If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Team Behavior. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Team Behavior paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Team Behavior, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Team Behavior paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Upon reflection regarding last weeks team assignment, certain truisms became immediately apparent. Regarding the five stages of group development, which include forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning, the team members found the following at each stage of development

1. Forming � during this stage, the team members became aware of qualities they each had in common, such as geographic proximity, background, work ethics, years of experience, etc. They also became aware of what behaviors were acceptable to the other members.

. Storming � at this stage of development, the members of the team did not allow themselves to become hostile toward the other team members; nor did they impose their preferences of beliefs upon the other members of the team.

. Norming � the team members developed a closer relationship with each other while attempting to overcome some obstacles that arose in the completion of the assignment. Communication platforms were set up and the focus was concentrated upon positive reinforcement of each member's contributions to the assignment.

Do my essay on Team Behavior CHEAP !

4. Performing � each team member provided motivation and encouragement to the others leading to a cooperative effort aimed at completion of the assignment.

5. Adjourning � this stage of the group development has yet to occur, as there are other team assignments to be completed before dispersing the team as a whole.

As for roles and responsibilities of the team, no formal steps have been taken in this area. Everyone has virtually the same roles and responsibilities. Each paper shall be compiled and posted for comment or recommendations by a different team member each week. The team as a whole shall decide upon editing suggestions. The team works together providing input for the compiled paper. The team is considering assigning roles for the final paper submission. These roles could include preparing an outline, researching facts & documentation, preparing the rough draft and final presentation, formatting and proofreading before final submission. The members in Team B act responsibly and complete each thing asked of them in a timely manner, barring unforeseen circumstances.

Time management skills for the team as a whole and individually are vital components of the satisfactory completion of all assignments. While the team, as a whole did not manage their time very well on the last assignment, certain problems inherent in the last assignment appear to have been resolved, at least temporarily. Much of the information for the team paper was received at the last minute, which left little time for comparison or editing. Compiling the information received was rushed and left little time for additions or corrections to spelling, grammar, or structure. A suggestion has been made that each team member be assigned specific tasks to be completed on a scheduled date, in order to allow the other team members to comment, reflect and review each paper before it is due.

On an individual basis, time management skills differ for each member of the team. One team member considers herself a "stay-at-home mom" whose time is a limited concerning the team as a whole. Most of her time is monopolized in the raising of her children and the care of her family. Most team requirements must be met while her family is either away at school or work, or sleeping. This leaves little free time for either herself or her team. However, through the miracle of technology, she is able to communicate with her team members whenever necessary and complete any assignments required. Another team member uses various devices to aid in time management. She possesses a PDA with individual appointments scheduled using a sound cue reminder. She has a calendar on her computer at her place of employment, as well as on her home computer. Assignments and appointments are scheduled in advance and reminders are set on whichever calendar is relevant to the job. While most job related matters are planned in advance, even the best-laid plans can be subverted by an emergency situation. School assignment deadlines are scheduled on both computers, but as was evidenced in the last group assignment, even those plans can be rendered moot when the equipment fails. The third team member feels that personal time management is an area in which she needs to pay more attention. Whenever unexpected problems arise which require her input, she takes care of them, rather than delegating the responsibility to some one else. This leads to a very stressful situation for her, boot at her work and at home. Setting a schedule would probably be a benefit to this team member, as well as following the schedule as closely as possible. All of our team members manage their time both personally and professionally in the manner that suits them the best. Schedules and appointment calendars are good tools, but they are a benefit only if used in the proper manner. Setting a schedule or appointment reminders does neither the team nor the individual any good when unforeseen circumstance precludes their use.

Decision strategies for the team includes the use of MSN Messenger and the team folder postings. Decision-making is at the core of the team's performance and the effectiveness of that decision making determines the ultimate success of the team. The team makes decisions as a whole and majority decides any dissension or disagreement regarding process. All decisions are made individually or by two team members and agreed upon by the whole team. Decisions for the team papers are based upon consensus of team members regarding the best approach to researching, compiling, editing, and posting the paper. The members of this team are each very competent in this regard.

As for any conflict that may arise, communication between the team members is critical to its denouement. This communication takes place through telephone, team folder postings, or MSN Messenger. No serious conflicts have arisen, as we are all aware that this environment is composed of a fast-paced, short duration, distance learning team. Attempting to place any situation into its proper perspective minimizes conflict, examining best/worst case scenarios, and above all not letting personal conflict evolve into team conflict.

Each team member has its individual peak learning times. One team member feels that her best time is early morning. Another feels that mid-morning to late afternoon is better, while the third is better from mid-afternoon to mid-evening. None of the team members is free to use what each considers their best time. Early mornings are tied up with getting children prepared for school or husbands off to work. Mornings and afternoons are dedicated to customers or other job-related occupations. It seems that we all have our lowest performance times in the late evenings, which is when all other priorities seem to die down. For that reason, none of us are at our best after working all day at either stressful jobs or child management duties, yet it seems that is the only period of time we have to devote to our studies.

Assertiveness is the ability to express yourself and your rights without violating the rights of others. This in turn will allow a person to improve their decision-making abilities. The members of Team B are assertive in communicating their ideas to fellow team members in order to complete designated tasks. No member is so overly assertive that it leads to conflict with fellow team members. Members are considerate of others feelings and opinions and communicate extremely effectively with each other. We maintain a clear and honest dialog between each other and do not pay attention to selfishness or act in an aggressive manner with each other.

Please note that this sample paper on Team Behavior is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Team Behavior, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Team Behavior will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from custom essay service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Condensing myself to a mere picture or phrase proved much more difficult than I initially expected. After pondering the prompt for a while, I became frustrated. How could I illustrate the complexities of who I am with such limited means? Despite the intimidating nature of this question, I devised a trademark saying that describes a central principle of my life quite accurately. To me, the most satisfying accomplishments are those that benefit others. always be a first rate version of yourself not a second-rate version of someone else

My commitment to student government stems from this belief. Over the past three years, I have had the privilege of watching students at the International Community School enjoy ASB (Associated Student Body) activities. Though planning and executing events can be a difficult process, it is ultimately worth it when I see students having fun and hear their enthusiastic feedback. Most recently, I organized an environmental education camp for seventh and eighth graders to build school spirit and foster friendships in the youngest grades at my school. These seventh and eighth graders reported a positive experience with their peers, and felt encouraged by the mentors (seniors at my school) they connected with at camp.

Another way I have learned the significance of my motto is through volunteering the Boys and Girls Club. It has been an incredible experience to be a part of shaping kids lives and to see the world through their eyes. I feel refreshed being around their enthusiasm, and I am rewarded by their delighted greetings each time I walk into the Club. I have so much fun hanging out with them, hearing about their lives and helping them deal with so many different issues, from homework to social problems to everything in between. This interaction challenges me and encourages me as I see all kinds of kids growing and learning from their experiences at the Club. In the past year, I facilitated a group that taught basic computer skills to children; it was a highlight of my experience with the Boys and Girls Club. At the end of the year, several stalwart participants ages 7-11 were creating PowerPoint presentations worthy of a high school student. I feel very blessed by my experiences with the Boys and Girls Club because of their positive impact on a wide spectrum of young lives and because of their profound impact on mine.

It is extremely fulfilling and enriching to serve others; they benefit from my service, but I benefit equally if not more so from the lessons I learn. Coordinating ASB events and ensuring their success has given me invaluable leadership experience, speaking skills, organizational prowess and self-confidence. Through serving at the Boys and Girls Club, I have learned the importance of compassion, humility, optimism, passion and perseverance. Improving others lives is rewarding in that I benefit from serving just as they benefit from my service.

Write my Essay on If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. for me

Please note that this sample paper on If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on If you were to create a trademark or logo (in words, a drawing, a song, etc.) or use an existing one that describes you, what would it be? In an essay, explain how this trademark or logo fits you. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from custom essay service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Biography of Olaudah Equiano. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Biography of Olaudah Equiano paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Biography of Olaudah Equiano, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Biography of Olaudah Equiano paper at affordable prices ! OLAUDAH EQUIANO

(1745- 177)

The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vasa tells a richly detailed story of seagoing adventure, spiritual enlightenment, and economic success in England and the Americas. Equiano's autobiography was the most influential work of English prose by an African American in the eighteenth century. He was the first to write the story of his life himself, without the aid or direction of white ghostwriters or editors, such as his predecessors in the slave narrative relied on. Although Equiano made much of his conversation to Christianity, he made clear his dedication to social change be venting his moral outrage toward slavery and his structuring his story so that freedom, not the consolations of religion, emerges as the top priority of his life in slavery.

Chapter 1

Order Custom research paper on Biography of Olaudah Equiano

He starts off by saying that people generally think those memoirs only worthy to be read or remembered which abound in great or striking events, those, in short, which in a high degree excite either admiration or pity all others they consign to contempt and oblivion. He as born in the year 1745, in a charming fruitful vale, named Essake. He talked a great deal about Adultery. Adultery, however, was sometimes punished with slavery or death; a punishment, which he believes, is inflicted on it throughout most of the nations of Africa so sacred among them is the honor of the marriage bed, and so jealous are they of the fidelity of their wives. They are almost a nation of dancers, musicians, and poets. Thus, every great event, such as a triumphant return from battle, or other cause of public rejoicing is celebrated in public dances, which are accompanied with songs, and music suited to the occasion. Their district is a kind of militia on a certain signal given, such as the firing of a gun at night, they all arise in arms and rush upon the enemy. After fighting, the prisoners were not killed, but became a slave. As to religion, the natives believe that there is one Creator of all things, and that he lives in the sun, and is gifted round with a belt that he might own favorite luxury. They practice circumcision like the Jews, and made offerings and feasts on that occasion in the same manner as they did. When someone died, pipes and tobacco were place in the grave with the corpse, which was always perfumed and ornamented, and animals were offered in sacrifice of them.

Chapter

He started by stating that his country have been implanted in him with great care, and made an impression on his mind, which time could not erase, and which all the adversity and variety of fortune I have since experienced serve only to rivet lesson and record; for, whether the love of one's country be real or imaginary, or a lesson or reason, or an instinct of nature, he still look back with pleasure on the first scene of his life. He talked about the day he and two men and a woman kidnapped his sister. Soon after escaping, he was sold to another slave master. During the journey, he acquired two or three different tongues. He was again sold, and carried through a number of places. He then came to a town called Tinmah, the most beautiful country he has ever seen. This was the first time he has seen or tastes the cocoa-nuts. In this country, they did not circumcise. They cooked in iron pots, and had European cutlasses and cross bows, which were unknown to us, and fought with their fists amongst themselves. Towards the end of the chapter, he made a comment about slavery, "Surely this a new refinement in cruelty, which, while has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and add fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.

Chapter

In this chapter, he was shipped off to North America. On the passage, they were treated when coming from Africa, and they had plenty of rice and fat pork. They landed in Virginia County. Here he was called Jacob. It was about the beginning of the spring 1757, when he arrived in England. He was near twelve years of an age at that time. He often saw his master employed in reading so he became curious. So he decided to take up books and have talked to them.

Chapter 4

He explained that his master treated him very well, and his attachment and gratitude to him was very great. He stated that he respect at least all Englishmen. He explained that he could not go to heaven until he get baptize. So he was baptized by Miss Guerin in St. Margaret's church, Westminster on February 175 by his present name.

Please note that this sample paper on Biography of Olaudah Equiano is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Biography of Olaudah Equiano, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Biography of Olaudah Equiano will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Anglo Saxon. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Anglo Saxon paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Anglo Saxon, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Anglo Saxon paper at affordable prices !

Its said that literature brings to life, defines, and takes direction from historical period in which it were written, and this couldnt be further from the truth in the Anglo-Saxons period. This start in44 when the island of Britain was invaded by warlike Germanic people know as the Anglo and Saxons. The invader brought with them their pagan beliefs and tradition, which appear in a Anglo-Saxon poetry and legend. A perfect example come from the literature book were you could see how grim, fatalistic view of the world the Anglo-Saxons had. A Wifes Lament,'' I sing of myself, a sorrowful women."(15Pd) Caedmon "Life was first Through the lords word Named day Beauteous, bright creation!"(15Pd) Also at this time most literature was oral because most couldnt read, but it was composed in such a way that it way easily memorized. "The Anglo-Saxons were fond of poetry which developed and passed on by scops, or poet-singers. Eventually some of this oral literature was written down by monks in monasteries, who are largely responsible for having preserved oral material."(16Pd).

After reading the Sea Farer you see Anglo-Saxons way of thinking of life. basically the ocean proved them nourishment but it was also a cold unforgiving place were storms would appear of the blue or pirates could attack your vessel at any time. this bleak view of life is express in the Sea Farer perfectly. "But there isnt a man on earth so proud, So born to greatness, so bold with his youth, Grown so brave, or so graced by God, That he feels no fear as the sails unfurl, Wondering what Fate has willed and will do."(18Pd).

As I have stated before Germanic invader brought with them there pagan beliefs and traditions, which appear in Anglo-Saxon poetry and legends. These Germanic invaders were followed by Roman missionaries who converted Britain to Christianity , this accounts for literature of this time having both pagan and Christian influences. A perfect example of this is Beowulf in which there is a prevailing yet somewhat uneasy blend of Christian ethics and pagan morality. Against a backdrop of glom that reflects the Anglo-Saxons` stoic acceptance of fate, the story applauds the highest virtues of human nature-courage, generosity, faithfulness. Basically, the Anglo-Saxon period was one of despair and gloom this is reflected in the writing of the time. The truth is that these people didnt have much to be happy about; they were on an island being conquer every other day, never know were the next attack came from. They woke up not know if this was the day they were going to die. also you can see elements of Christianity and paganism in there work but also in the adaptation of pagan works to Christian influence.

Cheap custom writing service can write essays on Anglo Saxon

Please note that this sample paper on Anglo Saxon is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Anglo Saxon, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Anglo Saxon will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on statement of purspose. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality statement of purspose paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in statement of purspose, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your statement of purspose paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! The Master of Science in Project Management will fast forward the development of my knowledge, performance and personal competencies in order to reach my career goals. It will give me a state of art project management skills and techniques and it will be the jump-start I need to direct my career into Project Management Consulting, an exciting field with enormous growth potential in Latin America.

The first step of my academic career was completed when I received my major of Civil Engineering from the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil, as one of the top 15 students. During the second year of my Bachelor's Degree I decided to have on job training. I began my professional experience as an intern in JAAKKO POYRY GROUP, during this internship I figure out how to interact with the team, the interpersonal behavior that I should have, how leadership is important and how project management is essential to a successfully project completion. Than I engaged myself in a great project, that was already completed, Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant. I reckon that in large projects the schedules have to be done very carefully and the control has to be very efficient. I was really fascinated by Project Management and I started reading a lot about this field and I figure out that the growth potential in Brazil was really good. In this point of my professional career I was hired at Grantec T�cnica de Construção Ltda. My mission was to implement ISO 00114. The company received the Certificate, but the most important think were the "lessons learned", such as the comprehension of the organizational culture, the making decisions process, the ways to identify a problem, the commitment to the company goals, that sometimes I have to be flexible and never give up, be dynamic, patient and persistent. At this moment, I finished my bachelor's degree and started the second step on my academic career enhancing the Executive MBA Lato Sensu graduate course in Project Management in Getúlio Vargas Foundation, known as one of the best schools of Project Management in Brazil because of its comprehensive curriculum, faculty and alumni network. During this course, I consistently ranked the top 10% as a result of my grades, motivation and engagement. While I was attending this course I was challenged with some other projects in Grantec, such as the construction of Multiplex Cinema theaters for international companies, United Cinemas International (UCI) and Cine Box, and for a national company, Severiano Ribeiro Group, the biggest Brazilian cinema operator, and the construction of an electrical sub-plant for PETROBRÁS, in the position of Planning and Quality Manager. These projects varied between US$ 500,000.00 to ,000,000.00, providing me relevant practice into project management as I was involved with technical and personal issues, such as the necessity of having a very effective way of communication between the site and the office, effective coordination of the documentation of the project, leadership and team spirit for keeping the work within the schedule and quality budgeted. Currently, I am the Project Manager of the construction of a Hotel for a group of Brazilian investors. As I am involved in this project since it's beginning, I am now really applying some project management tools and techniques.

At this point, taking into consideration both academic and career experience and future plans, I feel that I have to deepen my knowledge in the field of project management to reach my goals. My interest in studying Project Management at The George Washington University is based firstly on the opportunity students have to engage in experiential learning projects and to meet and interact with successful project managers, providing me the opportunity to study some project management best practices and the possibility of bringing these practices to a less developed market in Latin America is appealing to me. Secondly, the school has Professional Associations and Journals, which will certainly keep me up to date, improving my knowledge, as well as giving me a solid background in order to have a research position. In addition, The George Washington University offers several courses on relevant topics for professionals in the project management field. Planning and Scheduling, Project Estimating and Cost Management courses and the Capstone Course are especially interesting for me. Furthermore, this program achieves in both practical and theory sides of project management and it is widely respected and known worldwide. The Project Management Professional Exam I plan to take during the Master's program is of particular interest to me, as this title will certainly contribute to my career.

Brazil goes along with all the other nations in the search of an efficient organizational process. The recent increment in project management knowledge, tolls and techniques implementation in companies and governmental institutions, as well as the implementation of Project Management Office (PMO) have led me to the realization that opportunities for growth in the field of Project Management should not be overlooked. So that, my short-term career plan is to pursue the certificate of the Master of Science in Project Management, as this program will greatly enhance my academic background while allowing me to conduct researches about how project management best practices are used in developed countries, especially in United States. To reach my long-term career plan, my intermediate step includes working in a consulting company or in an institution that utilize project management knowledge, as a project manager. In this position, I will be able to apply some best practices learned during my Master's degree, use new tools and techniques, analyze significant deviations and forecast their impact on the organization and projects in order to establish measures of success, quantify value commensurate with cost, optimize the use of organizational resources and put strategic plans into practice. The Master's degree and this work experience will be fundamental for my long-term career plan. My long-term career plan is to have my own Consulting Company in Project Management. So that I will be able to coach companies and institutions, personalize the best practices for their realities, training and empowering them with efficient methodologies and tools, as well as helping them to develop low cost, easy to implement technical solutions, providing them competitive differentials. In addition to all the opportunities related to project management in Brazil, I also plan to embrace the teaching career. My participation in undergraduate and graduate courses or certificate programs by means of the delivery of tailored courses and lectures will enable me to share my knowledge and increase the project management community in Brazil. Regarding this academic interest, a Doctorate Degree in the field is certainly part of my long-term goals as well.

Buy cheap statement of purspose term paper

I would like to conclude my statement by saying that my goals in regard to Project Management are well defined. They will ultimately lead me to a research field. My choice of taking a Master's of Science in Project Management, has also been made bearing in mind the opportunities I may have in the development of PMI Handbooks, as well as my participation in Professional Development Seminars and PMI Global Congress presenting my researches and publications. In my country, I intend to stimulate the interest in project management by forming associations with institutions that can promote seminars and congresses, and particularly offer specialized courses in the field.

Finally, I am available for an interview, at your convenience.

Please note that this sample paper on statement of purspose is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on statement of purspose, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on statement of purspose will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from custom essay service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on participative management. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality participative management paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in participative management, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your participative management paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! participative management

11 Silver Prayaas

Leadership is one of the most

observed and least understood

Buy cheap participative management term paper

phenomenon on earth. Burns (178)

remarks. The problem arises not only

in understanding the operation of the

theory but even in its definition

Leadership is a complex and

multifaceted phenomenon to which

organizational and psychological

research has been applied.

A macro-level comparison of

business organizations in India vis-a

vis those of successful countries like

Japan, America, Germany, France

and Korea provide certain interesting

information. Physical and human

resource-wise comparison indicates

that there may not be yawning gaps

between Indian organizations and

the organization of the countries cited

above. While these countries have

developed management styles in

consonance with their cultural ethos,

Leadership in organizations

An Indian perspective

S W DESHPANDE

A number of theories and models have been proposed of leadership in organisations by

western theorists. These theories have worked well in those countries since they have been

developed keeping in view, the cultural context. These models may be good there but they

prove to be some what inadequate in the Indian cultural context. Indian organisations

cannot forget that their leadership models come from their socio culture. Indian cultural

is so accommodative that it welcomes noble thought coming from all over the world. The

author has developed a leadership model which would befit Indian organisations. The

model "EAST MEETS WEST' could satisfy the needs of the Indian corporate world.

Indian management experts had no

choice but to depend on western

perspectives because of the absence

of a local database and theoretical

framework.

Leadership theory began as a one

dimensional, internal and

individualistic process in which only

a leader 's personality traits or

behaviors were considered.

Situational elements, external to the

leader-member dyad were

subsequently added to the leadership

equations as well as an

acknowledgement of group

processes. An important new growth

stage was reached in the contingency

era as leadership theory evolved from

unidimensional to the

multidimensional arena. Here the

interaction of the leader,

subordinates and the situation all

became important in explaining

leadership. Leadership theory was

further advanced when the focus

changed from leadership being

primarily a top-down process to

much more of a bottom-up process.

Situational and non- leadership

factors were considered again but

this time from an integrative

perspective. The culture era built on

the situational factors, which

extended the scope of leadership

from group interactions to the

interactions of the entire

organization, affected by the persons

involved, their situations and their

influences on each other. King (10)

has summarized the major leadership

eras and periods, which are

presented in Table 1.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http//www.pdffactory.com

March 00 11

Table 1 Evolutionary Stages of Leadership Theory

Personality Era Transactional Era

- Great Man Period - Exchange period

- Trait Period - Role Development Period

Influence Era Anti-Leadership Era

- Power Relation Period - Ambiguity Period

- Persuasion Period - Substitute Period

Behavior Era Culture Era

-Early Behavior Period - Transformation Era

-Late Behavior Period - Charisma Period

-Operant Period - Self- fulfilling

Contingency Era

In India the studies on leadership

began in the mid 50s. There are two

definite trends in the studies, the first

one are the studies done by Indian

researchers following the western

models, ignoring the Indian cultural

characteristics and the second are the

studies conducted by the American

organizational behavioral scientists

visiting management institutes in

India in the 60s and opined on the

basis of a limited data. Both the types

of studies have their limitations in the

sense that they have presented a lopsided

view of leadership of the Indian

organizations.

In the first type, we may include the

study by Ganguly (177) who has

surveyed a large number of

managers from a variety of

organizations and concluded that

that there was an interactive effect of

the leadership styles and the

organizational climate. Leaders

tended to use the benevolent

autocratic style but shifted to the

consultative style in organizations,

which have a participative work

climate. Prior to this, Pendse (165)

had done his doctoral work on

consultative style of leadership and

suggested that this worked very

effectively with the rural folk. The

second type of studies projected

authoritarian features on Indians.

Mead has opined that Indian

subordinates need authoritarian

leaders. Empirical studies (Hofstede,

176, 188) comparing values

across a number of countries have

clearly indicated the existing cultural

differences. Hofstede observed that

Americans score high on recognition

and achievement and low on

conformity, whereas Asians scored

high on conformity and orderliness

but low on independence Sinha

(17) has questioned the validity of

the assumption that Indians are

authoritarian in the sense defined by

Adorno et al (150). One of the

typical Indian cultural characteristics

is tolerance, which does not go with

the authoritarian personality.

Leadership styles and the

management processes in India

unfortunately appear to be a queer

cocktail without any unique and

distinctive focus of its own. Right from

the start, from the post independence

phase of development, not adequate

and serious grass-root efforts were

made to evolve leadership styles and

management processes that are true

to Indian ethos and culture and this

ethos itself has not sufficiently been

understood in its real spirit. The

educated Indians appear to be

Indianising management,

considering the Indian culture to be

feudalistic and backward. There are

many cultural values shared by both

Japan and India for example, respect

for the head of the family,

hierarchical relationship, seniority

and age. However, in India it is these

very features, which are made the

principal target of attack by the

Indian elite.

In the "80s two indigenous theories

of leadership came into prominence.

The first one is by J.B.P. Sinha who

advocated the Nurturant Task (NT)

style of leadership. This theory follows

a contingency approach in the sense

that the Nurturant - Task leader is

postulated to be effective only for

those subordinates who prefer

dependency and a personalized

relationship, are status conscious and

perform work as a part of a

relationship. Although, majority of

Indian subordinates do share these

cultural characteristics, there may be

enough subordinates who are

independent-minded, prefer

autonomy and want to work without

close supervision. Such subordinates

work more effectively under a

participative leader. In fact, the theory

postulates a broad developmental

continuum from the authoritarian

through NT to participative

leadership styles. This model of

leadership is presented in Figure 1.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http//www.pdffactory.com

114 Silver Prayaas

The Indigenous Theories

• The Nurturant Task (TN) Style of Leadership (J.

B. P. Sinha)

A Model of Effective Leadership

F NT Nt/p P

Autonomous Group

S S1 S S

t t1 t t ti

(Notes F authoritarian; nt/p combination of nurturant task; P participative

leaders; S subordinates; t time point; solid lines positive relationship;

broken line negative relationship; arrow direction of relations.)

Figure 1. A model of effective leadership (J.B.P.Sinha, 18)

S1 is the Telling Style, S is the Selling

Style, S is the Participative Style and

S4 is the Delegating Style. Hersey

and Blanchard proposed these four

leadership styles in their Life Cycle

theory of leadership (16). t1, t

and t denote the periods in the life

span referring to the maturity levels

of the subordinates.

The next is The Pioneering-Innovative

(PI) style of leadership (Khandwala,

18). The NT style of leadership

proposed by Sinha is more

appropriate for the middle level

managers whose main function is to

manage human relations.

Khandwalla has contended that a

leader has to be pioneering and

innovative. The PI style is

characterized by commitment to

pioneering, novel and sophisticated

technologies, products and services,

high risk taking and strong emphasis

on creativity and adaptability.

Following liberalization of economics

of the developing countries in Asia,

the PI style is likely to receive greater

attention.

Despite Khandwalla's claim, the Pi

leadership does not seem to include

the typical Indian ethos of affection,

nurturance, care, consideration,

preference for dependency and

personalized relationship,

hierarchical orientation. The cultural

ethos is reflected in the Singh and

Bhandarkar's (10) formulation of

transformational leadership. They

have tried to find the roots of Indian

leadership in the Indian family.

A close examination of the

functioning of business organizations

in India indicates that not only do we

import leadership styles and

management systems, but even

compare this error by changing them

in faddist fashion. Such an approach

invariably leads to cynical reactions

like branding leadership styles of

management systems as new

gimmicks emerging from academic

ivory towers. Moreover many

companies feel nonplussed by the

surefire management success

formulae from Harvard, Oxford or

Tokyo. Rather than blindly adopting

the leadership styles and the

management systems, we would be

better off if we were to make the

change at the root itself � evolve

culturally consistent and relevant

leadership styles.

Indian culture, being probably the

only unbroken culture in the world,

has both kinds of processes Those

that can help change and those that

hinder change (development). A

better understanding of these

processes may help us to use them

for planning.

Positive forces in the Indian culture

include high extension motivation

(concern for others), as reflected in

the patriotic traditions, and respect

for others as reflected in the

welcoming different ideas, people

openness; synthesis, respect for

knowledge etc.

The following processes in Indian

culture are shown in Table

Table Processes in the Indian

Culture

1. Dependency motive,

generating -

a) Avoidance syndrome (not

taking initiative, not

taking responsibility,

exaggerating obstacles)

b) Excessive fear of failure

and risk avoidance

c) Over conformism

d) Favor seeking

. Casteism, generating -

a) Difficulty to relate to peer

level

b) Dependency relationship

as contrasted with

interdependence

c) Role fixation

d) Self rejection resulting

because of role fixation

. Fatalism, generating -

a) Cynicism (Nothing good

The Indigenous Theories

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http//www.pdffactory.com

March 00 115

can come out)

b) Lack of self critical self

examination (Low

personal block)

4. Non-involvement and

noncommitment -(feeling of joy

after success and feeling of

sadness after failure)

a) Non-conforming

behavior

b) Excessive tolerance

5. Individualism, generating -

a) Lack of interpersonal trust

b) Difficulties

in collaboration

6. Irreality orientation, generating

�(may be due to Upanishadic

teaching that everything is

MAYA - unveil)

a) Symbol infatuation

b) Fantasy directedness

c) Difficulty in anticipating

problems and values

Singh and Bhandarkar (10)

have listed some components

of Indian culture. They are

presented in Table .

Table Components of Indian

Culture

 Karta

 Relationships

 Respect for elders

 Proximity to Power

 Hierarchy

 Security

 Simple Living and High

Thinking

 Psychology of Entitlement and

over � emphasis on Reward

The first component is the institution

of KARTA. The immense authority and

power characterize the Karta or the

head of the house. Besides, since the

Hindu family is largely a patriarchal

institution, the father is the most

omnipotent in the family. The "Karta'

experience is amongst the earliest

and strongest socialization

experiences of the Indian child. It is

nurturing, caring, dependable,

sacrificing, yet demanding

authoritative and strict dimension of

the father (or figure head of the

house) which the individual learns to

value for in life. By behavior and style,

the Karta normally evokes a feeling

of security, trust and dependability.

As a result of this cumulative

experience, a father is what the

individual looks for symbolically in

the workplace, for empowering and

protection. In return the individual

develops respect and reverence for

his superior and demonstrates

willingness to respect his authority.

When the individual joins work with

his set of expectations, he can be

faced with two kinds of situations. He

either has a superior who, by and

large, meets his demands or he finds

that the superior is very low on "Karta

� like' traits, there is meaningful and

purposeful superior � subordinate

relationship. The superior also finds

that he can easily build a cohesive

team, with the subordinates having

respect for his authority. On the other

hand, when the superior fails to

satisfy the "Karta image" expectations

, these very positive behaviors may

easily turn negative. In the extreme

case, there will be non-acceptance

for the superior's formal authority.

Relationship is the next important

component of the Indian culture. This

is the result of the extended

childhood, which characterizes the

Indian family system, compared to

the shorter childhood, which children

experience in the western system of

child rearing. The individual comes

to the work place and brings with him

a strong need to relate with others.

When organizational culture is not

Dr. S.W. Deshpande has

done his post graduation in

arts and is a consultant,

Trainer and Teacher. He was

the Head of Dept. of

Psychology in the University

of Pune from 15 July to

17. He was also the

Programme Director of

Sinhgad Institute of Business

Administration Pune. He has

presented various papers on

management in National

and International journals

and has attended

International Conferences

in management in Dublin,

Sharjah and Dubai. He was

the King Edward Memorial

Scholar from 15 to 161.

He was also the President of

the Marathi Manasshastra

Parishad and the Chairman

of the Board of Studies in

Psychology and Member of

the Academic Council of

SNDT University, Mumbai.

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http//www.pdffactory.com

116 Silver Prayaas

depersonalized , relatedness releases

positive energies like empathy,

intimacy, togetherness, we-feeling

etc. When the organization culture

is characterized by impersonality,

formal role-relationship, individual

experiences a sense of deprivation

of intimacy. Work wise, there is poor

team spirit leading to poor

performance, especially where

people with different group

orientations have to work together as

a team.

Proximity to power The ethos of the

joint family system with its heavy

accent on Karta experiences,

generates a unique psychological

response in the individual. The

experienced powerlessness ( to act

independently) and dependency in

childhood and adolescence result in

placing a high value on the power

as well as need to choose this power

source.

In the workplace the person has

similar expectation from the superior

who is looked up as a powerful

person. There can be too many

expectations, and excessive

dependence upon the authority

figure. At the work level, this would

mean that there is no independent

decision making, thus killing

individual capacity to take risk and

initiative to be innovative and

creative.

Blake and Mouton (15), borrowing

two dimensions form classical

American studies, developed a

Managerial grid. The two dimensions

were concern for task and concern

for people. They highlighted five

leadership styles in the managerial

grid, which is presented in Fig. .

Fig Managerial Grid

THE GRID

(Blake & Mouton)

,1 1,1

,5 ,5

5, 5, High

1 4 5 6 7 8

Low Concern for production High

1,

Thoughtful attention to needs

for satisfying relationships

leads to a comfortable,

friendly organisation

atmosphere & work tempo.

,

Work accomplishment is

from committed people.

Interdependence through a

"common stake" in

organisation purpose leads to

relationships of trust &

respect.

Exertion of minimum effort

to get work done is

appropriate to sustain

organisation membership.

Efficiency in operations

results from arranging

conditions of work in such a

way that human elements

interfere to a minimum

degree. 1

Low

8

Concern for people

6

5

4

5,5

Adequate organisation performance is

possible through balancing the necessity to

get out work with maintaining morale of

people at a satisfactory level.

7

The present investigator is attracted

to the managerial grid.

In order to evolve culturally consistent

(not accept) them. If these noble

thoughts were culturally relevant, we

would surely assimilate them.

If we see the components of Indian

culture, an individual at the

workplace expects a boss who is

powerful but at the same time

sympathetic, caring and also

providing security to the employee.

He should be like

As strong and hard as the sword but

as delicate and soft as a flower. A

East Meets West

(DESHPANDE, 17)

.1 .1 1.1 1.1

.5 .5 5.5 5.5

. . 5. 5. 1. 1.

Concern for productivity

Concern for people

CONSULTATIVE

TYPE

BENEVOLENT

AUTOCRAT

Benevolent Autocrat

Indicators

•Decisive / shows initiative

•Finisher / committed

•Evaluative of quality, quantity,

time

•Costs, profits & sales-conscious

•Both develops & proposes new

ideas

•Shows that efficiency &

productivity are valued

•Industrious / energetic

•Obtains results

and relevant leadership styles, one

has to carefully consider the

components of Indian culture. It is

also necessary to see that there are

culturally relevant models of

leadership prevailing in the western

countries, which proved the test of

time. Our teaching of Upanishadas

have widened our horizon to

welcome whatever good is there in

any part of the world

Let all the noble thoughts come from

all over the world, we would welcome

PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory trial version http//www.pdffactory.com

March 00 117

who become mature, responsible

and also committed to the

organization. For such employees

5. style � CONSUlTATIVE TYPE

would be more relevant (Figure.).

There is a difference between this

style and American participative style.

In the latter, the decisions are arrived

at through discussions wherein each

member participates. Every member

has a role to play in the decisionmaking.

In the consultative style, the

boss, leader, or the powerful person

discusses with the other individuals

in the group, consults them but he is

the decision maker. This style is

recommended for the higher level

subordinates. As the Indian teaching

goes

REFERENCES

1) King, A.S. (10) Evolution of Leadership Theory Vikalja Vol 15(), 4-54

) Singh, P and Bhandarkar, A (18) Transformational leaders- A Study of their leadership profile Public Enterprises

Vol , Nos. -4

) Pendse V.V. (165) Consultative Type of Leadership, Unpublished P. Hd. Thesis Submitted to University of Pune

4) Singh, P and Bhandarkar (18) From Cultural Ethos to organizational milieu, In Management in Govt published

by ISTD, New Delhi.

5) Sinha JBP (18) Indian Perspectives on Leadership and Power in organizations. In social behavior and personality

edited by Janale Pande Allahabad.

6) Burns, J M (178) Leadership, New York Harper and Row

7) Blake, R. R. Morton J.S. (166) The Managerial Grid " Management Facades" Advance Management Journal

8) Chemers, M.N. (000) Leadership research and theory A functional integration group dynamics, Theory Research

and practice Vol 4, No 1, 7-4

) Humphreys , J.H. (001) Transformational and Transactional Leader Behavior Journal of management Research

Vol 1 No 148-156

10) Dhar, V Mishra, P (001) Leadership effectiveness Journal of Management Research Vol 1 No 4 55-66

11) Adorno, T.W. Frenkel-Brunswik, Else, Levinson, D.J. & Sanford, R.N. (150) The Authoritarian personality, New

York, Harper

Leadership is action, not position

- D. H. Mc Gannon

combination of these two we shall

find in our boss. A .5 style in the

managerial grid would be relevant

one. This is a BENEVOLENT

AUTOCRAT. The characteristic of a

benevolent autocrat are given in

Figure. below.

The father figure (KARTA) is

transferred to the workplace. The

employee derives satisfaction in such

an organizational setup where the

boss is strict but soft and considerate

when the occasion demands. This

leadership style is applicable to the

lower level subordinates who are

dependency prone, doing almost

routine type of work.

As the employees become

experienced there could be some

àmßV{fw [m{Se{ df} [w̧ o_Ì dXmMa{V²

From the age of 16 the father should

treat his son as his friend. At the

workplace also task orientation is not

the prime concern of this style. The

employees are responsible mature

and dedicated. Self-esteem should

be well protected by the boss, butthe

task orientation should not be

totally ignored.

The present author puts forth a

continuum of the maturity of the

subordinates and recommends the

benevolent autocrat style at the lower

and the consultative style at the upper

level of the maturity continuum.

These are the culturally consistent

and relevant leadership styles for

Indian organizations.

Please note that this sample paper on participative management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on participative management, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on participative management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from custom essay service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Indirectly Saving Lives. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Indirectly Saving Lives paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Indirectly Saving Lives, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Indirectly Saving Lives paper at affordable prices ! Imagine the possibilities of an aircraft fuel system that prevents crash fatalities from fire and explosion. Imagine still, a fuel tank that resists leaking, even after being hit with a dozen bullets while in battle, and never looses a drop. Disastrous crashes that would have caused fatalities in the past, today would only result in minor injury with a system like this. This system would apply to both military and commercial aircraft. This advanced technology is imperative with the heavy air-travel experienced in todays big cities. Aircraft Extended Range Fuel Systems (ERFS) being produced today save lives, because they are precisely designed, tested, and manufactured to be crash and bullet resistant.

During the design and development of these lifesaving systems, the engineers take into account almost every scenario the aircraft and tank may encounter. The development of these systems involves a slosh and vibration test. This test allows the engineers to simulate the aircrafts operations and vibrations that the tanks will encounter while flying. Another invaluable test, called the drop test, demonstrates how the assembly will perform during an actual crash. The bladder assembly is filled with water, then dropped from a height of sixty-eight feet. The last test that the engineers need for their evaluation is the gunfire test. The tanks are subjected to various projectiles to confirm how the system will handle during a simulated battle. This test includes rounds fired from a small caliber cannon. In addition to testing the tanks, the engineers developed a breakaway valve that is used on the fuel supply hose from the tank to the aircraft engines. This valve will seal off the tank in a millisecond in the event that some violent action has pulled the hose away from the tank. The valve design alone will prevent the fuel from spraying from the hose, which would cause a fire or an explosion around the fuel tank.

The fuel systems are constructed using a tough, lightweight container assembly. The assembly is fabricated from an aluminum honeycomb interior (similar to the way a cardboard box is constructed) to give the container strength and has resin and fiberglass plies for the outer facings to give it rigidity. Next the bladder, which is inside of the container, is what actually holds the fuel. This amazing design is constructed with natural rubber, (like car tires) and fiberglass plies that have been dipped in the rubber base compound. There is also a coagulant material between the plies that stops the fuel from leaking, which aids in the containment of the volatile contents when the bladder has been punctured. After installation of the bladder assembly into the container, it is ready for the last components to be installed. The Column assembly, which houses the pumps and valves, is the last to be installed. The pumps bring the fuel to the aircraft engines and the valves turn off the fuel system when the tank is empty. These systems work well together, but not without a great deal of planning.

Finally, the parts will be thoroughly inspected throughout the entire manufacturing process. Each component is checked to ensure that it is within the exact tolerance required by the engineering drawing specification. As each part is received, it is taken to the inspection section to be accepted or rejected. The inspector measures every drawing dimension with exact detail. Even the paint finish and the color tone must conform to the drawing. This attention to detail provides the company with only the highest quality parts. Once inspected, the parts are constructed to create the whole fuel system assembly. The system is tested for function one last time, then packaged for shipment to the customer. The exact detail and precision demonstrated in the finished product reflects the craftsmanship the technicians, engineers, and inspectors exercise in building the system.

Buy Indirectly Saving Lives term paper

Safety devises in all industrial organizations are improving for the better. Times demand that companies take a harder look at their processes and programs to prevent accidental deaths or injuries. With the growing population at an all time high, the safety records of air carriers may take a beating, as a result of accidental deaths or injuries that could be prevented. With this in mind, engineers must be precise, technician must be innovative while assembling, and inspectors must be exact to eliminate potential aircraft problems. Producing a fully operational, crash-worthy, self-sealing extended range fuel system is a major step toward saving lives.

Please note that this sample paper on Indirectly Saving Lives is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Indirectly Saving Lives, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Indirectly Saving Lives will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!