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Status of Implementation

• The implementation of the AI checker player is complete

• My player wins against the Naive_AI when played as both white and black

• It is yet unable to beat the Strong_AI

• The AI has a problem of sometimes falling into a loop of moves, where it keeps doing the same moves again and again. I tried to resolve the problem however wasn't successful. It does the looping only with the Naïve_AI because the Naïve_AI also falls into a loop.

Description of the Board Evaluation Function used

For designing the board evaluation function I have taken ideas from the following sites

• http//ai-depot.com/LogicGames/AlphaBeta-Cutoff.html

• CHECKERS By Roee Gutman and Tamir Rosenblum

The evaluation function has been basically designed as a weighted sum of properties such as

• Piece Advantage - difference in the number of pieces

• King Advantage - difference in the number of Kings

• Position Advantage - weighted sum of the board positions occupied

• Move Advantage - total number of possible moves

• Back Row - guard back row till possible

• Men to King - encourage men to become kings

• No of Captures - no of opposite player piece we can captured

• Pieces Captured - number of our pieces that can be captured

the evaluation function uses two sets of weights, the first set is used during the initial phase of the games when number of total pieces is greater then 1 and the next set of weights are used when we have 1 or less pieces on the board. This is done to indicate change in priorities.

Evaluation of the AI player

• The AI falls intermediate between Naïve_AI and Strong_AI

• I feel if we can manage a right mix of weights my AI player can beat the strong _AI

• There scope to implement learning, by making the AI learn the weights instead of us hard coding the weights.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Thomas Edison and His Impact on the World. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Thomas Edison and His Impact on the World paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Thomas Edison and His Impact on the World, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Thomas Edison and His Impact on the World paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Thomas Alva Edison was a notable inventor of his time and greatly affected the social, economical, and political world of the early 100's. His impact was clearly seen through the rapid integration of the inventions that he promoted. Aside from the controversy about his methods of obtaining and promoting inventions, Edison was an impressive figure, and his advocacy of new technologies improved life in many ways. Widespread use of inventions such as the phonograph and the vitascope drastically changed social life for Americans, giving restless Americans new forms of entertainment. Edison's discoveries, inventions, and promotions also helped to establish new businesses, and formulated the recording and movie industry. Also, Edison's production and encouragement of the widespread use of the light bulb made it possible for businesses to run efficiently even after hours without resorting to gas lamps. Edison was also a big name among law firms and legal affairs. His had a notorious reputation for suing competitors, accusing them of patent infringement. The U.S. Patent Office and the court had much trouble sorting out the legal dilemmas of this over-zealous inventor. Edison and his fellow inventors discovered new uses for electricity and mechanics, and their discoveries paved the way for further scientific and technological advancement. In addition, Edison's experiments lead to unexpected scientific discoveries, such as the "Edison Effect', which was later used to develop the radio. Edison influenced the lifestyles of his contemporaries in many aspects, and the results of his inventions, discoveries, and promotions continue to have an impact on life even after his death.

Edison's contributions to the social world were notable and dramatic. His phonograph was the first machine to be able to record and mimic sounds. Edison achieved immediate fame when he first released the phonograph in 1878. Unfortunately for Edison, this phonograph had little commercial value because of its crude imitations and low quality. Edison's popularity declined continually until the release of his improved phonograph in 1888 (Wachhorst, 40, 45). This improved phonograph was marketable and had many uses. Edison suggested using the phonograph for purposes including letter writing and dictation, audio books for the blind, music reproduction, music boxes and toys, clocks that announce the time, educational uses and recording the communications on the telephone (Fiscarelli, ). From then on, many people implemented the phonograph for personal uses as suggested by Edison. Edison also took advantage of the commercial and business possibilities of the phonograph and proceeded to distribute pre-recorded music and other sounds for the phonograph as well as recordable media for the phonograph. He even marketed "talking dolls' with tiny phonographs inside for kids to play with. The phonograph was highly popular, and its creation marked the advent of the recording and music industry. With the continual modifications and improvements made to the phonograph, the public implemented recorded sound into their lives more readily. The phonograph quickly integrated into the daily routines of the typical American, and its effect on society is immeasurable. Another important invention that shaped society was the kinetoscope. This machine would allow one person to be able to view motion pictures through a "peephole'. Most people regarded this machine as just a novelty, but it was the predecessor to projecting motion pictures machines, which allowed a wide audience to view movies. Edison was able to buy out the rights to one such machine, and renaming it the Edison Vitascope, began to advertise and mass market the machine as his own (Rutgers, -1). This way, Edison was able to promote new technologies and give the public a new pasttime. Soon, many companies began to produce projectors and movies, and within a few years, the infant industry expanded with the public's approval and interest. Edison's involvement in the phonograph, kinetoscope, and vitagraph greatly affected society at the time and lead to future developments in the entertainment industry.

Edison's involvement in the inventions mentioned above naturally affected the world economically as well. His inventions allowed him to not only market his machines and their accessories, but also made it possible for others to benefit from them. His phonograph was used in businesses, serving as recording devices for various purposes. It also had the potential for giving musicians a way to distribute samples of their work. The motion pictures and recording industry opened many economical opportunities for others. Edison's promotions and improvements on the light bulb and the electric generator also contributed to businesses and the economy. Businesses could turn to the electric light to provide lighting, allowing work to be done even at night without turning to the obsolete gas lamps (Conot, 16-164). Also, the generator made it possible for the average consumer to get electrical benefits at home, opening up a new potential new market for household appliances. Edison's 1500 DC generators were the first step in providing electrical power to citizens. Although later replaced by the more efficient AC power, Edison's preliminary work was a notable step in changing the economy and how businesses and homes operate. Edison and his work in electricity was the onset of a major technological revolution, and was the first big step towards modernization.

By becoming involved in the invention, development, and promotion of inventions, Edison often placed himself in many tense legal situations. Often times, he sued rivals for patent infringement when he couldn't outperform them in sales. This was most notable in the many cases concerning motion pictures and projectors (Rutgers, 4-). His actions had palpable effects politically and legally. Not only were his rivals disrupted by this, but it made the Patent Office aware of the intense rivalry between inventors, and forced them to consider which methods are best for preserving democracy, upholding the principle of laissez faire, while still preventing a monopoly. Edison, by being overzealous in trying to use the law to his advantage, gave the country's government institutes a preview of the intense competition in this field which would only continue to ascend in the future. This gave lawmakers a chance to prepare for such situations and allow them to define clearly its policies on such issues. In many ways, Edison, by constantly implementing and testing the law for his own benefits, helped to improve the law by forcing lawmakers to change the law to suit the rivalries of inventors and companies.

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Although Edison preferred using experiments and guess-and-check methods instead of using scientific knowledge and procedures, he still had some impact on the scientific world. The most prominent scientific discovery was a phenomenon that he noticed while experimenting with the light bulb. He called it the "Edison Effect', but due to a lack to scientific understanding, he quickly lost interest in the subject. Later, this was used in the development of the radio. Besides this contribution, Edison's inventions, although arrived at fortuitously and through endless experimenting, promoted scientific reasoning. Since he didn't know how to explain how the invention works scientifically, he inadvertently promoted theoretical scientists to ask and hypothesize "why does it work?' and "how could it be made better and more efficient?' One such scientist, Nikola Tesla, was able to study Edison's DC dynamo and improve its efficiency greatly. Later Tesla went on to make an AC dynamo, completely surpassing Edison's method in terms of efficiency and power output (Foran, ). Edison's lack of interest towards the scientific method nevertheless promoted science and its applications in technology in ways that he could never fully comprehend.

Edison's life as an inventor had a dramatic impact on the world. Through inventions that he worked on, improved, and promoted, Edison shaped how people lived in many different aspects. Every American, some way or another, experienced something related to Edison. The young people learned to watch movies produced by companies owned by Edison. Music lovers became obsessed with the phonograph and implemented it in their lives. Competitors and rival inventors had to deal with the patent laws and legal trouble that Edison gave them. Entire law firms were on hold, ready to help the best paying inventor conquer all others. Scientific communities discussed nonstop the ideas behind Edison's latest invention. Lastly, the consumers of America saw how Edison was able to expand and create new industries, and allow the world to progress faster than it ever has before.

Caceci, Dr. Thomas. "Note Thomas Edison." Veterinary Histology.

0 April 00 http//education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab/Notes/edison.htm

Conot, Robert. A Streak of Luck. New York Seaview Books, 17.

Fiscarelli, Paul. "The Invention." History of the Phonograph.

18 April 00 http//www.rpi.edu/~fiscap/history_files/phono.htm

Foran, Jack. "The Invention Of The Universal Electrical Power System" University at Buffalo.

17 April 00 http//ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/niagara.htm

Rutgers. "Early Motion Pictures Industry." Thomas Alva Edison Papers.

1 April 00 http//edison.rutgers.edu/mopix/catalogs.htm

Wachhorst, Wyn. Thomas Alva Edison An American Myth. USA Colonial Cooperative Press Inc., 181.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on My opinion (the simple version) in the Case of Bieké and Puerto Rico.After the Navy.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality My opinion (the simple version) in the Case of Bieké and Puerto Rico.After the Navy. paper right on time.

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I don't know if you are aware of the incident that happened in one of the Island of PR (Vieques). The Navy of the USA occupied this island, for 60 years. They have more than the %60 of the island, concentrating the people of Vieques (generations of families) in the center of their island. The Navy (as you should know) uses many deadly chemicals, one of the main is urain, and this chemical has increased the cancer rates in this small island, killing not only humans been, killing animals and plants, and the environment of many creature (as the "Pelicano Pardo" that only reproduced in that island). Well; 4 years ago one of the puertorrican that worked in the Navy (yes, a Pro-marine) was killed by an inert bomb. That incident put us furious because we are benign killed by this empire that doesn't care about us, and is using our land as a big toxic trash can. So' many puertorrican start doing civil disobedience (my self include). We entered to the territory of the Navy and stay there, this pacifist protest stop the bombings, but this is illegal so many of my partners got arrested, I wasn't one of them. Well after more than 50 years of protesting, this past May 1 the Navy left Vieques. My brother went there and he said was in that precious moment, in one of the winning of a fight that we (Puertorricans) win against the USA. The only one, but this give us hope, and we are going to keep fighting. The only problem was that on the morning of the May 1, many of the "suppose" members of the movement, acted like an anarchy and make all the pacific people look like a bunch of barbarians. Obviously in the Word (communications, our worst enemy) that is what is going to show, a bunch of "Barbarians in anarchy", not the other things and beautiful that happened there, as my brother is telling me that really happened. But anyways at least my people have what is theirs, their lands.

As you can see I don't want to be part of an empire, living under a dictator, that only look for the good of his oligarchy, with out thinking of the people, his people. I know that you don't see it that way because, you are in an all ready state, and you matter. But my people and my country have been abuse by your country for more than 100 years, and they don't want us, they only want our location, and they manipulate our people (ignorant ones) with incentive keeping their mouth close (in my opinion the money and the power is the destruction of the humans). Creating a mass of lazy that don't stand for their right, and our right is one of the most important thing that a human been have. Now we are waking up, from a nightmare that was following us for many years, and we are fighting for our freedom.

Viva Puerto Rico Libre!!!!

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Peace

-Bk

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1. Describe clearly the accounting changes Harnischfeger made in 184 as stated in Note of its financial statements.

- Per 1 november 18 worden door Harnischfeger gekochte en doorverkochte producten van Kobe Steel Ltd. opgenomen in het saldo van de verkopen. Daarvoor werd alleen de bruto marge van deze producten opgenomen in de financi�le verslaggeving.

- Per 1 november 18 worden de cijfers van enkele buitenlandse dochtermaatschappijen geconsolideerd op basis van een fiscaal jaar dat loopt tot 0 september in plaats van 1 juli. Hierdoor stegen de verkopen met $ 5.4 miljoen.

- De afschrijvingsmethode werd met terugwerkende kracht gewijzigd in een systeem van lineaire afschrijving. Ook werd er een levensduurherziening doorgevoerd. De verwachtte restwaarden werden ook aangepast.

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. What is the effect of the depreciation accounting method change on the reported income in 184? How will this change affect profits in future years?

184 het effect van de wijziging in afschrijvingsmethode op het netto inkomen is een stijging van ruim $ 11 miljoen in 184.

Toekomst omdat er nu lineair (dus gelijke bedragen uitgesmeerd over de afschrijvingsperiode) wordt afgeschreven over een langere periode en met een hogere restwaarde, zullen deze wijziging in het afschrijvingsbeleid een direct effect hebben op de winsten in de komende jaren. Het af te schrijven totaalbedrag wordt lager door de hogere restwaarde en het jaarlijks af te schrijven bedrag daalt door de levensduurherziening en lineaire methode, dit zal resulteren in hogere winsten.

. What is the effect of the depreciation lives change? How will this change affect future reported profits?

184 De wijziging in levensduur en restwaarde veroorzaakte een stijging van $ . miljoen dollar van het netto inkomen.

Toekomst omdat er nu lineair wordt afgeschreven over een langere periode en met een hogere restwaarde, zullen deze wijziging in het afschrijvingsbeleid een direct effect hebben op de winsten in de komende jaren. Het af te schrijven totaalbedrag wordt lager door de hogere restwaarde en het jaarlijks af te schrijven bedrag daalt door de levensduurherziening en lineaire methode, dit zal resulteren in hogere winsten.

4. The depreciation accounting changes assume that Harnischfeger's plant and machinery will last longer and will lose their value more slowly. Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary industries in 184, are these economic assumptions justified?

Door het aangaan van een langlopend contract met Kobe Steel Ltd. heeft Harnischfeger de mogelijkheid gekregen om haar productie van constructie kranen uit te besteden en zelf de productie stop te zetten. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat de eigen machines minder/niet gebruikt worden en hierdoor zal de waarde van de machines langzamer verminderen, de machines hebben immers een langere levensduur.

Als machines niet of nauwelijks gebruikt worden kun je je echter afvragen of ze überhaupt nog wel waarde hebben voor de onderneming.

5. In Note 7, Harnischfeger describes the effect of LIFO inventory liquidation on its reported profits in 184. Describe what is meant by LIFO liquidation, and how liquidation affects a company's income statement and balance sheet.

Het liquideren van LIFO voorraden betekend het verkopen van deze voorraden tegen een lagere prijs ten opzichte van de kostprijs/prijs van verwerving. Het betreft hier voorraden uit 18, 18, 184 die door het terug brengen van voorraden verkocht moesten worden.

Het resultaat van deze liquidatie van de (LIFO) voorraden is een stijging van $ .4 miljoen van het netto inkomen.

6. Note 8 states Harnischfeger's allowance for doubtful accounts. Compute the ratio of the allowance to gross receivables (receivables before the allowance) in 18 and 184. What would the allowance have been if the company maintained the ratio at the 18 level? How much did the pre-tax income increase as a result of the changed ratio in 184?

Het % voor de toeslag voor dubieuze debiteuren bedroeg in

18 =

184 =

Als men in 184 hetzelfde opslag % zou gebruiken zou de "allowance' 10,04% van $87.648 miljoen zijn, oftewel $8.8 miljoen. Dit zou betekenen dat het pre tax inkomen zou dalen met ($8.8 -/- $5.) $. miljoen.

7. Note states that Harnischfeger decreased its R&D expense in 184 relative to the previous two years. Do you think this change was motivated by business considerations or accounting considerations? How did this change affect the company's reported profits in 184?

Sinds 18 dalen de R&D uitgaven sterk, van $14.1 miljoen in 18 naar $5.1 miljoen in 184. Een en ander heeft natuurlijk te maken met kostenreductie, maar ook de samenwerking met Kobe Steel Ltd., waaraan een groot deel van de productie wordt uitbesteed, draagt hiertoe bij. Er is zelf minder R&D nodig en in een contract wat er onderling is afgesloten staat dat Harnischfeger gespreid over jaar $17 miljoen zal uitgeven aan R&D, als dit daadwerkelijk gebeurt, dan zal Kobe Steel Ltd. deze R&D kosten vergoeden.

Voor de winst in 184 heeft dit tot gevolg gehad dat door de dalende R&D kosten er een hogere winst was ten opzichte van 18. (uitgaven $5.1 miljoen ipv $1.1 miljoen)

8. Note 11 describes a number of changes in Harnischfeger's pension plans in 184. Describe these changes as clearly as you can. What are the economic consequences of these changes to Harnischfeger and its workers?

- Herstructurering pensioenfonds, het oude pensioenplan wordt stopgezet en een nieuwe opgezet. Dit gebeurt omdat het fonds groter is dan noodzakelijk. De overtollige gelden vallen ten gunste van het inkomen vrij.

- De "rate of return' is bijgesteld naar % in 184. Was resp. 8% / 7.5% in 18 en 18. Hierdoor dalen de uitgaven voor pensioenen.

. How did the pension plan changes affect Harnischfeger's financial statements in 184? Are these changes likely to affect future profits?

Het herstructureren van de pensioenen structuur zorgde ervoor dat $. miljoen verdiend werd omdat het fonds veel meer dan noodzakelijk vol zat met geld. Dit bedrag valt verspreidt over 10 jaar vrij aan het inkomen beginnend in 184.

De wijziging in de "rate of return' (zie vraag ) zorgt samen met de herstructurering voor een daling van uitgaven van $4 miljoen in 184.

10. Summarize all the accounting changes Harnischfeger made in 184, and their effects on pre-tax profits and cash flows in 184.

- Door Harnischfeger gekochte en doorverkochte producten van Kobe Steel Ltd. opgenomen in het saldo van de verkopen. Daarvoor werd alleen de bruto marge van deze producten opgenomen in de financi�le verslaggeving. (zie 1.)

- Cijfers van enkele buitenlandse dochtermaatschappijen geconsolideerd op basis van een fiscaal jaar dat loopt tot 0 september in plaats van 1 juli. Hierdoor stegen de verkopen met $ 5.4 miljoen. (zie 1.)

- De afschrijvingsmethode werd met terugwerkende kracht gewijzigd in een systeem van lineaire afschrijving. Ook werd er een levensduurherziening doorgevoerd. De verwachtte restwaarden werden ook aangepast. (zie 1.-4.)

- Het % voor de toeslag voor dubieuze debiteuren werd gewijzigd, hierdoor daalde de uitgaven voor dubieuze debiteuren. (zie 6.)

- Herstructurering pensioenfonds (het fonds is groter dan noodzakelijk). De overtollige gelden vallen ten gunste van het inkomen vrij. De "rate of return' is bijgesteld naar % in 184. Hierdoor dalen de uitgaven voor pensioenen. (zie 8.-.)

11. Accounting statements are used by investors, lenders, customers, employees, and governments in dealing with Harnischfeger. Among these groups, who is most likely to "see through" the above accounting changes, and who is least likely to do so?

Most likely investors, investeerders hebben de kennis/know-how en ervaring om een bedrijf door te lichten op het gebied van hun cijfers. Zij zullen het eerder in de gaten hebben als een bedrijf met haar cijfers "speelt'.

Least likely customers, klanten zullen de expertise/tijd/middelen niet hebben om bedrijven grondig te analyseren. Zij zullen grotendeels afhankelijk zijn van adviezen/pers berichten etc. Er zit dus een vertraging in van analist naar klant.

1. Are the accounting changes likely to help or to hinder Harnischfeger's ability to implement its business plan? Be as specific as possible.

Harnischfeger is van plan om verder te groeien en om de winstgevendheid van het bedrijf vast te houden (p-), ook zal zij blijven concurreren op haar markt. De cijfers die zij in 184 laat zien zijn positief, en ook de vooruitzichten (verbetering markten, grote opdrachten uit Turkije en andere markten) zijn hoopvol. Door de wijzigingen in het beleid omtrent de verslaggeving zal het bedrijf de komende jaren extra winst halen uit de vrijvallende pensioenen (overtollig), en de dalende uitgaven (afschrijvingen, R&D, pensioenen).

1. Overall, what is your assessment of Harnischfeger's future as of 184?

Harnischfeger is met haar nieuwe strategie (nieuw management, kostenreductie, herori�ntatie van de business, herstructurering financi�n) een goede weg ingeslagen. In 18 was er nog verlies, maar in 184 is er door een aantal wijzigingen in de kostenstructuur en het beleid met betrekking tot de verslaggeving een ruime winst. Vooral de herstructurering van de pensioenen ($. miljoen over 10 jaar), de dalende R&D kosten en de wijziging in de afschrijvingsmethode dragen hiertoe bij.

In april is tevens de financi�le stabiliteit verbeterd met het uitgeven van aandelen, waarvan de opbrengsten gebruikt werden om alle lange termijn schulden af te betalen. Nu is er de mogelijkheid (middelen) om nieuwe kansen om te groeien en diversifi�ren aan te pakken.

Ook de verschillende divisies deden het goed in 184, mining +60%, material handling +10%. Dit alles duidt erop dat Harnischfeger weer op de goede weg is. Toch zou ik afwachtend zijn met zelf investeren in Harnischfeger, omdat ze naar mijn mening teveel gegoocheld hebben met de cijfers om een goed resultaat te laten zien.

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Homework Chapter 18. ,,6,,11

. Historically, the three major sources of the public debt have been wars, recessions, and tax-rate cuts. Annual deficits were so large in 180s because the 181 tax cuts, combined with the severe 180-18 recession, generated rapidly rising annual deficits. The deficit rose sharply in 11 and 1 because the Federal government incurred massive expenses in bailing out savings and loan associations that failed during the recession. The large budget surpluses of the late 10s and early 000s are the results of a deficit-reduction package that the Clinton administration and Congress passed. It was a package of higher tax rates and spending limits in place, and with strong economic growth, the annual deficit shrank and the economy continued to expand, so a budget surplus emerged in 18.

. The two main ways the size of the public debt can be measured are GDP and debt. The debt needs only be refinanced rather than refunded. Refinancing the public debt is paying owners of maturing government securities with money obtained by selling new securities or with new securities. Retiring the public debt is reducing the size of the public debt by paying money to owners of maturing U.S government securities. Externally held public debt differs from an internally held public debt in a way that external public debt enables foreigners to buy some of our output. Not like internal public debt that we can own the portion of the debt, the United States transfer goods and services to foreign lenders.

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6. Paying off the public debt would increase the income inequality because the overall Federal tax system is only mildly progress. The ownership of the public debt is concentrated among wealthier groups who own a large percentage of all stocks and bonds. Income is transferred from people who have lower incomes to the higher-income bondholders.

. In the day-today conduct of monetary policy, the components of the public debt play

11.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Odyssey, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Odyssey paper at affordable prices ! Scholars now generally agree with the theory of the American scholar Milman Parry that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed by oral methods of composition rather than by means of writing. But one must hasten to add that the scale, scope, and the poetic genius of the Iliad and Odyssey raise them far above most other orally composed epics or sagas. And it is possible, as recent scholars have suggested that writing was used at some stage of their composition, though the basic technique was oral. The essential feature of the oral composition of lengthy poems is that the poet constructs his verses largely from ready made verbal formulas (i.e., groups of two or more poetic words) which have been previously constructed by the poet himself or by some predecessor to fit various metrical positions in the line and to describe recurrent situations in the kind of narrative required. Thus a formula like he then in answer addressed the godlike, patient Odysseus can be used whenever the poet wants to introduce a reply by Odysseus. The formula can be ingeniously varied to suit the poets needs. Sometimes these formulaic passages may extend over several lines, as when Homer is describing the launching of a ship or the preparation of a meal.( 10 The Classics Encyclopedia)

The Odyssey describes the long and perilous homeward journey of the Greek hero Odysseus (Oh-DIH-say-uss) from the Trojan War described in the Iliad. The poem opens at a council of the gods on Mount Olympus. After having heard the complaint of Athena, the protectress of Odysseus, Zeus decides that the time has come for Odysseus to return to his wife Penelope, in Ithaca. Athena descends to Ithaca disguised as a human and presents herself as a guest to Telemachus, son of Odysseus, who sits glowering at the noblemen devouring his fathers livestock and wooing his mother. The goddess Athena suggests that he should go on a journey to seek news of his father. Telemachus agrees and leaves Ithaca. The tale next turns to Odysseus adventures. The god Hermes makes Calypso release Odysseus. Odysseus sails away on a raft, but the sea god Poseidon causes a storm and he is shipwrecked on the Island of the Phaeacians where Alcinous (Al-KIN-oo-uss) the Generous and his noble wife Arete reign. The very next morning, Nausicaa (Now-see-KAY-ah), the beautiful daughter of the Phaeacian King, comes with her maidens to the beach, and discovers Odysseus. She has Odysseus fed and clothed, then directs him to her fathers palace. At a feast held in his honor, Odysseus describes his ten years of adventures-filled wandering since the Trojan War, while being entertained by the Phaeacians. After Odysseus finishes his story, the Phaeacians promise to fit out a ship to take him home. Meanwhile, Penelope plans an impossible feat of strength to free her of her suitors. She shows the famous bow of Eurytus, and twelve battle-axes, to them. She promises that she would give her hand to the suitor who could shoot an arrow through all twelve-ax handles. After all suitors fail even to string the bow, Odysseus, clothed as an old beggar, offers to try. He strings the bow with ease and shoots an arrow through twelve ax hafts. Then Odysseus throws aside his disguise. After Odysseus reveals his true identity, Telemachus, spear in his hand, leaps to his side. They fight a brave battle and slay all 108 suitors. The kingdom of Ithaca is regained and Odysseus reunites with his family.

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In what ways do Romeo and Juliet stand out as Characters?

In one of the most recognised plays of all time "Romeo and Juliet" would have to have characters that stand out and make the audience feel as if they have known these people for more "the two hours of the stage". This play makes you experience real emotions for the characters by putting them in a situation, which seems so real because it's about love, a thing that most of us have experienced at one time or another.

One thing that strikes oneself when reading the start of the play is how the parents treat their children. Both sets are obviously very rich, so maids or servants care for them leaving bonds between parent and child restricted. This has certain effects on them so when the parents do try and talk its extremely difficult. Romeo's parents distance themselves from him, as they do not completely understand him. This forces them to have his cousin Benvolio, the person closest to Romeo to try and keep track of his whereabouts and feelings

LM "O where is Romeo? Saw you him today?"

B "Madam, an hour before the worshipped sun…"

This is why they let him roam with a fair amount of freedom and hope that his cousin is good enough for him. Romeo though has other plans, and looks towards the friar for comfort and often to solve his problems too.

The Capulet family have a different approach to treating their daughter, even though they do tend to distance themselves they still keep her very controlled and close to them because as their only heir to the family fortune they don't want her to get into unnecessary trouble and would guard her chastity very tightly. Here the father, a very demanding figure wants her to marry Paris only for the reason that he is a rich man and if they wed then their financial status will be secured

"In all respects by me; nay more, I doubt it not.

Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed,

Acquaint her here of my son Paris's love,

And bid her-mark you me-on Wednesday next."

Of course by her fathers actions she acquires rebellious ways but these backfire with disastrous consequences when she speaks of her troubles to her father concerning her wish not to marry Paris

C "And you be mine, I'll give you to my friend;

And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets."

She naturally strays from her father because of his arrogance and steers clear of the mother because of her juvenility, inaccessibility and coldness

LC "(talking about Juliet) This is the matter. Nurse, give leave a while,

We must talk in secret. Nurse, come back again."

So she keeps close to her Nurse. The Nurse being a caring having lost a child herself but sloth like in her duties. Juliet relates to her as her own mother by asking for advice and the nurse obviously feels the same way as she goes and chases up Romeo and interrogates him like any mother would upon finding out Juliet's love for him. She also is prepared to lie and play dangerously for Juliet as she cares for Juliet's feelings very much

Romeo is melancholic which is plain to see when Benvolio is explaining to Romeo's parents about his recent activities

"And gladly shunned who gladly fled from me." He tries to shadow this by being alone much of the time. In a recent Hollywood adaptation of the play Romeo is seen writing some poetry, about mostly his rejected love for Rosaline and this sums up his character well

"And private in his chamber pens himself,

Shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out."

Further proof about his melancholic personality trying to be hidden is his use of language in a conversation. Romeo is very sharp and can talk himself out of an uncomfortable situation whenever he feels like it. He has no willingness to make friends either, especially as the friends he knows now are far much less intelligent than him causing him to be fed up with people. He sometimes mocks the other person's intelligence as we can see with Benvolio here

R "Dost thou not laugh?"

B "No, coz, I rather weep."

R "Good heart, at what?"

B "At thy good heart's oppression."

Another good example of his sharpness,

"Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes with nimble soles, I have a soul of lead."

Romeo's personality does change though but only when he is around his love Juliet. His language changes to a positive state and we can see this when he uses hyperbolic sentences

"Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,

Having some business, do entreat her eyes

To twinkle in their spheres till they return."

There is also evidence that he doesn't think that much of himself but many people think he is testing her intelligence with verbal games and he clearly enjoys it as no one else really understands him like her. Here he says that he is nothing compared to Juliet, her hand is a shrine and Romeo is a pilgrim

"If I profane with my unworthiest hand

This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this,

My lips two blushing pilgrims…"

Destiny and being star-crossed lovers bring these two together. Destiny plays a heavy part in Shakespeare's day (as the theory went that the stars controlled everyone and no one could prevent or change their future.) So idea is featured heavily in the relationship between the two as the stars features many times in the conversations

R "Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven," Shakespeare seems almost obsessed with foreshadowing the tragedy that will eventually engulf these "star-crossed lovers" and involves other people to predict it too

FriL "And thou art wedded to calamity."

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