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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Love Poems, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Love Poems paper at affordable prices ! nightly i sit staring up at the stars,


i dream of the love that will one day be ours,


the thought of you holding me tight in your arms,


puts a smile on my face as my heart slowly warms,


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the feel of your lips pressed softly against mine,


is a pleasure i would wait for till the end of time,


all the love in the world could never compare,


for how much i feel for you, how much i care,


at night you are the source for all my tears,


these tears of love drown out all my fears,


for all my life eternal loneliness has scared me,


because of your love that loneliness will never be,


my heart is overwhelmed by the way you make me feel,


because i know our love for eachother will forever be real.


too many nights have i cried myself to sleep


with an emptiness in my heart only you could fill


my tears were of sadness before you came in my life


now they show happiness since i found you


better to love and lose than never to have loved


i have never had the opportunity before you


Somewhere theres someone who dreams of your smile, and finds in your presence that life is worth while, so when you are lonely, remember this is true Somebody, somewhere is thinking of you.


Grief at the absence of a loved one is happiness compared to life with a person one hates


The absent are never without fault, nor the present without excuse..


Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small and enkindles the great


The best part of beauty is that which no picture can express.


Love is a great beautifier


If I ever let you slip through my fingers, I would never forgive myself because the spaces in between my fingers were made for yours to fit in


Just because someone doesnt love you the way you want them to, doesnt mean they dont love you with everything they have.


To love is to place our happiness in the happiness of another.


The best way to love is to love like you have never been hurt.


Giving someone all your love isnt an assurance that theyll love you back. You must wait for it to grow in their heart, but if it doesnt be satisfied that it grows in yours.


Maximize your strengths and minimize your weaknesses. Maintain your strengths, work on your weaknesses


never stop smiling, because you never know whos falling in love with your smile.


love is a devious entity, it often comes to those who deserve it the least, and leaves those who deserve it in solitude.


too many people are worried about finding the right person instead of becoming the right person.


Be sure that youre sharing your heart with someone who values whats in it


A part of you has grown in me, friends forever we shall be, friends together, never apart, mabye in distance but never at heart


Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have


searched, and those who have tried, for only they can appreciate the


importance of people who have touched their lives.


For long youll live and high youll fly, smiles youll give and tears youll cry. All you touch and all you see is all your life will ever be.


Obstacles and problems are a part of life. True happiness comes not when we get rid of all of our problems, but when we change our relationship to them, when we see our problems as a potential source of awakening, opportunities to practice patience, and to learn.


Ill always be beside you until the very end, wiping all your tears away, being your best friend. Ill smile when you smile and feel all the pain you do, and if you cry a single tear, I promise Ill cry too.


Being happy doesnt mean that everything is perfect. It means that you have decided to look beyond the imperfections.


Sometimes we must get hurt in order to grow, we must fail in order to know, Sometimes our vision clears only after our eyes are washed away with tears.


Hard times are simply that---TIME---time passes and things do get better. So, just stick through it and one day you will look back on it and think Man, that was nothing.


The bad things in life open your eyes to the good things you werent paying attention to before.


This is a message from me to you, to make sure you never forget I love you! When things are rough and you feel lost, just call on me and Ill be there at any cost. Ill do this because I care for you, Ill stick by your side no matter what you do. I am your friend through thick and thin, just as, for me, you have always been.


Within you is a spirit, capable of touching the stars. Within you is the ability to achieve your goals and make your dreams come true. Dont listen to others or fear competition or worry about wrong choices. In every experience there is wisdom to be gained. Have faith in yourself and move ahead with confidence, believing that you will fulfill your potential as the unique person you were created to be.


It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone but it takes a lifetime to forget someone.


The hours I spend with you I look upon as sort of a perfumed garden, a dim twilight, and a fountain singing to it… you and you alone make me feel that I am alive…. Other men it is said have seen angels, but I have seen thee and thou art enough.


Theres this place in me where your fingerprints still rest, your kisses still linger, and your whispers softly echo. Its the place where a part of you will forever be a part of me.


A person can be in love with someone forever till the end of time. But if that person doesnt tell or show the feelings of love, it will be just another person living in a dream, lost of true love.


How grave is my condition, for I cannot find the words to say, I need you so.


I tell you i love you every day for fear that tomorrow isnt another.


I fell in love with you the second I layed eyes on you, it had nothing to do with the way you looked, there was something in your eyes, then I found out what was in your heart.


Once youve felt love, youll know its love because you dont want to let it go.


Hopeless romantics are only hopeless in the eyes of those who dont believe in romance.


You know its love when all you want is that person to be happy, even if youre not part of their happiness.


Sometimes its hard to love someone because youre so afraid of losing them.


Within you I lose myself. Without you I find myself wanting to become lost again.


There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved


True love doesnt have a happy ending true love doesnt have an ending


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism paper at affordable prices ! Published in the October edition of the Wall Street Journal, the British historian Paul Johnson¡¯s essay entitled ¡°The Answer to Terrorism? Colonialism.¡± is an open declaration calling for the return of the old forms of colonialism in the anti-terrorism war. As a theme of this article, a new form of colony, the conquests and annexations which, according to the author, belonged to a bygone era are once again on the order of the day. But in my opinion, the value of colonialism which Paul Johnson has heaped praise on is rather a reorganization of the world through the imposition of military power than the way out of the swamp of terrorism. And the whole article is but to provide a justification for the opening of a new epoch of imperialist conquest, which hides itself behind the anti-terrorism cause.


What is colonialism? It is not a policy defined by Paul Johnson by which to suppress the well-organized criminal communities, networks and states with political control, but rather it is by which a nation, in quest for expansion of power, maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies, supported by the notions that such territories and people are inferior and thus deserve domination. Colonialism bases its intrinsic value on inequality of human races and targets on the colonies its hegemony and domination.


In Johnson¡¯s article, he first argues that America has no alternative but to wage war against states that habitually aid terrorists. Then he proceeds to give a potted history of the 1th century in which he asserts that the expansion of the major imperialist powers, above all the British Empire, was aimed at bringing a halt to piracy and finally succeeded by taking the form of colonialism. With the comparison made between today¡¯s anti-terrorism cause and the old-day anti-piracy wars, Johnson successfully (if not unsuccessfully) brings out his idea that colonialism is the answer to terrorism. And in the concluding part of the article, he spells out not only the other targets for attack but sets out the new forms of rule which should be established. Well written, the whole article seems to be plausible while actually specious with many false ideas represented. To discuss it, let¡¯s first look at the basic concept supporting Johnson¡¯s argument---the racist version of Orientalism.


The idea that the western imperialist powers, now led by America, are the superior powers to extinguish terrorism, dampen down coups, civil wars and conflicts, salvage inferior oriental countries---those Islamic countries in particular---is to be found in every line of his article. The subject of the expansion of colonialism is the West and the object the East---in 1th century¡¯s so-called anti-piracy war, it was Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and in today¡¯s anti-terrorism war, it was Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, Iran and Syria. To take it for granted that the eastern crime-and-impoverishment-stricken states must be rescued by the western imperialist powers, Johnson emphasizes the necessity of colonialism as a way out ¡±I suspect the best medium-term solution will be to revive the old League of Nations mandate system, which served well as a ¡®respectable¡¯ form of colonialism between the wars¡±. But what is lying under that ¡°respectable form¡±? Is that the respect for the turbulence-ridden states? Is that the respect for the cruelly ravaged human rights? Pry into the basic notions supporting Johnson¡¯s argument and the colonizing states¡¯ policies, it is only possible to excavate the deep-rooted belief in human inequality---that is, races are not born equal with the orient isolated from the mainstream of human progress in the science, arts, commerce and politics and the west advanced and superior both in intellect and cultural senses. Johnson and other colonialism-supporting institutions share a common affirmation in the different categorizations of all human races and emphasize on the east¡¯s sensuality, its tendency to despotism, its aberrant mentality, its habit of inaccuracy and its backwardness and hence its fate to be taken care of. Dominated by the idea of human inequality, Paul Johnson¡¯s conclusion in the treatment of the orient is just as ¡°simple¡± and ¡°self-evident¡± as it is racist and differentiating. Colonialism brings out the focus on the western-culture authority, or the attempt to dominate the ¡°other¡± in the name of a cultural supremacy and intellect superiority which is itself produced in the moment of differentiation. Argued by Edward Said, an authority in the academic field of Oriental Studies, famous for his critic book Orientalism, such prevailing western-superiority complex stems from the wrong studying of the oriental world. In his book Orientalism, he writes about the negative influences of Orientalism on the way the westerners think about the oriental (http//www.frontpagemag.com/archives/rogues/windschuttle1--.htm)


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¡°Colonial rule was justified in advance by Orientalism, rather than after the fact¡­our familiarity, not merely with the language of the people of the East but with their customs, their feelings, their traditions, their history, and religion, had provided the sole basis upon which we are likely to be able to maintain in the future the position we have won. ¡­Orientalism led the West to see Islamic culture as static in both time and place, as eternal uniform, and incapable of defining itself, and this gave us a sense of its own cultural and intellectual superiority. The West consequently saw itself as a dynamic, innovative, expanding culture, as well as the spectator, the judge and jury of every facet of Oriental behavior. ¡­ This became part of its imperial conceit.¡±


¡°The rationale for Western imperialism could be described by its perpetrators not as a form of conquest, but as the redemption of a degenerate world. ¡­¡±


Said argues that the Orientalism¡¯s false description of Arabs and Islamic culture, the false establishment of the Europe¡¯s self-image and the politics-serving purpose to a great extent all have distorted the westerners¡¯ conceptions of the east. The west tends to depict itself as the Godfather with an eye to subjugate the emergence of a ¡°zone of chaos¡±. And the west tends to degrade the east as the failed states calling for imperialist domination and salvation. As the racist idea Rudyard Kipling has expressed in his famous poem The White Man¡¯s Burden (published in McClure¡¯s Magazine in February of 18), the white man had the burden and responsibility of bringing the blessings of their superior civilization to the savages of the non-European world. And here Paul Johnson¡¯s assertion of the need for a new colonialism is certainly another failed product of the faults of Orientalism---that is, the belief that the imperialist powers are to save and to redeem the degenerated world but not to conquer and to plunder. In such a differentiating point of view, Johnson identifies colonialism with his, or, say, the imperialist powers¡¯, concepts of ethnocentrism and hegemonism and renders everything under this set of criteria which are actually disagreeable with the human nature and human equality.


In his article, Johnson leaves no doubt as to the model of ¡°great power¡± action he has in mind---British imperialism of the 1th century---and the way it colonized other countries. He rewrites the history of the war against piracy with a purpose to cover over the fact that imperialist conquest in the 1th century had nothing to do with ¡°piracy¡± but was the outcome of a struggle by the major capitalist powers to enhance their position in the global competition for profits, markets and resource, just as today¡¯s war against ¡°terrorism¡± is being pursued for the same aims. Johnson makes one significant omission as he harks back to the ¡°glory days¡± of British imperialism. The carve-up of the world in the latter part of the 1th century and the first part of the 0th century did not bring peace and prosperity. Rather, it led to two inter-imperialist wars, resulting in hundreds of millions of deaths as the major capitalist powers---the US, Britain, Germany, France, and Japan---inevitably came into conflict with each other in the global struggle for resources, markets and spheres of influence. Colonialism is but to ¡°service the needs of more or less traditional aristocracies both within the social context of feudalism and in the transition to capitalism during its long-term phase of global mercantilist competition¡±. (http//chnm.gmu.edu/rhr/haynes.htm) Mentioned in Johnson¡¯s article, Africa was colonized by France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain at the end of the last century in the name of war against piracy. However, the history of the colonial exploitation imposed by those imperialist powers didn¡¯t recorded itself in the same way as Johnson did. After Belgian King Leopold 1st took over Congo as his own personal domain, millions of Congolese were killed and this vast area of central Africa became impoverished under his infamous rule while the rulers of little Belgium got very rich to achieve their own capital accumulation and their competence in the resetting of the new world order. And today, imperialism hasn¡¯t changed. It is ¡° the same system, serving the same corporate masters. What has changed is only the political situation¡±. (http//www.street.com/npc/Africa.html) It is possible that to some extent colonization quelled the notorious piracy; but it supplanted it with more notorious political, economical and social carnage perpetrated by the colonists. Colonialism is no efficient and justified means to solve the world affairs, or rather it is the intervention of the imperialist powers---organizing exploitations, stoking up wars and ethnic conflicts for their own purpose, and arming repressive regimes---and the imposition of economic policies that have created a social disaster for people of those colonies. The chaos caused by yesterday¡¯s crimes is made the starting point for the perpetration of new ones, beginning with the establishment of colonial forms of rule. Paul Johnson¡¯s answer towards terrorism is really a pretext under which the imperialist powers set out to take over the terrorism-ridden lands for their own profits---colonizing is constructive for the colonizing societies while destructive for the colonized.


Instead of being the answer to terrorism, colonialism is rather the answer to imperialism. Seizing upon the tragedy of terrorism to bring forth his so-called relieving solution, only reveals Paul Johnson the longstanding plans of the imperialist powers to impose hegemony in the oil-rich region. The whole article is but a whitewash; and now that the whitewash has peeled off, everything is clear


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Louisiana Purchase. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Louisiana Purchase paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Louisiana Purchase, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Louisiana Purchase paper at affordable prices ! Forever changing the geographical makeup of the United States, the Louisiana Purchase has come to be regarded as the most important real estate deal in history. While France would use the proceeds from the sale to fund a war it would eventually lose, the young United States of America would continue its westward expansion, eventually becoming the most powerful nation in the world. During the negotiation for the Louisiana Territory, the Americans originally sensed the situation's urgency. However, with Americas patience toward the negotiation, and Frances dismal economic state, no amount of negotiating techniques could spare Frances surrender of the massive territory to the United States at a bargain price. Observing the negotiation process, one notes that ____________ and _______________ helped the U.S. achieve _____________ while doing _____________ for France. Or something along those lines. You need to have an argument, not just a description of the history.


Certainly, these results could not have been predicted given the circumstances each country was facing. On the one hand, the United States was a young nation with alien countries surrounding it�the British in present day Canada, the Spanish in the Floridas and the French in Louisiana, which included the whole Mississippi Valley and extended indefinitely westward. France, on the other hand, was involved in a war with the British and questioning whether they could maintain their colonies while simultaneously protecting themselves in Europe. Despite the fact that the deal made sense politically to both countries in the short term, each country had its naysayers. Many in France, for example, thought the country should keep the land in the West, as New Orleans was quickly becoming a major port; these pessimists believed a port city would stimulate much-needed international trade. France, incidentally, was in the middle of a war and strapped for money; under these circumstances, Napoleon subsequently feared that a British offensive on French soil was imminent. As protecting his country was of the utmost short-term importance, the deal with the United States ultimately had to be made.


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We can learn about Holden�s character from his own account of his adventures and to a lesser extent from his speeches and actions; and also from the reactions of others to him. Holden is like all teenagers; he has a mixture of moods and attitudes, and searches for some security. Holden is aware that there are many choices available, but he has had no instructions on religious or moral values.


Holden is virtuous; but it his virtue that leads him into difficulties. He expects everyone else to be like him, Holden sets very high standards. He is sympathetic and thoughtful � he asks Ackley out despite his dislike of him and visits Mr Spencer when he has the flu. Holden feels sorry for Sunny � the prostitute. He notices details such as her green dress and the he remarks on Mrs Morrow�s rings and her magazine, and the nun�s cheap glasses. Holden is an idealist. His high expectations include honesty, which he expresses as a lack of phoniness and consistency, however these are not achieved by the adult world he must soon join, as a result of this he becomes more and more depressed. essaybank.co.uk wwga gaw esgagas ayga gaba nga kcga gauk!


Holden hates hypocrites and phoneys, but meets few people who are honest. Even his teachers are phoneys; Mr Spencer acts in front of the headmaster, and the headmaster performs in front of the rich parents and Mr Antolini appears to have suspect morals. The nightclubs that Holden visits are full of phoney�s; Sally Hayes adores them and is one herself. The acclaimed Lunts and Olivier, Ernie and the cabaret singers are praised by everyone except Holden; even his brother, D.B. has gone to Hollywood, the phoniest place of all; he goes as far as saying that he is a "prostitute� because he sells his writing for films. The few people who are not phoney�s though are Allie and James Castle. wwgf gfw esgfgfs aygf gfba ngf kcgf gfuk.


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Although Holden is innocent he is not naive. Society has affected him to the extent that he is aware of the cost of things. He refers to the value of his coat, his cases, his typewriter and even his pens. He does not cherish his possessions as he tells us. When his gloves were stolen the only thing he cares about is that he is cold. When he was a child he lost his belongings � now as a teenager he fails to take his change and hates people who spend time at posh restaurants and popular bars; yet there is a hypocritical side to him which makes him take taxis, go to bars, cinemas and theatres, and stay in hotels. EXUJMF Visit essaybank ca co ca uk ca for more ca Do not ca redistribute EXUJMF wwae aew esaeaes ayae aeba nae kcae aeuk


Holden is both repelled and fascinated by sex. He longs to find what it is all about, and to experience the passion that was hinted by Stradlater and envied by Ackley. He watches from his hotel window in an almost voyeuristic fashion and finds that the reality is unappealing. He finds that Sunny�s efforts to entertain him were dirty. Sex, which is so prized by the adult world, Holden finds worthless. wwfb fbw esfbfbs ayfb fbba nfb kcfb fbuk;


Holden is aware of the importance of social status, he can�t be in the same room as someone who is insecure about their status. Holden seems anxious to keep up with his contemporaries, behaving in an over the top manner with Stradlater, being rude to Ackley and refusing to answer questions. His friends find him immature but this is not surprising as he is two years younger than them.


Society has taken everything from Holden, both of his brother�s presence and also his parents�. Stradlater borrows all he owns, his clothes and even his


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on three cats i like the most.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality three cats i like the most. paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in three cats i like the most., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your three cats i like the most. paper at affordable prices ! Studies show that people who have pets are often less stressed than those who do not. Owning a cat can satisfy a deep-seated desire to nurture and care for another living thing. A cat is quiet, independent and self-cleaning. Great cuddlers and good listeners, in many ways, cats are the perfect companion. Here are three cats of my choice explaining why they belong on the top ten cats . Those three cats are the Manx cat, the Burmese cat, and the Siamese cat.


Manx cats are lively and playful indoor or outdoor pets. More or less, they love to find places to perch up high and look down on their surroundings. They have an extremely powerful back legs that they use to jump to tremendous heights, run at top speed, and make quick turns. They also have an odd habit of retrieving and burying toys like a dog might do. For the most part, they are friendly, social and loving cats that are very intelligent and sensitive. Some of them prefer one person to care for them while others enjoy the entire family. Obviously, each cat has its own personality much like humans do.


Like the Manx cats, Burmese cats are extremely people-oriented; their personalities are almost dog-like in a tendency to shadow their owners and in a desire to give and receive affection. Many Burmese cats have delighted their "humans" by learning to retrieve. They love warm laps and caressing hands and enjoy cuddling up in bed either under the covers or on top of their favorite persons. In my opinion, they delight in helping to manage the house. Some of their favorite chores are assisting with paper work or reading (by sitting on top of the material), or going into cupboards (to demonstrate where things ought to be). Typically, Burmese are always with people. The females tend to request center stage and take an active role in ruling the household. The males prefer to supervise from the lap position, are more laid back and less opinionated. If emotionally slighted by their owner's ignorance, Burmese cats may be in a bad temper, but, fortunately, not for long. They are apparently highly intelligent and charming. If encouraged, a Burmese cat will often converse with its owners using a soft, sweet voice. Their meow is never loud, or raucous. Because of their lively nature, and tolerance the Burmese are usually good with children and dogs. Also, if introduced early, Burmese cats will adjust well to travel. Burmese cats are a good breed for someone who doesn't mind having their cat take part in most household duties. Whether you're working on the computer, or putting away groceries, the Burmese cat will usually find some way to involve itself.


In addition to the Manx and Burmese cats, Siamese cats are loveable and intelligent animals that will continually amuse you with their antics while frustrating you with their ability to get into everything. However, these cats demand attention and hate to be ignored or left alone. They become very mischievous when they are bored and lonely. Siamese cats are one of the more high-strung breeds that are agile and active. As a matter of fact these cats are not what every pet owner is looking for. Furthermore, those who do take on the challenge by bringing home a Siamese cat will be rewarded with unlimited affection and hours of entertainment.


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Contrary to popular belief, the cat is a social animal. A pet cat will respond and answer to speech , and seems to enjoy human companionship. As anyone who has ever been around a cat for any length of time well knows, cats have enormous patience with the limitations of the human kind.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Social Progress, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Social Progress paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! There has been much debate on whether or not industrialization aided the progress of social progress. Many feel that the industrialization of towns was the perfect way to get the social progress wave started. Others felt that industrialization did more harm than good. By taking a look at the views of Adam Smith, Hammond, and Frederic Engels, we will see exactly what makes people take these opposing views.


According to Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations, industrialization of the economy seemed to represent social progress in 1th century Britain. He feels that if industrialization didn't come along, society would be stuck in a rut and wouldn't be able to advance. Simple processes would take a long time to do. He gives the example of making a pin. A man who was not educated in the business would only be able to make one pin in a day, whereas if the work was divided into a number of branches (preferably particular trades) they could make about forty-eight thousand pins in a day. This is possible because every man is given a distinct job, sometimes two or three of them. The job is usually something that the man is skilled in. If they had been working separately and independently they wouldn't have been so productive.


The example with the pin is not the only instance that industrialization is successful. Although the labor might not be divided as well, the end results are the same. However, the division of labor results in a proportionate increase of the productive powers of labor. Smith mentions an interesting point when he says that what is the work of one man in a rude state of society, being generally that of several in an improved one. He is trying to say that the most prosperous societies are industrialized; the labor is divided, therefore more merchandise is produced. Usually the most prosperous nations do better than neighboring nations in agriculture and manufactures. Their lands are better cultivated and therefore produce more.


There are three reasons that the division of labor increases the quantity of work


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The first is the increase in skill in every workman. Logically if a man is skilled at a task he is performing, he will be able to produce a higher output. The division of labor allows a man to specialize in a particular trade because that is the only thing that he is doing all day long. Hence the phrase "practice makes perfect.'


The second is the time saved by not going to one job right after another. When a man passes from one sort of work to another, valuable time is lost. When going from one work place to another, a man usually saunters from the first job to the second. Understandably, when he begins his second job, his mind isn't really into the task he is performing. For a considerable amount of time he will play around on the job. In countries that require a man to work more than one job and the job is a job that needs a different set of tools than the other one, the man becomes lazy and incapable of any serious applications even when facing a deadline. Since he does not have the time to become skilled in any particular trade, the quantity of work he is capable of producing is limited.


The third is the invention of machines that move labor along and make it possible for one man to do the work of many men. Machinery is essentiaol to the progress of labor. The inventions of the different machinery that moves along labor is seemingly owing to the division of labor. When a man's attention is focused on one particular object, a man can figure out how to get the object or produce the object at a faster rate. People are always looking for a shortcut in the work that they do. Many machines were invented by common workmen who were looking for easier ways to perform their jobs.


Although there has been much praise for the industrialization aiding social progress, there has been some criticism. According to Hammond, who investigated child labor in the factories during the Sadler Commission Hearing, industrialization hindered social progress rather than progress it. During the hearings, many disturbing facts were brought forward. Children were forced to work from five o'clock in the morning until o'clock at night. They lived about a mile and a half from the factory and had to wake up around four o'clock every morning in order to walk to work. At noon they were given forty minutes for dinner. Breakfast was unheard of. There were no breaks besides the4 short break for dinner. Sometimes their food was spoiled by all the dust that was present in the mill. Often, during their break, they had to stop and clean the machinery. To keep the young children awake the overseers would beat them with a leather strap. For all this they were paid a mere four schillings a week.


Not only did the factory workers have to deal with horrible working conditions, they also had to deal with horrible living conditions. Behind the cottages of the working-class man there are filthy alleys. The bricks on the cottages shift and the wall have cracks in them. The streets are dirty. The floors are half buried in the earth. Usually the working-class quarters are separate or concealed from the sections of the city reserved for the middle class. Towns are set up so that the members of the bourgeoisie can take the shortest road through the middle of all the laboring districts to their destination without ever having to see the grime and the misery that surrounds them. The further out of the town you go, the dirtier and less inviting the shops are. At the southern end of town the shops appear so run down that there is no question that workers and only workers are the customers. There is a systematic shutting-out of the working class form the middle and upper class. When one sees this, it is clear thatq the wealthy and "big-shots' at the factories are not as innocent as they would like you to think.


Throughout history people have taken opposing views on whether or not industrialization played a positive or negative role upon social progress. People took their particular views according the life they witnessed when industrialization was being implemented. By taking a look at the views of Adam Smith, Hammond, and Frederic Engels, we can better understand what people were going through during this time period.


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PathologyThe ventricular septal defect is located in the membranous septum, it is subaortic and sometimes extends to the subpulmonic valve area. The VSD is large causing equalization of LV and RV pressures. These defects do not usually get smaller and are not known to close spontaneously. The right ventricular outflow tract is hypoplastic and almost always obstructive. Occasionally at birth the RVOT shows no significant obstruction and results in the so-called pink tetralogy of Fallot. Mild hypertrophy of the moderator band and ventricular septal defect should be distinguished from tetralogy of Fallot as the prognosis is different in each case. The pulmonary valve annulus is typically small in tetralogy of Fallot and the leaflets are deformed. The main pulmonary arteries in contrast to pulmonary stenosis is small as well as the branch pulmonary arteries. There might be branch pulmonary artery stenosis as well as peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis in addition to the RVOT and pulmonary valvar stenosis. Bronchial arterial collaterals are sometimes present which connect to the peripheral pulmonary arteries. The main pulmonary artery is occasionally atretic and the pulmonary arteries are fed either by patent ductus arteriosus or collateral vessels. The aortic valve is typically large.


Ten per cent (10%) of tetralogy of Fallot patients have pulmonary atresia. Of those patients, 70% have the pulmonary arteries fed by patent ductus arteriosus and 0% by collateral. In patients who have collateral blood vessels supplying the pulmonary arteries the pulmonary arteries may be significantly small which would necessitate utilizing the collaterals in a unifocalization process. Forty per cent (40%) of patients with tetralogy of Fallot have patent foramen ovale and 5% have a right aortic arch. As the incidence of anomalous coronaries are also higher in patients with tetralogy of Fallot than the normal population where it is seen in 5%. The left anterior descending artery might originate from the right coronary artery and pass in front of the right ventricular tract which is an important thing to know since the surgeon may attempt opening the RVOT and causing damage to the left anterior descending artery.


Clinical ManifestationsThe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction may be minimal in the beginning leading to significant left-to-right shunting at the VSD with symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. As the right ventricular outflow tract becomes more and more obstructive the pulmonary vascular resistance will exceed the systemic vascular resistance and right-to-left shunting will occur causing cyanosis. Cyanosis is influenced by hemoglobin level and therefore if it is low it may not be evident. Cyanosis induces an increase in the hemoglobin concentration and increase in erythropoietin production. When there are large or multiple collaterals from the systemic arterial circulation to the pulmonary arterial circulation there will be minimal cyanosis as pulmonary blood flow will be increased. The long systolic murmur of tetralogy of Fallot is secondary to the turbulent flow across the RVOT obstruction and pulmonary stenosis and not due to the VSD. Twenty-five per cent (5%) of tetralogy of Fallot patients are cyanotic at birth and 75% of patients become cyanotic at 1 year of age. Spells of hypercyanosis are uncommon in the first six months of life. They are most common in infants and toddlers. They again become rare in children more than 4 years of age.


Squatting helps to relieve cyanotic spells possibly due to increase in systemic vascular resistance because of kinking of femoral arteries as well as in a decrease in the venous return. Due to deformity of the pulmonary valve there may be a single second heart sound. When continuous murmurs are auscultated this might indicate the presence of a PDA or collateral vessels. Electrocardiography


There is typically right ventricular hypertrophy with right axis deviation. Superior axis deviation is seen in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and AV canal defect. Right ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy is seen in acyanotic infants with left-to-right shunting causing congestive heart failure.


Chest X-ray In tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia the heart acquires a boot shape (Cobur en sabot).


Cardiac catheterization


In straight-forward, clear tetralogy of Fallot there may not be a need for cardiac catheterization. However, if the peripheral pulmonary arterial anatomy is unclear than cardiac catheterization may be indicated to evaluate the peripheral pulmonary arteries and collateral circulation. In addition, the coronary arteries need to be studied.


Management


Cyanotic spells


These typically occur when babies or toddlers are upset leading to increase in the catecholamines and consequently increase in the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and more right-to-left shunting at the ventricular septal defect level. The first line of treatment should be to ask a parent to hold and comfort the child, usually this will break the spell. When holding the child it is best to place him in the knee-chest position to increase the systemic vascular resistance. When this fails then one might utilize one of the following measures


1. Morphine subcutaneously or intravenously will cause a negative inotropic pressure and left- to-right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. In addition, it has a sedative analgesic effect that might cause the child to relax with less catecholamines and less RVOT obstruction. Beta blockers such as an Esmolol drip or intravenous Inderal will cause a negative inotropiceffect and less RVOT obstruction thus breaking the cyanotic spell.Vasoconstrictors such as a drip of Epinephrine or Phenylephrine Hydrochloride will cause vasoconstriction and elevation of the systemic vascular resistance with less right-to-left shunting. Complete repair is typically done at 6 months to 1 year of age. Some surgeons have tried to preserve the integrity of the pulmonic valve to lessen the extent of pulmonary insufficiency by not placing a transannular patch. However, some of these patients would have significant residual pulmonary stenosis.


Course


Unrepaired the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction will continue to increase with more right-to-left shunting at the VSD and more cyanosis. The hematocrit will continue to increase and polycythemia would result. The right ventricular pressure might exceed that of the systemic when occasionally the tricuspid valve tissue is incorporated in the VSD causing VSD restriction. Such patients will have a poor surgical outcome because of RV strain. Aortic valve regurgitation seen in tetralogy of Fallot will increase with time because of increased pulmonary stenosis and more right-to-left shunting with increase of blood volume flow across the aortic valve resulting in aortic valve deformity and insufficiency. This will also explain the higher incidence of aortic insufficiency in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. One should always think of subacute bacterial endocarditis in patients with aortic insufficiency since this valve is the most likely area of subacute bacterial endocarditis in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Left pulmonary artery stenosis or even atresia could develop later on and not necessarily noted right after birth. When this occurs there will be increase in pulmonary blood flow to the right lung developing as pulmonary hypertension. In patients with pulmonary hypertension with tetralogy of Fallot it will be important to either preserve the integrity of the pulmonic valve or place a prosthetic pulmonary valve since insufficiency might be significant. The only time that pulmonary vascular obstructive disease is noted in patients with tetralogy of Fallot are those that were palliated many years ago with Potts or Waterston shunts.


Arrhythmias are frequent with tetralogy of Fallot. Premature ventricular contractions either focal or multifocal or even runs of V-tach are sometimes noted. The older the age of the child at the time of repair the more likely that they would develop arrhythmias.


Myocardial dysfunction is a more prominent problem in patients who are repaired at an older age, those with dysrhythmia and those with residual postoperative defects, for example, ventricular septal defect (18% of patients required re-operation for one reason or another). Late death in patients with tetralogy of Fallot occur in approximately 5% of repaired patients.


Brain abscess should be ruled out in any patients with CNS symptoms. This was a more frequent occurrence in the past as these lesions were not repaired until 4-5 years of age. Cerebral vascular accidents secondary to hypoxia particularly in those with anemia and due to polycythemia. Brain abscess should be ruled out in any patients with CNS symptoms. Scoliosis may result which is also common in other cyanotic congenital heart diseases. This is more common in females than males.


TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH ABSENT PULMONARY VALVE


This is an uncommon variation of tetralogy of Fallot. The pulmonary valve leaflets are represented by nubbins of tissue. The clinical picture is dominated by pulmonary insufficiency rather than pulmonary stenosis.


The anatomy is the same as tetralogy of Fallot except that the right ventricular outflow tract is not excessively restrictive. The pulmonary arteries are dilated and sometimes aneurysmal. The pulmonary artery dilatation may extend beyond what is expected from pulmonary insufficiency to several generations of pulmonary arteries causing bronchial constrictions.


Clinical Manifestations


A systolic and diastolic murmur is present. This represents pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary insufficiency. The chest x-ray shows aneurysmal dilatation of the main pulmonary artery. The cardiac catheterization is important to delineate the peripheral pulmonary arteries.


Management is delayed as much as possible because of the need to place a valve, usually a homograft. Surgery is done earlier in patients with dilated distal pulmonary arteries and respiratory distress to halt further progress of bronchoconstriction. Pulmonary arteries could be plicated during surgery. Hypercyanotic spells are not a feature of this type of tetralogy of Fallot.


TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH AV CANAL DEFECT


In tetralogy of Fallot with AV canal presentation is similar to that of typical tetralogy of Fallot. The electrocardiogram shows superior axis deviation with right ventricular hypertrophy. In almost all instances the anterior atrioventricular valve leaflet is free floating. Due to the complexity of this congenital heart disease, cardiac catheterization is almost always performed. Surgery is usually done at 1 year of age where the AV canal and tetralogy of Fallot are repaired simultaneously. There is a higher instance of Down syndrome in comparison to other types of tetralogy of Fallot.


TETRALOGY OF FALLOT WITH DOUBLE CHAMBER RIGHT VENTRICLE


This typically occurs due to hypertrophy of the moderator muscle bundle. In these instances the right ventricular apex pressure is higher than the rest of the right ventricle. During surgical repair the moderator muscle bundle should be severed so as to eliminate the pressur e gradient


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