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By 16, the term New Realism was being used in the United States and France (where it was called Nouveau Realisme) as a name for Pop Art. That use never caught on in the United States, and then the term began to signify instead, a new breed of Realism. "The traditional variety had linked humanistic content with the illusionistic representation of observed reality and the rejection of flattened pictorial space derived from Abstraction".
Today's realists are signaling a return to values rejected by te abstract, minimalist and conceptual art movements that have dominated most of our century. They're bringing back the art of fine draftsmanship and showing new respect of shape, color and proportion. In the process, they are using such classic genres as landscapes, still lives and portraits to pose important questions about contemporary art.
By contrast, New realism (although an extreme withdrawal from the Abstract Expressionism that dominated the 150s) incorporated the flattened space, large scale, and simplified color of Modernist painting. Some New realist artists, such as Alfred Leslie, switched from abstract to representational painting.
New Realism is too broad a term to have much meaning except a shorthand for a Figurative alternative to the abstraction of Abstract Expressionism, or Minimalist. It has taken many forms from serene landscapes (Fairfield Porter) to slyly psychological portraits (Alice Neel), and from the abstracted nudes (Philip Pearlstein) to the cerebral self-portraits by William Beckman.
The term also tends to imply a "nongestural or nonexpressionistic handling of paint that suggests fidelity to appearances". The belief that New Realists are primarily motivated by an interest in the way things look is believed by the psychic probing of Lucian Freud's work or the radially more simplified stylizations of Edouard Vuillard - two artists associated with New Realism.
(Comparisons between the two artists)
Lucian Freud's main characteristic in painting was a strict linear style of thin, carefully laid-on colors. He abandoned this style after the 150s. He began to paint in an impasto manner - a new, strong, plastic coloration which requires stiff paintbrushes and great physical activity and participation. It began to loosen and the paint left imprints and traces in the color on the canvas - the effect of raw tissue. This has a liberating effect on Freud and leads him to further development.
During the 160s and 170s and right up till the present, Lucian Freud has painted both male and female nudes which have had quite a shocking effect on the viewer. Many of his images make one almost feel like an intruder of the intimate lives of others. Freud says that precisely this feeling of embarrassment and discomfort is his ally, because a picture should disturb and shock, and thereby involve the viewer.
Freud thinks nudes should be understood as extended portraits - for example, "Lying by the Rags". The model is frequently shown in uncomfortable positions in the sharp light, on abed, couch or studio floor. Sometimes the background, as here, is a mysterious pile of rags used by Freud to wipe his paintbrushes. The painter is looking down at the model from his raised position at his easel, and registers each pore, each strand of hair, every unevenness in the skin. Freud builds the body plastically with the help of thick layers of paint, modeling it in such a way that the painting process almost becomes an act of creation. "I want my portraits to be of the people, not like them. Not having a look of the sitter, being them... As far as I'm concerned, the look is the person. I want it to work for me just as flesh does".
This self-exposure suggests a willingness and strong inner motivation on the part of the world, as well as the mutual trust and confidence. Freud points out that they are representations of both seeing and being seen. They are in each other's physical presence and in this way, influence one another. There does not seem to be anything autobiographical or biographical in the paintings, they are extential images.
In "Painter and Model" (shown below) - contrary to tradition - it is the woman, fully clothed, who is the painter, while the nude man is the model. The man's nakedness, his defenseless body, exposed, is emphasized by the woman's cocoon-like clothing, stiff with splotches of paint. She seems to be her own palette - totally self-sufficient. There is no eye contact between the two figures - they are living people, while at the same time, completely passive. The only apparent action in the picture is the green paint being squeezed out of the tube by the woman's foot and the disturbing tension created by the paintbrush pointed at the man. She looks straight ahead, while his gaze is the glossy stare of a model who has been posing for hours on end. In this picture, it is the image and the paint's reality which brings out the feeling of alienation, isolation and melancholy. This is emphasized by the pale greyish sickly color of the man's skin, the seemingly frozen foot, the ragged sofa, peeling walls, drawn curtain and the dark, closed cupboard behind the figures, as if they are each in their own closed world.
In "Girl With White Dog', Freud paints his first wife Kathleen, and an English bull terrier on a stripped sofa. He painted in pale and muted tones, the scene is quite simple and somewhat bleak. Both the woman and the dog stare at the viewer with a clam yet intense gaze, and there is almost a sense of complicity between the two. Freud is known for his masterly and near obsessive portrayal of human flesh, with all its flaws boldly displayed. This painting is no exception - the subtle paint tones he has used to create the detailed, ivory quality of the woman's skin.
People exposed to Freud's searching gaze appear to be more like themselves than they have ever been or ever will be. It seems as though the artist assimilates the person's life information into the life of the picture - (Freud's grandfather, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, helped people to get to know themselves in order to be themselves - his grandchild, Lucian's tools, were a brush and palette).
Edouard Vuillard had a reputation, which for a long time, was private rather than public. In his early works, Vuillard used broken paint with small brush strokes. "Woman in Blue with Child' (shown below) consists of his wife, Misia, who is depicted in the painting, playing with her niece. They are in the Parisian apartment of Thadee Natanson. Vuillard probably used his own photograph of the room, whilst painting this picture. The interior is typical of the century, with flowered wallpaper, figured upholstery and decorative objects. Vuillard made the interior a dazzling surface pattern of muted blues, reds and yellows, compared to a Parisian painting in its harmonious richness. The forms of the woman and child are flattened, to be virtually distinguished from the surrounding patterns.
Vuillard's "Self-Portrait' in
18, shows him at the period
where his works were most closest
to Gauguin and the Nabis, using
color arbitrarily for expressive rather
than naturalistic ends.
In his pictures of the 180s - mainly domestic scenes - small in scale, but intimate in effect. For example, "Interior at l'Etang-la-Ville'. Here, he combines the flat planes and forceful colors of Gauguin. He used a somewhat "color-mosaic' style, and the geometric surface organization of Seurat.
Vuillard's own style had grown more conservative. He never recaptured the delicacy and daring of his early canvases.
(Closer look at two specific pieces)
More closely, we can specifically see how Lucian Freud's "Interior at Paddington' (151) and Edouard Vuillard's "Madame Hessel on the Sofa' (100) compare. There are two very different interiors Freud paints his friend Harry Diamond in the corner of a room, bare except a dusty palm and a loose carpet. Vuillard paints his friend Lucie Hessel in a warm and comfortable sitting room, surrounded by paintings. She is seated on a sofa with cushions plumped in the corners and appears relaxed and happy. Diamond on the other hand looks tense and uncomfortable. He is still in his coat and may have just arrived, just about to leave. Freud paints in careful detail (Diamond spent six months posing for this picture), and there is little to suggest the friendship that existed between the artist and his model. Vuillard is seen to paint mor quickly and his work appears to be more of an affectionate sketch.
Robert Atkins, Art Spoke, New York, 1.
Robert Atkins, Art Speak, New York, 10.
Sam Hunter, John Jacobus, Daniel Wheeler, Modern Art - rd Revised Edition, New York, 000.
H. H. Arnason, Marla. F. Prala, History of Modern Art - 4th Edition, New York, 18.
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