing himself. He made a tape for his family and a tape for the police. He told the police I was just a witness that he didn't want to give the police any leads.

Now there was a tape to prove my innocence and eight thousand dollars nobody knew about.

Between witnessing a murder for money and being given that left over money; I didn't even want it. I wanted the life of mine that I lost for being in the wrong spot at the wrong time. I bought a bus ticket home and took a hundred dollars for expenses like food and cigarettes. The rest of the money was left in the cab to the bus depot. Because I choose my life over money that would haunt me forever.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Uncle TOm's cabin, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Uncle TOm's cabin paper at affordable prices ! C1 In the parlor of the Shelbys, a family that lives on a farm in Kentucky with several slaves, a slave trader named Haley is discussing a matter of business with Mr. Shelby, the congenial head of the household. Mr. Shelby, clearly uncomfortable, has found himself in Haleys debt and at his mercy. Haley is steadfast in insisting that Mr. Shelby must settle the debt by selling Tom, Shelbys most valued slave. When Harry, a small slave child, enters the room, Haley is instantly taken with the boys beauty, charm, and obvious intelligence. He immediately offers to settle up with Shelby if he will sell both Tom and the child. When Eliza, the childs mother and Mr. Shelbys wifes servant, enters the room, Haley is also taken with her beauty. She collects her child and scurries out of the room hurriedly. After she leaves, Haley expresses his admiration for Eliza and suggests that Mr. Shelby sell her as well. Mr. Shelby firmly tells Haley that he cannot sell Eliza, as his wife adores her. Haley agrees to this, but insists that Mr. Shelby sell Harry regardless. Mr. Shelby tells Haley that he will think it over and discuss the matter with his wife and tells Haley to come again later that evening. As Haley exits, Mr. Shelby bemoans his predicament silently to himself. Meanwhile, Eliza has run to Mrs. Shelbys parlor, having overheard just enough of the conversation to ascertain that Mr. Shelby was planning to sell someone. Eliza enters her mistress room with a gloomy expression; she is sick with worry that Mr. Shelby might be planning to sell her son. When Mrs. Shelby asks Eliza if she is upset, Eliza bursts into tears and confesses what she has overheard. Mrs. Shelby insists that Mr. Shelby would never sell Harry or any other slaves on the property, and her utter sincerity calms Eliza. Mrs. Shelby is completely unaware of her husbands situation and believes what she is telling Eliza is the truth.

C Eliza has been raised properly and has cultivated manners, intelligence, and bearing. George Harris, Elizas husband, lives on a neighboring farm; he is also intelligent and well-mannered, and has been allowed by his master to work in a factory off the plantation. Though Georges master collects the wages for himself, George is grateful for the opportunity to exercise his intellectual capacities. He invents a machine for the cleaning of hemp, and his boss at the factory remarks to Georges master that George is an uncommonly smart and efficient employee. Georges master, an ungrateful and jealous man, quickly yanks George back to the farm, telling him that he will remind George of his proper station. George becomes angry and bitter about his station

Yes Eliza, its all misery, misery, misery! My life is bitter as wormwood, the very life is burning out of me. Im a poor, miserable, forlorn drudge; I shall only drag you down with me, thats all. Whats the use of our trying to do anything, trying to know anything, trying to be anything! Whats the use of living? I wish I was dead. Chapter , pg. 18

C George, running an errand for his master, takes the opportunity to visit Eliza on the Shelby farm. He tells her of his predicament and bitterly wishes aloud that their son, Harry, had never been born. Eliza is shocked at his venom, and he tells her what happened in the factory. He tells her of his plan to flee to Canada, and she wishes him well and prays for him, fearing that she will never see her husband again.

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C4 In Uncle Toms cabin, his wife Chloe, whose cooking is renowned throughout the Shelby estate, is busily preparing the evening meal. Meanwhile, Toms two small children are playing underfoot, and two other slaves are visiting in the cabin. George, Mr. Shelbys son, age 1, is instructing Tom in his writing lesson. After the meal, Tom holds his weekly prayer meeting, and George reads scripture, to the delight of all present.

Topic Tracking Religion 1

Tom not only reads his Bible and leads prayer meetings, he implores everyone around him to follow the teachings of Christ. One of Toms principal reasons for his piety is his belief that God will redeem earthly mortals who have suffered by giving them glory in the afterlife.

Meanwhile, in the Shelby home, Mr. Shelby signs the bills of sale and gives them to Haley, asking him to promise that Tom does not end up in cruel hands. Haley assures Mr. Shelby that he will do his best to sell Tom to a kind master.

C5Mr. Shelby tells his wife that he has agreed to sell Tom and Harry to Haley. Mrs. Shelby begs and pleads with him to find another way to settle his debt, and she argues that she knew all along that no good could come of slavery

This is Gods curse on slavery!--a bitter, most accursed thing!--a curse to the master and a curse to the slave! I was a fool to think I could make anything good out of such a deadly evil. Chapter 5, pg. 6

But he tells her that there is simply no other way to settle accounts. Meanwhile, Eliza, suspicious of Haley, has been eavesdropping on the conversation from a nearby closet. Terrified, she sneaks into her room, packs some clothes for Harry, scribbles a note of apology to Mrs. Shelby, and sneaks out of the house. She notices on her way out that the prayer meeting is still going on in Uncle Toms cabin, so she stops by to tell them why shes leaving. She also tells them that Tom will soon be sold. Chloe, upon hearing the news, bursts into tears and begs Tom to run away with Eliza, but Tom insists on staying, saying that he would rather be sold himself than force his master to sell everyone on the property

If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold. I spose I can bar it as well as any on em. Chapter 5, pg. 7

He bursts into sobs at the thought of leaving his wife and children. Eliza asks them to send a message to her husband that she has fled with Harry to Canada, and after a tearful goodbye, she leaves the farm.

C6 When Mr. Shelby arrives on the farm the next morning, he is dismayed to find that Eliza has escaped. Mr. Shelby explains that he did not tell Eliza about her sons sale and that he had no idea she was planning to escape. He dispatches two slaves, Sam and Andy, to catch Eliza and Harry. Mr. Shelby invites Haley to stay for breakfast while Sam and Andy saddle up the horses and prepare for the chase. Before they do so, Mrs. Shelby speaks to Sam and Andy, dropping gentle hints that their journey should not commence too hastily. Sam and Andy, having caught her drift, proceed to stir up the horses and excite them to such a degree that they run wild over the property, and corralling them delays the journey by several hours.

C7 Eliza, having run with Harry all night, decides to stop for lunch at a small cafe the next day, explaining to the owner that she is on her way to visit friends. Eliza inquires about ferry passage over the Ohio River, and the cafe owner explains that while there is no boat service, she knows of a man who is planning to make a personal journey that evening. Eliza tells the woman that she needs to cross urgently, as her son is sick. The woman offers her a room to rest while she waits for the man who is planning to cross the river. Meanwhile, Sam, Andy, and Haley have proceeded in their search for Eliza, and their wagon parks at the inn where Eliza is sleeping with Harry. Upon hearing Sams voice, Eliza grabs Harry and escapes through a side door in her room and runs toward the river. Haley catches a glimpse of her, and the whole party chases after her. She sprints toward the rivers edge, and with a wild and desperate leap, hops onto a cake of ice floating in the river

The huge green fragment of ice on which she alighted pitched and creaked as her weight came on it, but she staid there not a moment. With wild cries and desperate energy she leaped to another and still another cake;--stumbling--leaping--slipping--springing upwards again! Her shoes are gone--her stocking cut form her feet--while blood marked every step; but she saw nothing, felt nothing, till dimly, as in a dream, she saw the Ohio side, and a man helping her up the bank. Chapter 7, pg. 61

Miraculously, she lands on it and hops across several others, her feet cut and bleeding, and manages to scramble to the Ohio side of the river. There, she sees a man she knows who owns a farm near the Shelbys. He helps her up the bank, and she explains her predicament. He points her toward a nearby house, and tells her she will be received kindly there. She thanks him profusely and proceeds to the house.

C8 Haley returns, defeated, to the tavern where Eliza had temporarily lodged. There, he happens upon an acquaintance named Tom Loker and Toms colleague, a man named Marks. Upon learning that Loker and Marks are professional slave catchers, he makes a deal with the two men--in exchange for their services in catching Harry, he will give them Eliza and let them take her to be sold into the New Orleans slave market. After some quarreling, they agree to the deal, and Haley gives the men a down payment for their services. Meanwhile, Sam and Andy return to the Shelby farm, where they inform Mr. and Mrs. Shelby of what happened. Mr. Shelby sounds skeptical, but Sam convinces him that it was true, and that he believes that divine intervention facilitated her crossing.

Topic Tracking Religion

Sam proudly tells Mrs. Shelby that his stalling abetted Elizas successful escape, and Mr. Shelby half-heartedly admonishes him and sends him to Chloe and Toms cabin for dinner. There, he tells Chloe and several other slaves his story, boastfully embellishing it and exaggerating his role in her successful escape. Chloe, growing weary and in a pensive mood, sends him out, and everyone retires for the evening.

C In a comfortable house in Ohio, a man and his wife are spending an evening with their young children. The woman prepares a cup of tea for her tired husband, Senator Bird, and asks him what has been happening in the Senate. Somewhat surprised, as his wife rarely asks him about matters of legislation, he begrudgingly tells her that the Senate has just passed a new law forbidding Ohio residents to give food and shelter to fugitive slaves from Kentucky. Mrs. Bird, a normally quiet and timid woman, strongly expresses her disgust at the legislation

You ought to be ashamed, John! Poor, homeless, houseless creatures! Its a shameful, wicked, abominable law, and Ill break it, for one, the first time I get a chance; and I hope I shall have a chance, I do! Things have got to a pretty pass, if a woman cant give a warm supper and a bed to poor, starving creatures, just because they are slaves, and have been abused and oppressed all their lives, poor things! Chapter , pg. 81

The two begin to argue fervently, with Mr. Bird insisting that the legislation is sensible and sound, and Mrs. Bird calling it cruel and unchristian. Mr. Bird is unwavering in his argument that the law must exist, if only to quell the growing public agitation in Kentucky. Mrs. Bird tries to appeal to her husbands humanity, demanding to know if he could truly turn away a slave should one appear, cold and hungry, at their door, begging for help. Mr. Bird, clearly unnerved by the question, drags his feet and attempts to offer a rebuttal.

Topic Tracking Morality 1

Just then, the Birds servant Cudjoe enters the room+ and urgently asks Mrs. Bird to follow him into the kitchen. Upon entering the kitchen, she calls for her husband, and they discover Eliza, with torn garments and one shoe missing, passed out on a chair. When she comes to, Eliza begs them to let her stay awhile, and Mrs. Bird eagerly complies, with no objections from her husband. After making up a bed for her and seeing her to sleep, Mr. and Mrs. Bird begin conversing, wondering who Eliza is and how she got there. Mr. Bird, in a contradiction of his earlier arguments, suggests that his wife might loan her some clothing and a cloak. Just then, Eliza awakens and asks to see Mrs. Bird. Eliza explains her predicament and appeals to Mrs. Bird, asking her if she has ever lost a child. Mrs. Bird begins to sob, as she has buried a child only a month before. Eliza tells her that she herself has lost two children and couldnt bear to live if she lost Harry as well

I have lost two, one after another,--left em buried there when I came away; and I had only this one left. I never slept a night without him; he was all I had. He was my comfort and pride, day and night; and, maam, they were going to take him away from me,--to sell him,--sell him down south, maam, to go all alone,--a baby that had never been away from his mother in his life! Chapter , pg. 85

Mrs. Bird tells her they will make up a bed for her in another servants room and discuss what to do in the morning. When she and Mr. Bird retire to the parlor, he tells her that Eliza will have to leave that night, lest she get caught. Mrs. Bird asks where he would take her, and he tells her that he knows of a former client who set his slaves free and bought some property in a secluded area, for the purpose of helping slaves who are trying to escape to freedom. Mr. Bird says that the passage to the place is tricky and he will have to drive her himself. After Mrs. Bird gathers some provisions for Eliza, she wakes her up, and Mr. Bird, Cudjoe, Eliza and Harry all gather into Mr. Birds carriage. After a rough passage, the group at last makes it to the house, where they are received warmly by Mr. Birds acquaintance. After the man welcomes Eliza into the house, Mr. Bird and his friend shake hands, and the Bird party leaves.

C10 In Uncle Toms cabin, Chloe is ironing shirts and Tom is reading his Bible and looking sadly at his children. Chloe begins to weep, saying that she believes she will never see her husband again and expressing her fear that he will be sold to a cruel master who will work him to death. Tom soothingly tells her that wherever he ends up, he will be in the hands of God.

Topic Tracking Redemption 1

Mrs. Shelby enters the cabin, and all begin weeping together. Mrs. Shelby promises Tom that she will buy him back as soon as she can get the money. Haley comes into the cabin to get Tom, and everyone follows them to Haleys carriage. Haley slaps fetters on Toms feet, despite Mrs. Shelbys insistence that the precaution isnt necessary. Tom looks at Mrs. Shelby and expresses his disappointment that George Shelby, her son, was not on the farm to see him off. He tells her to give him his love, and the party is off. Mr. Haley and Tom drive a ways, then Mr. Haley stops at a blacksmiths shop to have some handcuffs altered to fit Tom. The blacksmith, recognizing Tom, tells Mr. Haley that Tom is honest and reliable and would not run away. Just then, George Shelby runs up along side the wagon, gets in and throws his arms around Toms neck and angrily declares that the sale isnt fair. George gives Tom a dollar and tells him to look at it and think of the time in the future when George will come to rescue him. Tom accepts it at Georges insistence and implores him to be good to his parents and maintain his religious faith. George promises to do so. Haley comes out of the store and puts the handcuffs on Tom, much to Georges consternation. Tom tells him goodbye, and the wagon proceeds south.

C11 A short, heavyset man strides into a tavern in Kentucky, appearing to be uneasy. He approaches a man in the tavern, a long-legged fellow who is spitting out his tobacco with gusto. The two men begin chatting when they notice a group of men gathered around a piece of paper. The man asks to see it and reads that it is an advertisement for a slave named George, who is described as an intelligent, light-skinned mulatto with an H branded into his right hand. The ad promises $400 to any man who can catch him or prove with satisfaction that he has been killed. The long-legged man spits a wad of tobacco juice on the advertisement, angrily declaring that anyone who treats their slaves with respect will not have them running away. Mr. Wilson, the heavyset man, agrees with the man and explains that he had employed that very slave in his factory, and that George was an ingenious, hard-working man who had invented a machine for the cleaning of hemp. Suddenly another gentleman walks into the bar, a Spanish-looking man of obviously refined bearing. He takes a look at the advertisement and remarks to his servant, Jim, that he thought they had seen a fellow matching that description the day before. The gentleman then asks the landlord of the establishment to furnish him with an apartment for the evening, as he has some writing to do immediately. The landlord obliges, and the man turns to Mr. Wilson, who is staring at him with astonishment. He introduces himself as Mr. Butler and apologizes for not immediately recognizing Mr. Wilson. Mr. Butler then asks Mr. Wilson to accompany him to his room so that they may discuss a matter of business. When they arrive in his room, Mr. Butler closes the door, and Mr. Wilson exclaims, George!, having recognized the true identity of Mr. Butler. George explains that he has disguised his skin color with walnut bark and dyed his hair. Mr. Wilson is disappointed in George, and he begins quoting scriptures and telling him that he should not break the law.

Topic Tracking Morality

George appeals to his former boss, defensively asking Mr. Wilson if he would not try to run away if he were deprived of seeing his wife and children and bound to servitude. Mr. Wilson understands Georges predicament but is nonetheless worried for him. He asks George to consider what could happen if he is caught. George shows Mr. Wilson two pistols and a Bowie knife and declares that he will kill himself rather than be captured. Mr. Wilson pities George and tells him that this way of thinking is horrible and destructive. George tells him the story of his upbringing--how his mother was sold away from her seven children, and how the only family member George was able to stay near was his sister, because a man purchased the two of them. He tells of how he saw and heard his sister being brutally beaten, how his sister was sold away from him into the New Orleans slave market, how George grew up alone, never hearing a kind word until he walked into Mr. Wilsons factory. He tells Mr. Wilson that the work made him happy and that he finally found love when he met Eliza. But then, George says bitterly, his master jerked him out of the factory to put him in his place and forbade him to see Eliza, telling him he would have to marry a woman on his farm. The speech moves Mr. Wilson, who angrily curses the circumstances that led to Georges flight. He gives George money, which George initially refuses but accepts at Mr. Wilsons insistence, on the condition that he may one day pay him back.

Topic Tracking Morality

George asks Mr. Wilson one last favor--to give Eliza a pin that she had given him as a gift and to tell her that he loved her to the last. Mr. Wilson agrees and tells George to hold fast to his faith in God. George bitterly wonders aloud if God exists, and Mr. Wilson tells him passionately to trust in God, for if God will not set things right in this life, He might in a future one.

George solemnly thanks Mr. Wilson for this advice and tells him he will think of it.

C1 Tom and Haley arrive in Washington, where Haley plans to attend a slave auction. At the auction, he purchases three new slaves, including a boy who was sold away from his desperate mother. The mother, an old woman with rheumatism, begs Haley to buy her too, telling him that the boy is the only child she has that hasnt been sold away from her. Haley refuses, and the woman is carried off crying to her new master. Haley and his gang--Tom and the new slaves--later board a boat bound for New Orleans; the slaves are kept on the lower deck, in chains. They talk amongst each other, crying over the wives, children, and mothers left behind. A black woman boards the boat, carrying a small child in her arms, and takes her place on the lower deck.

Haley approaches the woman and speaks to her, and it is soon clear from her loud exclamations that he is telling her something she doesnt believe. He takes out a piece of paper and reads it to her--a bill of sale for the woman and her child. She exclaims that it cant be true, as her master has told her he was sending her to Louisville to work in the same restaurant where her husband works. By this time, a small crowd has gathered around, and a man in the crowd reads the bill of sale and explains to the woman that he has indeed sold her. She holds her child tightly to her and turns her back on the crowd, staring intently at the river, in silence. After a time, a man approaches her and asks how old the child is. She tells him he is ten and a half months old, and the man admires him aloud. Later, the man asks Haley if he will sell him the child. After some haggling about price, Haley agrees to sell the man the child for $45. When the boat stops at Louisville, Haley takes the child out of the womans arms while she is sleeping and gives him to the man who bought him. After the boat leaves the dock, the woman, Lucy, awakens and demands to know where her child is. Haley tells her that he sold him to a first-rate family and that she would not have been able to keep him down south anyway. Tom, who has seen the whole ordeal and is moved to pity for the woman, gently approaches her and tearfully tells her of Jesus and heaven, but his words fall on deaf ears.

Topic Tracking Religion

Tom falls asleep to the sounds of the womans sobs. Later, he sees something brush by him and hears a large splash into the river. Haley discovers that the woman is missing and asks Tom what happened. Tom explains that he believes the woman has committed suicide by throwing herself off the boat into the river.

C1 Eliza is sitting in a comfortable cottage with a Quaker woman named Rachel Halliday and her husband, Simeon. Rachel tells Eliza that she can stay with them as long as she needs, as no escaped slaves have ever been discovered or captured from their property. Eliza thanks her but says she must leave soon, as she is so sick with fear that Harry will be taken that she is having visions of him being snatched from her. Simeon asks Eliza if her last name is Harris, and she answers affirmatively. Simeon then tells Rachel quietly that his friend Peter is bringing several more fugitives to their home later that evening, one of whom is named George Harris. Rachel shares the joyous news with Eliza, who is so buoyed by it that she falls to sleep easily for the first time since she ran away from the Shelby farm. Later, she awakens to the sight of George, lying beside her and crying tears of joy. The next morning, the Hallidays, their children, and Eliza, George and Harry gather around the table for breakfast, and Simeon tells George that his friend Phineas Fletcher will carry them on to the next stand.

C14

Please note that this sample paper on Uncle TOm's cabin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Uncle TOm's cabin, we are here to assist you. Your college papers on Uncle TOm's cabin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Eisenhower, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Eisenhower paper at affordable prices ! In a speech during his first year in office, President Eisenhower declared that an effective civil defense program required sober training and selfdiscipline. In the final analysis, the American response to a nuclear attack depended on a moral regime to which the American people would subject themselves. 1 The main training site where civil defense discipline would be cultivated was the home.

The decisive role assigned to the household in Cold War national security planning was a consequence of the fundamental premise of civil defense In World War III, the American people would be responsible for protecting themselves. Because the federal government had ruled out a publicly financed program of civil defense, survival would largely be a do-it-yourself enterprise. The state would provide a central organization, a national plan, education and training, modest financial assistance, and the consolidation and standardization of operations across the country. But in the end, civil defense was essentially selfhelp, which meant that its success depended on the traditional American virtues of self-determination, personal responsibility, and voluntary cooperation. These virtues were believed to be anchored in the family, the primary locus of their inculcation and practice. Therefore, civil defense rested on moral foundations that were situated in the home. As Eisenhower observed, civil defense was grounded in the moral structure of the family and the spiritual strength of Americans. This caused what became to be the Cold War. In the early years of the Cold War, American national security planners arrived at an interpretation of the probable reaction of the American people to a nuclear attack on the United States. They argued that the public would respond to the prospect of nuclear war with expressions of panic or terror. Such a response, however, was inconsistent with the role that the planners had reserved for the American people in the contest with the Soviet Union. The policy of containment by means of deterrence required the public to exhibit credible expressions of determination to fight a nuclear war. Acting on this interpretation, civil defense specialists developed a plan to bring the public psychology into conformity with the requirements of national security policy. This plan was a comprehensive system of emotion management designed to suppress an irrational terror of nuclear war and foster in its stead a more pragmatic nuclear fear. Once the passage from nuclear terror to nuclear fear had been completed, civil defense organizations would be in a position to employ nuclear fear in their programs of human resource management. Properly channeled, nuclear fear would motivate the public to deliver the support regarded as essential to America.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Shawshank redemption, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Shawshank redemption paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! The film "The Shawshank Redemption' uses cinematic features and film techniques in the establishing shot and opening sequence of the film, to portray character and develop certain effects within the film.

The opening sequence of the film focuses on introducing one of the main characters in the film, Andy Dufesne. Andy is a banker, suffering from a mid-life crisis, who finds out that his wife is having an affair. Within this sequence, we find that Andy is convicted for the murder of both his wife and her lover, and that he is sentenced to undertake two life sentences at the Shawshank Redemption prison. It is important that the opening sequence involves a very somber tone. This effect is promoted with the use of both cinematic features and film techniques.

The mise en scene plays a vital part in creating effect to its audience as it refers to all that appears within the camera's shot, including lighting, color, setting and camera movements. At the scene of the crime, we find that Andy's face is hidden in shadow. This symbolizes his extreme anger, but also his inability to show emotion. Andy has been hiding from his true feelings his whole life and it is only whilst being within Shawshank that he learns to express his love for others. The non-diagetic music used helps create mood. The song, "If I Didn't Care' is played during the sequence. The slow rhythm and lagging voice of it's composer, along with the deep, drawn out bass adds to the feeling that the crime scene is a place of great sadness. The establishing sequence uses the color blue to add meaning in the way that it expresses death and murder. Therefore, it shows how Andy's anger and jealousy has led him to the point of wanting to kill. This creates a mysterious character to the audience, but also builds suspense, as the audience ask themselves, "will he or won't he?' The use of this flashback of the crime scene within the narrative structure of the sequence helps to produce a story and piece bits of the plot together. It also creates a definite juxtapose between itself and the courtroom from which Andy is given his sentence. This juxtaposition shows to the audience how Andy has been convicted of a crime he didn't do. We also realize the juxtaposition between Andy and his wife making love, as we notice the difference in color of the two scenarios. The bright, red and yellow of the bedroom furniture, expressing passion, to the solemn blue of the background within the car, expressing the sheer depression of the character. The lighting used in the sequence shapes mood and develops Andy's secretive character to the audience. Within the establishing sequence, we only witness natural light upon Andy's face, which gives light shadowing, creating a flat image of the character.. The camera work within this sequence helps convey meaning and shapes character also. The low shot of the judge within the courtroom shows his power over Andy and highlights the extreme responsibility the judge has to change a man's life completely. The various close-up shots of the gun and the whisky bottle symbolize the state of Andy's life. His situation has lead him to depression, drinking, but most shamefully, the need for revenge. Voice over is used to build character and explain the events which lead to Andy's conviction. The non-diagetic sounds used within the sequence help to enhance realism, for example the sound of the revolver bullets as they hit the ground. The realism makes the audience feel as if they were there, in the screen with Andy, and so builds much suspense. The cut shots to the courtroom provide a great sense of urgency and help build suspense until Andy is told the length of his sentence. When the judge dismisses the case and the hammer is struck upon the table, a reverberating, eerie sound is produced, followed by silence and a fade to black. This tells the audience that something has ended and in this case, it is the end of Andy's normal, everyday life. A new life of institutionalism and discipline is to follow. The sequence ends as the screen suddenly fades to black, conveying the depressing, repetitive way of life to follow.

Both cinematic features and film techniques have been used in the opening sequence of the film to develop a character and bring effect upon its audience. The way in which characters are portrayed affects the film to a great extent. At the start of this film, Andy is shown to be a dis-passionate man who has lived in comfort. Throughout The Shawshank Redemption, it is his journey to express his emotions, build up his courage and withstand the ultimate battle between mind and authority in order to gain back the freedom took from him

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