If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Moral Development: Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Moral Development: Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Moral Development: Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Moral Development: Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! " A boy courageous enough to stand against the moral conventions of his society, to risk hell itself rather than conform to the "sivilizing' process of communities he rejects" ( Bollinger.online. /5/0). Mark Twain created Huckleberry Finn's character to display the effects of society on moral development and compare an abstract moral standard versus a relationship-based decision making process. Like Huck Finn, Holden Caulfield is constantly battling with the ever-growing idea of having to grow up and the moral growth that comes along with it. Holden attempts to remain irresponsible and blameless all at the same time when in fact this is impossible. Lawrence Kohlberg, a famous psychologist particularly esteemed for his research in moral development, developed three major stages of morality preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Both Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield can be put into one of these three categories based on their abilities to believe, understand, and execute a universal principle of right and wrong.

Kohlberg would classify Huck as being preconventional because of the absence of "abstract moral reasoning". The preconventional stage is recognized as being the stage in which concrete consequences control the action and decisions of the child; however, Huck does not completely fit the prototype because he doesn't always react on a universally known sense of right and wrong. Instead, Huck bases his decisions on and through his commitment to friends. The main point though that keeps him in the preconventional stage is his lack of abstract moral reasoning. This can best be defined as a conflict between two moral conflicts, with one having more priority than the other because of the nature of a specific moral principle itself.

The best example in the story relating to abstract moral reasoning is the scene when Tom gets shot. Huck cannot decide what to do because both of his friends were at stake. Tom's health and Jim's freedom were both in jeopardy causing Huck to go into a flat spin. It is not until Jim steps in and tells him to get a doctor that Huck can react to the situation because he needed the assurance to know that their friendship was not in danger.

Society also plays a huge role in the development of Huck's moral being. Racism and prejudice was part of the ever day life in Mississippi during the time period. Huck grew up hearing every mean word and witnessing numerous attacks on slaves. He was taught to distrust them, disrespect them, and disgust them. However, as Huck begins to get to know Jim better he begins to question the basis of the accusations in society. He even begins to think of him as a human being. Society also plays a huge role in the idea of rationalization. Society in general has a reputation for making excuses for things that are wrong, but can be twisted around and made to be right. "Pap always said it warn't no harm to borrow things, if you was meaning to pay them back, sometime" (Twain). This quote by Huck explains how he believes that what Pap told him was true and the right thing to do. Their actions (stealing) are beneficial only to themselves and therefore they continue stealing, but in order to have some satisfaction they attempt to justify the behavior.

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"Only an outsider can see with moral clarity in Huck's world" (Bollinger. Online). The South of the 1840's and 50's were known for their intense hatred toward the black community and became desensitized to the whole idea of ethics. Blacks were not considered human and therefore received no rights. The quote above simply expresses the hypothesis that what is considered wrong can only be seen in that way from someone outside of this particular society. In other words, Huck's moral failures and his inability to make the "right" choice would not be pointed out by a fellow Mississippian, but rather someone from a northern state. In this case, moral development would be looked on at two totally different levels.

Holden Caulfield would be considered by Kohlberg to be in the conventional stage. Being older than Huck and the location of maturation explains the higher level of moral development over Huck. In the conventional stage a person begins to recognize abstract moral reasoning. Holden is able to weigh out two conflicts based on his belief in the nature of the stronger moral principal. Although Holden did not always do the right thing, he was still able to know that it was wrong rather than simply rationalizing and making everything seem all right. Another reason that Holden falls into the conventional category is because of his tendency to be egocentric. Not only does he blame things on other people, he only sees things from his perspective. Kohlberg describes this as being typical in people in this stage because although they have an understanding of morals, they are still in a period of cognitive development that is known for its egocentric nature.

A great example of Holden's ability to use abstract moral reasoning can be found in the scene with the prostitute. Holden has the choice to either pay for sex or just call the prostitute up and have a little talk. Holden likes to think he is old enough and mature enough to handle this, but he really just knows that if he went through with the act it would be wrong. Holden struggles with his conscience about what to do in the situation, but in the end he does the right thing. Unlike Huck, he has a universal sense of right and wrong.

Holden is also affected by his desire to never grow up. He is a big talker but a small fighter and tends to run away when responsibility creeps up on him. Holden consistently puts himself into situations that demand responsibility but then bails out and runs away again like a child.

Huck and Holden both experienced moral development on different paths but ultimately, although unexpectedly, Holden ends becoming the better person because he eventually chose to grow up and accept responsibility while Huck fell back into the stereotypes of the world. The reason for this major difference is based on the time period of childhood that each was portrayed in. It is possible to say that if Huck had been a few years older he might have been able to go against society and develop his own personal beliefs.

The comparison between Huck and Holden helped me understand the true effects of society on an individual. Desensitization can be masked and twisted around so much that after a few years in a society an entire personality and outlook on life can be changed. Comparing the two also helped to display the factors of age on moral development and especially the idea of abstract moral development. Today, many of these abstract morals include drugs, sex before marriage, and under aged consumption of alcohol. Each one is treated negatively by most and viewed as universal standards of right and wrong in today's world. Clothing, movies, and many other influences also control our thoughts and standards for morals. Although the circumstances are not the same as in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye, society still has a tight grip around the neck of society and continues to influence the moral standards of both teens and adults all over the world.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on English lesson. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality English lesson paper right on time.

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1. FOLD AND PASS THE PAPER

· each student has got an A4 paper. Tell the students the rules and decide the order they are going to move the papers around. Rules

1. Use only the Past Simple and Past Continuous tenses.

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. You write the beginning of a sentence on the board and tell them to copy it at the very top of their papers and continue in the way they prefer.

. After they have written the first sentence, they fold the paper/sentence AWAY FROM them.

4. Pass the paper to another student.

5. The students MUST NOT read what the previous one has written.

6. Give the second beginning they copy and continue the sentence and again fold the paper away from them and pass it to the next student.

7. Continue as before till the end of the story.

8. When the last part has been written, pass the paper again and only ask them to unfold the paper and read the story.

BEGININGS 1. Yesterday morning I was..., . when I.... . . Then I... , 4. but it was... , 5. and I ... . 6. In the afternoon ... , 7. and after that ... . 8. That evening... .

. THE PRINCESS � QUESTIONS

1. Students work in pairs.

. Give each pair an A4 paper and tell them to divide it into parts one part takes / of the paper and the other 1/. The bigger part being the �story section� and the smaller the �question section�.

. Dictate the first sentence of the story �Once there was a princess...�

4. Let them continue the story with one more fact written on the left and one question (connected with the last fact) on the right.

5. Pass the paper to the next pair. Answer to the question, add a new sentence and write the question. Pass the paper again and continue as before.

6. Let them write and pass the paper 7-8 times and in the last part let them give a title to their story and read to the class.

. SHOULD / SHOULDNT / OUGHT TO

1. Give each student a paper.

. IN CAPITAL LETTERS he writes an imaginary problem.

. He passes the paper to another student who in turns writes a suggestion using the given structures.

4. He then passes the paper again to a third student who will write his own suggestion.

5. Continue as much as you want.

4. IF I WERE HIM /HER /THEM, I D.....

1. Each student gets a paper with the name of a famous person or group.

. The first student writes what he would do if he were that person.

. Pass the paper and let the second student write his sentence.

4. Continue as before.

5. WHAT COULD / MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED?

1. Give each student a slip with a given situation.

. Give a blank paper and ask them to write at least 5 possible solutions using the structure MIGHT/COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.

. Tell them to pass the papers they have written and find out if any of the solutions/possibilities written by the others could fit their situation. As there are always identical slips per situation, they will soon find out that a paper suits their situation.

USING PICTURES...

1. 6 PICTURES write at least 5 words connected with one of the pictures. Now

one reads, the others guess the number of the picture.

Now write a title, a headline or a caption for one of them.

Swap the slip with your neighbour. Read and write the number of the picture it belongs to. ( Whos got a sentence for number 1, ....)

· Now in pairs, write a dialogue that might be heard in the picture. Reading...

. DICTATE A DRAWING (repeat prepositions) on the BB draw the frame, top-bottom, the two hills)...Dictate

· The sun is in the top right corner.

· There is a house on top of the left hill.

· Theres a wood between the two hills.

· Theres a river at the bottom of the two hills, going from left to right.

· On top of the right hill theres an old castle.

· Theres a tall tree behind the house.

· Theres a path going down from the castle to the river.

· There are a lot of flowers in front of the house.

· Theres a boat under the bridge!!!

(now students dictate /in the same order!/ back and you draw on the BB)

. STORY TELLING write 5 words you think will appear in the story; write down

YES words

· students write their version of the story

· you give the original, they read and write the right order of the pictures

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on COPMERISON. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality COPMERISON paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in COPMERISON, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your COPMERISON paper at affordable prices ! Tree Near the Water

My life changed this September, I moved to the USA. Just when I thought I had a grip of my life; apartment, work, social life, the 1st of January arrived and spring semester started. All the so-called balance I have achieved had to change; my weekly rituals were no longer weekly � but daily.

Constant change, flexibility of the brain, is an essential requirement to cope with college life.

I still work every day from nine to five, after an hour on the bus I get home and cook some dinner, organize the house, and give some attention to my boyfriend.

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Weekends I work at a bar in Bucktown.

My highlight of the week happens Monday evening; I go to yoga class. This activity fills me with energy in calm mind, which allows my to concentrate in my work.

College life took the toll of my social life, I love going out to clubs, bars, and lounges. Chicago offers a huge variety of activities to nightlife lovers. However since I started school I cannot attend as many events as I used to. I can't afford to sleep the next day and recuperate from drinking alcohol, as I would like to.

I need my alertness and brain functioning as best as can be, in order to write essays and the rest of my homework.

Financially I have a big burden since I started attending college, I reduced the shifts bartending over the weekend, and the college expenses are high.

I must be aware from unnecessary expenses and save my penny.

Not only my life changed since I started college, my boyfriend's life had to change as well. At school nights, he must turn the TV off at midnight, when I have a paper to write he needs to vanish from my sight or else it can be dangerous (I tend to be edgy). He participates in the house chores as needed � and it's needed a lot!

Yoga is about physical strength and flexibility. The philosophy talks about the body-mind connection. My teacher tried to demonstrate this theory by positioning the class in a pose named "the tree". When we stood with our eyes closed he talked about a tree next to the water, its roots are very strong into the ground, however the body itself is very flexible. When the wind blows the tree won't break, the roots will keep it grounded and the body will bend as necessary.

I try to use this knowledge, in my daily life, in college life especially. It takes a lot of strength to be able to handle as much work as I do, to coop with all the mental stress and the painful learning process, and above all being able to enjoy the process.

I give a lot of credit to yoga; it showed me how to look at changes in a positive way and flow with them, without breaking.

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14th and 15th Century Italian Art

Theme Essay

"The Annunciation'

Throughout the 14th and 15th century in Italian art there were common religious themes depicted by the artists. Prominent themes tended to be fixed around Christ and showed stories that had something to do with his life, before, during and after. Each painting was based on a section from the bible. In the 14th century it is the Florentine artist Giotto with his frescoes that adorn the Arena Chapel that narrate important sections of Christ's life and Duccio with his similar depictions in the Maesta that best show paintings of prominent religious themes by artists at the time. In the 15th century artists such as Piero Della Francesca and Leonardo da Vinci continued these themes, producing paintings that had the same preoccupation with the religious stories of the bible as the artists of the century before.

An important theme which runs through this time period is the story of the Annunciation to Mary, when Mary is visited by the archangel Gabriel, the moment of the conception of Christ, nine months before his birth into the world as depicted by another common theme; the nativity scene. The Annunciation has been painted almost obsessively by a wide range of artists which include Giotto, Duccio, Simone Martini and Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti of the 14th century and Fra Angelico, Dominico Venezaino, Piero Della Francesca, Leonardo Da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli of the 15th. Despite the personal and also evolving style of each painter their Annunciation's are all similar in their close following of the moment as told in the bible and many elements in the painting are influenced by previous paintings of the Annunciation . Symbolic references are also common in the paintings with many similarities between them, as each artist was interested in portraying the narrative in the most truthfully expressive way possible. However from the 14th century to the 15th the paintings of the Annunciation become much more realistic and believable with the discovery of Linear perspective due to Brunelleschi, and Alberti's theories becoming widely known and applied by the artists in their own paintings. The prominent artists who painted the Annunciation to Mary are Giotto, Simone Martini, Piero Della Francesca, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli. Each painter combines their own personal painting style with trends and ideas of the time, making the same basic depiction of the story slightly different in both style and expression.

In the Arena Chapel in Padua is Giotto's Annunciation. Due to its importance (it is the event to which the chapel is dedicated) it has been placed in the most conspicuous wall surface of the Chapel, below the badly preserved painting of God sitting on his throne amid a throng of angels. The Annunciation takes place in the lower section of the fresco, in the two spandrels flanking the sanctuary arch. The primary figures of the Annunciation; the archangel Gabriel and Mary, have been simply depicted, facing each other on opposite sides of the arch. Each figure kneels within a shrine that has been set at an angle to suggest that it faces the other. Because of this we only see the exteriors and a small part of the interiors of the two structures. The two figures are placed on a stage and this has probably been derived from constructions used in the dramatization of the Annunciation that took place in Padua during the Trecento. Giotto has used the cuspid Gothic arch for the balconies to either side and this links with the rest of his work in the chapel. Throughout Giotto uses the round arch to refer to the old law and the pointed, Gothic arch as a symbol for the New Testament. In the Annunciation we see the introduction of the first Gothic arches in the cycle. Giotto has represented the Annunciation in a new and intimate way for the time period. In the fresco there is both the understanding of religion as well as that of human emotions. The moment in which Mary accepts her responsibility as mother of the Son of God has been particularly emphasized. Like in the bible when she utters "Be it done to me according to thy will," she indicates her resignation by solemnly crossing her hands across her chest and kneeling, in a mimic of the angels pose. The profile figures of Mary and Gabriel have been given an extra-ordinary solidity in line with his tendency for solid monumental figures as derived from the Roman pictorial style. There is realism created by the careful foreshortening of Mary's arms, and the precision is an anticipation of the technical accomplishments of the 15th century. Giotto has also created the allusion of depth with profile poses, the overlapping of the figures and the architecture and rudimentary oblique perspective of the balcony. The sense of space is further heightened by his attempt at foreshortening the haloes through making them appear as ovals behind Mary and Gabriel's heads. Giotto has also used light effectively. He has painted a flood of light in clustering rays of a soft-orange pigment that descends on the figure of the virgin and Gabriel. This is suggestive of actual light, as he has refrained from using much gold leaf other than that in the haloes. Because there are no real sources of light in Giotto's art this is representational of the light of heaven. Giotto's Annunciation is a magnificent part of the Arena Chapel frescoes and its clear and solid composition, with only the bare necessities of architecture help convey the narrative in a precise and innovative manner.

Simone Martini was another 14th century painter who produced many paintings of religious themes. The most famous of Simone's surviving works is his Annunciation with Two Saints. It was painted for the Siena Cathedral in 1 and signed jointly with his brother-in-law Lippo Memmi. Memmi is thought to have painted the two saints, that of Saint Arsano � the patron of Siena and Saint Giulitta. Simone's Annunciation is remarkable in that it is the earliest known example for which the Annunciation is the subject of the entire altarpiece. Like Giotto's Annunciation the composition is reasonably simple but Simone has decorated his in a much more elaboarte and decorative style, as derived from the Byzantine tradition. His four figures create a carefully balanced composition. Mary has been placed sitting on her throne in a twisted three-quarter pose on one side of the centerline while on the opposite side Gabriel kneels and faces her. Unusual to the other Annunciations Simone has also included two saints and these are placed so they frame the cental figures and each end of the panel, facing outwards to the viewer in a dignified pose. Gold is a prominent feature in this work with the shallow, gold background, Gothic style arches and glittering sunburst shapes incised around the tooled haloes. From Gabriel's mouth to Mary's stretch raised biblical words of the beginning of the Annunciation, "Ave gratia plena dominus tecum" which in English is translated as "Hail thou that art highly favored, the Lord is with thee." As in Giotto's fresco the heavenly messenger kneels but here the suddenness of his arrival is indicated by his cloak which still appears to float in a breeze. In response the virgin is shrinking backwards in her throne, aligning with the gospel account which states she was disturbed by the appearance and salutation of the angel. The hard crisp lines of Simone's faces are emphasized in Mary with her suspicion expression, conveyed through her puckered brows and pursed lips. The explosive immediacy of the event is increased by the violence of her movement, the sharp, taut curves of her body contrasting to the more solid and composed form of the angel. Simone has made great use of symbolism in his painting. In the center of the richly veined marble floor sits a golden vase of lilies, deliberately placed as a reference to Mary's purity. The angel bears an olive branch and wears the olive leaves of the Prince of Peace upon his head. Above the figures and placed between the central arch the dove of the Holy Spirit bursts forth from a group of bodiless angels with crossed wings, serving for both symbolic and decorative purposes. Simone Martini's Annunciation with Two Saints is elaborately detailed and the lilies, olive leaves, curves of drapery and even the features of Mary and Gabriel display a sharp metallic quality that is also present in his other works such as Saint Louis of Toulouse.

In the 15th century the theme of the Annunciation was continued with vigor by many leading artists. Piero Della Franscesca is one such painter whose Annunciation is both rich with symbolism and also keeps close to the story. It was produced between 1454-58 and is in the lower left of the chancel window in San Franscesco in Arezzo. It is a simple and massive composition with the fresco being effectively quartered by the central column and the classical frieze running through the center, creating a cruciform shape defined by the architecture which is of Albertian design. Mary has been placed in front of a marble portico similar to the marble tabernacles used to hold miraculous images of the Annunciation and to the left is the closed door of the porta clausa which is symbolic of Mary's virginity. The barred window of the second-storey also refers to this. The virgin, on the right of the composition stands regally and looks down toward the stooped figure of Gabriel, while in the sky above God the Father has appeared, his hands outstretched to send down the dove of the holy spirit (however no evidence of it remains). His gesture is effective in bringing attention to the scene below. As the miracle of the conception takes place within Mary the light from the real window of the chancel has been utilized and the painting placed so the light falls upon her womb and throws the shadow of the Portico upon the porta clausa. Piero's figures, like in his other paintings, are quite expressionless and though appearing very real lack the same human quality that is particularly expressed in Giotto's Annunciation and the sense of sudden movement as seen in Simone Martini's. To portray his narrative he has relied largely on gesture which in many cases is also symbolic. The archangel Gabriel is offering Mary a palm leaf which is a symbol of the paradise lost by Adam and Eve and also her purity which is further emphasised in the veil she wears. With his other hand Gabriel is making the two fingered sign of blessing and this gesture also refers to the Trinity. His gesture is reflected by Mary and this helps unite the two halves of the composition. There is more symbolism in the rope hanging from the bar on the window which refers to Christ's scourging.

Piero has portrayed Mary as having two roles, as being representative of the church (hence the discrepancy in scale between her and the angel) and that of the bride, which is shown by the delicate veil she wears upon her head. Realism plays a large part in this painting, as Piero was a master at creating space. He has created the impression of recession into space through the columns and roof supports, the receding halo of Mary (and the halo-like cloud above God's head) and the clouds. Due to Brunelleschi and Alberti's theories accurate linear perspective has now become possible and Piero uses this in his painting to help add to his depth. His vanishing point is low and it keeps with the direction of the architecture and the thrust of God's hands.

Piero Della Franscesca's Annunciation is vividly coloured with rose, blue, white and the rich dark colours of the veined marble and into his composition of three figures, two doors, a column and a window and the miracle of light he has expressed the deepest mysteries of Christianity.

In the late 1470s it was Leonardo da Vinci's turn to paint the Annunciation, which was commissioned by the monks for the Monastery of Monte Oliveto, outside Florence. He has set the moment of the appearance of Gabriel to Mary to inform her she is the Mother of Christ, in a typical garden of the time. The Virgin is seated on the threshold of a splendid villa with granite walls. The book she has been reading (and which also serves as a reminder of her literacy, indicative of an educated background) rests on a lecturn made from a Roman sepulchral urn which has been delicately rendered. Mary's features are placid, not disturbed by any trace of emotion and her acknowledgement of the angels message is conveyed through the lifting of her hand in somewhat patrician surprise. Like Piero Della Franscesca's Annunciation, Leonardo has also narrated his story through gesture and this is shown in Mary's surprise and the angel's two-fingered gesture of blessing and offering of a lily. Gabriel kneels before the virgin on a carpet of grass and and flowers, each which have been rendered with Leonardo's botanical accuracy and sense of rhythmic growth. In the wings of the angel and the drapery of Madonna are two characteristics of Leonardo's art. The angel's wings have been studied in detail from those of a bird and are quite different from the conventionally feathered wings which most 15th century painters gave to their angels. Similarly, there is a drawing for the Madonna's draperies which has obviously been made from an actual piece of cloth. In the 15th century this was a revolutionary proceeding as most painters painted folds in garments from their own imagination. The wings and drapery are evidence that Leonardo was already demonstrating his passion for actuality and the appearance of nature which was to become his principle characteristic.

The figures of Gabriel and Mary are enclosed by a garden wall which is symbolic of Mary's purity. Over this wall are plants which are also an important part of the narrative as most have symbolic meanings traditional within Christian iconography. The cypress, because it is an evergreen, symblises immortality. The cedar symbolises Christ and is also attributed to the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. The pine is representative of life beyond death. Past this line of trees is a distant port with towers, lighthouses and ships which is similar to the background by Filippino in the Corsini Virgin and child with Angels. Leonardo has made use of an atmospheric veil and this is shown in the blue painted sky which becomes denser as it recedes towards the shimmering mountains. The use of light is always an important element in Leonardo's paintings and the Annunciation proves no different. The faces of Mary and Gabriel are without shadow, possesing an unearthly softness and light which Leonardo explains in his notebooks, stating they should never be painted in the direct light of the sun, thus avoiding the sharp reflections of shadows which break up the purity of the form. The figures, whose drapery is solid and sculptural, provide a good example of his interest in anatomy and foreshortening. The angel, depicted in profile, kneels on the grass and rests a severely foreshortened left arm across his knee. His right upper arm is also foreshortened. In Mary's seated pose foreshortening occurs in both upper legs and arms and her folds of drapery and covered feet also contribute. The haloes have also been foreshortened and this has come a long way from Giotto's oval haloes and Simone Martini's round disks in their Annunciations. Like Piero Della Francesca, Leonardo has also made use of linear perspective to create a realistic and believable scene and this is particularly shown in the lines of the architecture and receding lecturn.

In the late 15th century Sandro Botticelli produced his own Annunciation, which shows the gathering intensity of his religious fervor. The event is taking place in a simple room that is furnished only by Mary's lecturn, but the artist has left the door open so we can look through into her enclosed garden. The architecture is more like a draftsman's rendering than a painting of an actual room and its barrenness helps make the figures and their vivid emotions clearer. Mary's twisting and bending pose had many similarities to Donatello's Annunciation. She sways as if caught in a strong breeze and she almost seems to swoon. It is a dramatization of the biblical text which stated only that "her heart was disturbed within her'. In his painting Botticelli has gone one step further with expressing her emotional shock and he has showed her eyes as almost closed, her features deadly pale. Gesture has been used to a great effect with the angel kneeling in a profile pose opposite Mary, right hand outstretched and face intent as he relays the new to Mary. Mary's own gestures mirror that of Gabriel's and further indicates her surprise at his appearance and news. The drapery in both figures is realistic and seems almost sculptured, similar to that in Leonardos Annunciation but with a greater sense of movement in their sweeping lines. Botticelli is particularly notable for the use of flowing line and it is representative of a new and passionate emotional expression that points toward the Florentine Mannerism of the Cinquecento and even the mysticism of El Greco. His use of strong and clashing colours such as in the red of the angels cloak and the orange floor in comparison to the more sombre greens of the outside world, add vibrancy to the important moment he is depicting. Keeping with the tradition of the painters before him Botticelli has painted the lily of purity in Gabriel's hand. Behind the lily rises a tree, as if to fulfill the prophecy of Isaiah, "A shoot shall grow from Jesse's rod" and to foretell the Tree of Cross. Like in Leonardo's Annunciation he has shown Mary's garden as being enclosed as a symbol of her virginity and placed a book on the lecturn to show her literacy. Sandro Botticelli's Annunciation is expressive and passionate and is a good summation of the developing style in painting from the 14th and 15th century. Not only is his work realistically painted with a sense of space but also it contains both expression and atmosphere with his beautiful use of flowing line and crisp architecture.

In the 14th and 15th century of the Renaissance Giotto, Simone Martini, Piero Della Fransesca, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli all painted the religious episode of the Annunciation in amanner which closely followed the story in the bible. The Annunciations of the Renaissance are all rich in symbolism and have common elements throughout creating a link between the paintings of the different artists. Commonly Gabriel is depicted holding a lily and always appears on the left of Mary, either kneeling or half stooped so Mary becomes the dominant feature. Mary is almost always shown with a book as an indication of her literacy and is depicted as being surprised by the angels sudden arrival, in accordance with the biblical story. Generally it is just Mary and Gabriel shown in the painting as they are the basic elements of the narrative but Piero Della Francesca and Simone Martini differ slightly with the inclusion of God the Father and two saints. The space in which the figures are placed is not as important and each painter was able to change the setting to suit what he saw as best in complimenting and adding extra meaning to his narrative, hence the interior space of Sandro Botticelli's compared to the garden of Leonardo da Vinci's. However despite the similarities in the narrative and gestures, as time progressed the works became much more expressive and realistic with the accurate construction of space and extensive studies in anatomy, nature and architecture. This change is best shown in the 14th century Annunciation's by Giotto and Simone Martini which depicts the moment in a much more stylised and simple manner than the more fluent, expressive and realistic Annunciation's of the 15th century by artists such as Piero Della Fransesca, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli.

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of one human being by another. Between the years of 1607-1775, slavery in the southern

colonies underwent tremendous growth. There were many social, economical, and geographical factors that caused the rapid growth. People in the south wanted an easy way to make money and slavery was their answer.

Geographically, the south is basically made up of farmland. In the south there is a warm climate, flat land, and longer growing seasons which make agriculture a big part of the south. In 1607 Jamestown was founded. Settlers came in hope of finding gold and trading with the Indians. However not much gold was found and Jamestown became a poor area. Times were bad and the southerners needed an easy way out. Doing all the work was too hard and the crops were not ready to be sold by the end of the harvest season. However if owners had to pay farmers to farm the land then the profit would be small because they would take a lot of income but have to pay the workers. This caused a high demand for slaves. Southern farm workers figured if they could force people to work on the farm for free then all the income would turn into profit. Slaves would not be needed if there was no farmland in the south.

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There were also social factors that lead to the growth of slavery from 1607 to 1775. The southerners didn't want religious freedom for everyone. They wanted everyone to practice the same religion. Because the African Americans were different in skin color and religious belief many southerners wanted to use them as slaves to see them suffer. Many colonists also wanted to see the new continent prosper so there was a need for a large labor force. The colonists originally looked to make the Indians their slaves but the white man's disease and the knowledge of the land kept them away. The European governments of almost all the colonies encouraged slavery so that way the mother country would make a bigger profit. But the biggest factor of the growth of slaves was the economy.

People from Europe who traveled to the new world were generally poor. They barely had any money or food. They were in search for a way to make life easy and get rich quick. Many Americans wanted the new country to make money quick and become a strong independent nation. This was before the agricultural revolution so there were no machines. Everything had to be done my man.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Robert Frost: Fire and Ice. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Robert Frost: Fire and Ice paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Robert Frost: Fire and Ice, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Robert Frost: Fire and Ice paper at affordable prices ! Love and hate exist in many different areas in life. It exists in marriage, the bond between a man and a woman, that is recognized by some type of religion. There also is a love and hate within the religious community, with humans and their greater God. The love and hate that refer to a marriage is the actual feelings that they have for their spouse, whereas the love and hate in religion is a metaphor. . In Robert Frosts' nine line poem, "Fire and Ice', he speaks about the world ending in fire and ice. The initial thought of fire and ice was the passion and desire that two people have for and each other and the ice referring to the bitter and hate filled ending of a relationship. But Frost begins the poem with "Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice," I believe he is using the fire and ice as a metaphor to the end of the world as the Bible tells it. In the Old Testament, God sees that the people whom he had created were disobeying his law and to punish them, he would flood the world. God told Noah of the fate of the people and gave him instructions on assembling a male and female of each animal species and build a boat. It rained for forty days and forty nights, the rain and flooding water being a metaphor to ice. In the book of Revelations, God said that if people continued to sin and worship false gods, he would come again and end the world in fire. This completes the religious metaphor with the ice being in the form of rain and Gods threat to end the world in fire. In lines three and four when he says "From what I've tasted of desire, I hold with those who favor fire", I think when Frost says desire, he speaks of the actions that go against Gods law; actions that would bring the fire because in the next line he says "...if it had to perish..."(Frost 1110). Perish relates to death and is used in a negative way. I also think Frost is presenting a question to his audience at this time. I seems as if he is asking if one would rather pass on by the fires of heaven, or the ice that he punished earlier sinners with. Fire and ice are negative components in this poem, both being directly caused by sins and disobedience, and both are the way in which people will parish

as a result of their actions. In line six, Frost brings up hate. Hate is destructive as well as very negative and can not be brought to a positive light. At this point in the poem, I think the fire and ice takes on a new meaning. Both fire and water, which I see as ice, can not be present at the same time. They exists on opposite ends of the spectrum., but yet both symbolize destruction and negative actions. "To say that for destruction ice is also great, And would suffice", this is where I feel Frost uses fire and ice to symbolize desire and hate. Desire can be the lust, greed, or the drive to obtain excess material possessions for a persons own gratification. Ice represents the hate and the turmoil that exists between to sides that lead to fatal confrontations. When he says "...Is also great and would suffice", he refers to the world ending in ice instead of fire and the fact that he would accept that also. Either way, if the world ends in fire or if it ends in ice, the outcome of the people is still the same; death. The concept of the poem seems very easy to understand, but as you look deeper into the metaphors, different meaning come out of it. The religious aspect jumped out at me, instantly relating me to the Catholic faith and the Bible. Love and hate exist everywhere, in national affairs, marriages, and communities, and religion exists in each of those matters as well. I believe that many of they decisions that are made are based on ones religious faith. If something goes against the faith in which you believe, then a person will look for an alternate route to solve the problem. As for the fire and ice metaphor, I hope that through faith the world does not end through either way, that peace will reign and the injustices that go on will be limited.

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Sleep Disorders While Others Sleep

Kimberly Adams

Psychology 11LS � Pace

Do my essay on Sleep Disorders: While Others Sleep CHEAP !

Erma Smith

November 1, 00

Sleep Disorders While Others Sleep

All of us, at one time or another, have had a restless night sleep. We have tossed and turned and woke up the next morning feeling tired and restless. You may ask yourself if this means that you have a sleeping disorder? What kinds of sleeping disorders exist and what causes them? I went on vacation this summer and my friend mentioned that she was an insomniac. She told us that she had been involved in a sleep study in Oakland, California, at California Center for Sleep Disorders. She was in a drug trial for a sleeping pill for people who suffer from insomnia. The pill allowed her to sleep for up to 4 hours and when she woke up she felt refreshed and alert. The good thing was the pill worked on her, but because it had not been approved, she could not be prescribed the pill. I was fascinated by her story and it made me wonder what happens with people who have sleep disorders. Some of us have heard terms like, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, nightmares, and night terror, but how do these sleep disorders effect an individual?

Sleep Cycles

To understand some sleep disorders we must first understand the cycle of sleep. Most of us believe that sleep is what occurs at night when we close our eyes. This is true, but sleep is actually 5 different patterns or stages of activity in the brain. When we first lay down and close our eyes, this is the beginning of stage one sleep. In this stage you are no longer completely aware of your external environment. A slight noise or light touch could wake you. You become relaxed, your breathing becomes regular, and you have disconnected thoughts. After about 10 minutes you enter stage two of sleep.

Stage two is a transitional stage, just like stage one, but on an EEG (electroencephalogram), which measures the electrical output of the brain, the brain activity is different. This stage takes a louder noise or heavier touch to wake a person from sleep. It is also at this stage when sudden jerks in your arms or legs cause you to wake suddenly. Stage one and two together usually last about thirty minutes and then you enter stage three sleep.

Stage three and four are considered deep sleep. These stages are when you get your most fulfilling and restful sleep. We have very little body movement in these stages and our heart rate and blood pressure slow down and become regular. The activity of the brain shows that there is a definite slowing of electrical activity. It would take a pretty strong stimulus to cause someone to wake up. If you are awakened during these stages you are disoriented and confused. Deep sleep is necessary for both physical and mental restoration. At these stages growth hormones are produced and that is why these stages are considered to be the most restorative part of sleep. Both stages together last 0 to 40 minutes and then you progress backwards toward stage one sleep. Most times, when you get back to stage one sleep you roll over or reposition yourself. Then you transcend through the four stages again and in about 15 minutes you enter the fifth stage of sleep, also known as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.

REM sleep is the stage in which dreams take place. When you enter into REM sleep the electrical activity of the brain is very similar to the activity of the brain when awake. We can see rapid movement of the eyes under the eyelids and you are considered paralysis, but only temporally. Temporary paralysis happens to our body so we do not act out our dreams. Our heart rate and rate of breathing can increase, according to the action in the dream. If we awaken during this stage our mind functions well and we are not confused. A total cycle from stage one to stage four, then back to stage one, and finally through REM sleep, takes about 0 to 100 minutes. Most adults have three to five sleep cycles in one night (Caldwell, 17). Now that we know about the sleep cycles lets take a look at sleep disorders.

Insomnia

The California Center for Sleep Disorders (000) says that there are three kinds of insomnia transient or temporary, chronic, and due to medical reasons. Insomnia is the persistent difficulty of falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early. Huffman (00) states "Many people think they have insomnia if they cannot sleep before an exciting event (this is normal) or because they have wrongly assume that everyone must sleep 8 hours a night" (p. 17). If you are excited before an event or don't sleep well for a couple of nights, you are not considered to have insomnia. What we consider temporary insomnia lasts for a couple of weeks and then it disappears. It usually results from psychological stress or when facing problems such as a family crisis, death of a loved one, or loss of a job social stress. This is actually a very normal response to stress and treatment is not required. Chronic insomnia persists for at least a month or more and it causes the person significant distress. With chronic insomnia people feel tired all the time, they lack motivation, and have poor concentration. There are others who experience pain due to a medical condition, like arthritis, or who take drugs (prescription or street) and this too can cause a person to experience transient or chronic insomnia.

Who gets insomnia? According to Bayer (001) "Approximately 6 out of every 100 Americans have reported experiencing this symptom [insomnia]. However, only 5 out of every 100 Americans consider the problem severe enough to seek medical help" (p. ). It is said that all ages can be effect with insomnia. Young adults usually have more problems falling asleep, while the elderly has difficulty staying asleep.

To diagnosis insomnia a patient is evaluated according to their medical history and sleep history. Specialists may talk to the bed partner or ask the patient to fill out a sleep diary. Sometimes specialized sleep studies are recommended, if they suspect other causes, such as narcolepsy or sleep apnea.

Treatment for insomnia can come in many varying forms. For temporary insomnia sleeping pills may be prescribed. For chronic insomnia first they diagnosis and rule out an under lying medical or psychological problems. They also look at behaviors that may increase insomnia and have the patient discontinue these habits. Sometimes sleeping pills are given, but they can cause side effects and do not solve the long-term problem. Relaxation therapy, sleep restriction therapy, and reconditioning are all techniques to help people with chronic insomnia. Relaxation therapy helps the muscles to relax and the mind to stop racing. Sleep restriction therapy is where the patient is only allowed to sleep a couple hours of night and as time passes more normal nights sleep is achieved. Reconditioning can sometimes help by conditioning the person to associate the bed and bedtime with sleep (SIRS Knowledge Source, 15).

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea defined by Huffman (00) is "A temporary cessation of breathing during sleep" (p. 17). People with sleep apnea fail to breathe for a minute or longer and wake up usually gasping for air. Sleep apnea can be a serious and life threatening disease. In a nights sleep the number of involuntary breathing pauses can be as many as 0 to 0 per hour. These pauses are almost always accompanied by snoring, but this does not mean that everyone that snores has sleep apnea. Sleep apnea usually interrupts stage three or four sleep, the deep, restorative sleep, and cause the patient to have excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue. It is very important to recognize sleep apnea because it can be associated with high blood pressure, stokes, or heart attacks.

Sleep apnea is seen in both males and females and in people of all ages. SIRS knowledge source (15) estimates that "as many as 18 million Americans have sleep apnea" (p. 1). Individual who are most likely to get sleep apnea are overweight, can have high blood pressure, or have some abnormality to the nose, throat, or other parts of the upper airway.

What causes sleep apnea? When a person reaches deep sleep their muscles and tissues begin to relax. In the mouth and throat the muscles in the upper airway relax. Their soft palate, in the upper back of your mouth, begins to sag as well as their uvula. Their jaw muscles relax which allows the tongue to droop backwards. All of this causes the airway to narrow and evenly close off. When this happen a person's brain send a signal to the diaphragm to contract, which causes negative pressure in the chest cavity. If this does not open the airway and let air in, the level of oxygen in a person's blood would decrease. Their blood pressure would rise and so would their heart rate. At some point the brain causes the body to move, so air can enter the lungs. You can see that the lack of oxygen in the blood and the constant waking from deep sleep would cause a person to feel tired the next day. Most patients are unaware that any of this is happening to them and think that they have been asleep for the whole night.

Sleep apnea can affect a patient in many ways. Coren (16) says sleep apnea "show[s] excessive daytime fatigue and sleepiness, as well as loss of motivation, inability to concentrate, poor stamina, inefficient problem-solving abilities, depression, and a higher risk of accidental injures" (p. 14). It also causes some to be impotent and have incontinence of urine. They can experience acid reflux due to the diaphragm creating negative pressure to move air into the upper airway. Since these patients are sleep deprived they tend to fall asleep easily while watching TV or any time there is minimal stimulation.

Sleep apnea is diagnosis is a sleep laboratory. If a person has a few episodes of apnea, during their sleep study, they are not diagnosis with sleep apnea. A person must have 5 to 10 apnea episodes an hour to be diagnosed with sleep apnea, and they have to last at least twenty seconds or more.

There are a couple of different treatments for sleep apnea. Some patients can be helped with surgery. In this situation they may remove the adenoids and tonsils, or part of the soft palate. If the person is overweight, the doctor suggests that the patient loses weight. They are also told not to take any kind of sleeping pills or any kind of depressant that will cause the muscles to relax more than normal. The most effective procedure is to have the patient wear a mask over their nose at night. Pressure from an air blower blows a constant amount of air through the mask and into the nasal cavity to prevent the airway from collapsing. In the most serious cases a tracheotomy is done. This is where a small hole is made in the windpipe and a tube is inserted into the opening. The hole is covered during the day and is opened at night to allow air to flow into the lungs freely.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is an unusual sleep disorder classified by uncontrollable and irresistible episodes of excessive sleepiness. Even though the patient sleep 8 to 1 hours a night, they still tend to be tired and fall asleep during the day. The interesting thing about narcolepsy is that a person falls asleep at the most unusual times. It might be in the middle of eating, while driving their car, or in the middle of a conversation. Coleman (186) states "Its not surprising that people with these symptoms would believe themselves mentally ill or that physicians would diagnose them as having a psychiatric disorder" (p. 157). When this happens to a person some believe they have mental disorder. These patients might also have cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone) that can make them fall down. They can have sleep paralysis, which cause the person to not be able to move their limbs immediately after waking up or just before they fall asleep.

Narcolepsy occurs both in men and women and at any age. There is strong evidence that narcolepsy runs in families, with 8 to 1 percent of them having a close relative who also has it. SIRS (15) says "Although it is estimated that narcolepsy afflicts as many as 00,000 Americans, fewer than 50,000 are diagnosis. It is as wide spread as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis…but it is less well known" (p. 1).

Though narcolepsy is not completely understood, it is said that it is an abnormality of REM sleep. In narcolepsy REM sleep or dream sleep intrudes into the waking hours. Caldwell (17) explains that REM sleep is the main problem with this disorder

REM sleep is associated not only with vivid dreams, but also with paralysis of most of the major muscle groups of the body. This understanding of the inappropriate intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness explains much of the clinical manifestations of the disease. It seems as though the brain of a patient with narcolepsy harbors an intense desire for REM sleep, lurking just beneath the surface and waiting for any opportunity to capture the function of the brain (p. 145)

Narcolepsy is diagnosed by two tests, the polysomnogram and the multiple sleep latency test. The polysomnogram is a continuous recording of the brain waves, as well as a number of nerves and muscle functions, during normal nighttime sleep. When a person has narcolepsy they generally fall asleep fast and enter REM sleep early. This can be seen on the polysomnogram. In the multiple sleep latency test the subject is told to fall asleep every two hours during the day. The sleep specialist measures how long it takes for the subject to fall asleep and how long until they enter REM sleep. If the person can easily fall asleep during the day and enters REM sleep early they are considered to have narcolepsy.

There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medicine can be prescribed for some patients. The patients are given central nervous system stimulants to help their daytime sleepiness. Some are also prescribed antidepressant medication to help suppress REM sleep and also help with cataplexy. They are also told to schedule short naps before meeting or times of low stimulus.

Nightmares

Nightmares are usually frightening dreams with traumatic experiences. Dreams most often involve physical danger, being chased, or injury and can be extremely frightening to the person dreaming. We understand that nightmares occur during REM or dreaming sleep. This is why a person may experience an increased heart rate, sweating, and rapid breathing, but they are immobile. Children's nightmares usually begin around three to six years old and most of them outgrow them. There are some people however, that continue to experience nightmares for the rest of their lives. Others experience nightmares when a life change or a traumatic event happens. When a woman becomes pregnant sometimes she has nightmares that the baby will be deformed.

Bayer (001) notes "According to the DSM-IV, between 10 to 50 percent of youngsters three to five years of age have nightmares frightening enough to disturb their parents" (p. ). Among adults, about 50 percent experience nightmares from time to time. Just because a person has a nightmare does not mean they have a disorder. Bayer (001) concludes, "According to the DSM-IV, nightmares must be recurrent and greatly distressing for this diagnosis to be made" (p.6). Sometimes behavioral therapy can help a person overcome nightmares.

Night Terrors

Night terrors are a practically dramatic form of partial waking during deep sleep or Non-REM sleep. Deep sleep is not usually a stage when dreaming occurs, but it is a stage where physical mobility is. This would explain why the sleeper sometimes screams, sits up in bed, or runs around. The person may become flushed, contorted with fear, and even seem like they are trying to get away from someone or something. Most times when night terrors occur, the person cannot be woken up.

Night terrors usually happen about an hour or two after sleep and usually happen at the same time every night. According to the American Psychological Association (180) "It is estimated that 1% to 4% of children at some time have the disorder. A much greater portion of children experience isolated episodes" (p. 85). Night terrors are most common in children ages three to five and they usually disappear over time. Generally, a child has only one night terror during the course of the night. When the child wakes the following morning, they generally won't be able to remember anything about the episode. Bayer (001) shows us one theory for night terrors

It is believed, however, that night terrors are primarily the results of an immature developing brain that is struggling with the problem of moving from deep to light sleep. Caught in this sort of twilight zone of partial wakefulness and deep slumber, the child panics and responds with automatic defensive measures, such as screaming, crying, and thrashing around. According to this view, the child cannot recall a nightmare upon awakening, because no nightmare occurred. This theory would explain why the child who experiences a night terror can usually return to peaceful sleep, without every fully awakening, and has no memory of the frightening experience the following morning. It would also explain why most children outgrow night terrors by about age eight or nine, when the brain has developed the ability to switch between sleep stages and to regulate the various states of dreaming and sleeping (p. 4)

Night terrors can be very upsetting to parents, but they usually don't affect children. Night terrors are not unusual and they are not psychologically damaging to the child.

Most of us don't realize that sleep disorders are more than just a restless night's sleep. We now see that sleep disorders can be life threatening for some and a constant irritation for others. Bayer (001) claims "Each year, sleep-related errors and accidents cost U.S. businesses an estimated $56 billion, cause nearly 5,000 deaths, and result in .5 million disabling injuries" (p. 17). Sleep is necessary for our physical and mental well being and when a sleep disorder occurs it can effect a great percentage of someone life. Sleep allows our bodies to rest and our brains to recharge. In writing this paper, I now understand how sleep disorders affect a person and understand that a good nights sleep is essential.

References

Bayer, L. (001). Sleep disorders. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers.

California Center for Sleep Disorders. (00). Insomnia. Retrieved November 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sleepsmart.com/sleepinfo/sleep/insomnia.htm

California Center for Sleep Disorders. (00). Narcolepsy. Retrieved November 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sleepsmart.com/sleepinfo/sleep/insomnia.htm

California Center for Sleep Disorders. (00). Obstructive sleep apnea. Retrieved November 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sleepsmart.com/sleepinfo/sleep/insomnia.htm

Caldwell, J. (17). Sleep. New York Firefly Books Inc.

Coleman, R. (186). Wide awake at 00 A.M. New York W.H. Freeman and Company.

Coren, S. (16). Sleep thieves. New York The Free Press.

American Psychological Association. (180). Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, third edition. Washington D.C. APA.

Huffman, K. (00). Psychology in action, sixth edition. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kuwana, E. Narcolepsy. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//faculty.washington.edu/chudle/narco.html

SIRS Knowledge Source. (15). Facts about insomnia. SIRS Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sirs.com

SIRS Knowledge Source. (15). Facts about narcolepsy. SIRS Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sirs.com

SIRS Knowledge Source. (15). Facts about sleep apnea. SIRS Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sirs.com

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