If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on 12 angry men. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality 12 angry men paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in 12 angry men, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your 12 angry men paper at affordable prices ! #1

Where While I was inside Burger King eating lunch.

Incident A young male child about the age of five was eating lunch with who appeared to be his mother and sister. The child's sister appeared to be about seven years old or so. They both had a happy meal and the young girl was eating her lunch , while the young boy on the other hand was playing with his happy meal toy that he had just received. The mother was obviously annoyed by the young boys actions and said to him "Why can't you just eat your lunch before you play like your sister?."

Guide Avoid motivating children by making comparisons between one child and another or by encouraging competition.

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Conclusion this was a defiant misuse of the guide. What the mother could have said instead would be "Could you please finish your lunch before playing with your new toy."

#

Where While I was walking my dog through the park.

Incident A young female child around the age of four was running on the grass, her shoes were untied and who appeared to be the mother asked her if she could please stand steal until she tied her shoes so that she did not trip and fall.

Guide Learn to foresee and prevent rather than mop up after a difficulty.

Conclusion This observation was definitely a correct use of the guide.

#

Where While I was shopping in the local grocery store.

Incident A young female about the age of seven was sitting in the seat of a shopping cart. This child was hysterically crying for a reason that I didn't know I walked up after the fact of what ever made her upset. The mother of this child tells her "Stop being a crybaby everyone is watching you act like a brat."

Guide Avoid trying to change behavior by methods that may lead to loss of self-respect , such as shaming or labeling.

Conclusion My observation of how this mother reacted to her child crying was completely wrong. What the mother could have done if this child was crying because of misbehavior would be to simply ignore this child throwing a fit.

#4

Where In line of a local Taco Bell.

Incident A women asked her child what he wanted off the menu, the child replied "A number seven" then the mother said that he couldn't have that it was to much for him to eat.

Guide Give a choice only when you are prepared to leave the choice up to the child.

Conclusion My observation on how the mother have her child the choice and then said no was completely wrong then the guide. If the mother didn't want her child to have a large thing then she should have narrowed down his choices for him like "Would you like a burrito or a taco?".

#5

Where At a baseball field where I live.

Incident A young male child about six had a baseball bat in his hand and was hitting the ground with it. A softball coach came up to this child and just simply took the bat out of his hand without even saying a word as to why.

Guide Redirect the child by suggesting an alternative activity that is consistent with his/her goals.

Conclusion What that softball coach could have done would have been to ask this child if he would like to learn how to hold this bat right, and maybe even show him how to hit the ball of a tee.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on bay of pigs. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality bay of pigs paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in bay of pigs, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your bay of pigs paper at affordable prices ! Bay of Pigs Invasion

The Bay of Pigs Invasion on April 17, 161 was a major disaster and embarrassment for the United States. It all started with the fear of a communist lead country only 0 miles away from United States soil. Reports say that the Central Intelligence Agency knew the invasion was doomed, but never notified President Kennedy about their thought, or what was really going on. Instead they went on with the plans. The plan was to overthrow the communist government and install a Democratic government, much like we did in Guatemala. This would also re-assure every one of our power and stance in the Cold War.

The invasion was not well planned under any means. U.S. officials who had planned the invasion underestimated the Cuban Army. In the end, nearly 400 Cuban soldiers who were trained by the United States military were killed, and 1,00 were kept as prisoners. It took the Cuban army less than 7 hours to crush the invasion. Reports say that they were expecting the Cuban army to turn against their leader Castro and the Communist driven government. However, nothing of that sort happened. The landing spot for the invasion was horrible also. Since it was Castro's favorite fishing spot, he knew the area well. The area was also very swampy and not very populated. Therefore there were no citizens to help the U.S. turn against the Communist government.

The invasion backfired on the United States in the worst way. The new, young president Kennedy was appointed to blame for the failure. He was very embarrassed, as well was the entire country. However, Richard Bissell is the real man who should be held responsible for the failure. As director of the CIA he was the man in charge of the operation. In 1 the Cubans sued the United States Government for $181 billion in damages they say were suffered in the invasion.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How are teenage girls presented in a selection of teenage magazines? Do magazines aimed at teenage girls provide for life?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How are teenage girls presented in a selection of teenage magazines? Do magazines aimed at teenage girls provide for life? paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How are teenage girls presented in a selection of teenage magazines? Do magazines aimed at teenage girls provide for life?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How are teenage girls presented in a selection of teenage magazines? Do magazines aimed at teenage girls provide for life? paper at affordable prices ! To teenage girls magazines are very important along with television and the internet as it is one of the only ways that teenagers can keep up with trends, what make up to wear, who's hot and who's not. For example for the average teenager it could completely crush your "street cred" if when asked for example what you think of Justin Timberlake, and you reply "Justin Who." To not be the first to know the latest fashion craze and what music is popular can be crushing, for at the very least their self confidence.

I myself am caught up in this gossiping craze for the fight for popularity. In order to keep up with the latest trends and music I started buying magazines at the tender age of 10 when everyone else started bringing them to school and I started to be left behind. Nowadays the younger generation are buying magazines much earlier, filling their impressionable minds with stereotypes. I now buy 4 magazines these being Sugar, Sneak, J17 and More. I have to limit myself to these of I'd end up buying them all. This little lot can cost me £10 a month, that's £50 a year and for some who can buy over 10 magazines it will cost them a lot more.

In my study I will be focusing on J17-£-Monthly and Sugar-£.10-monthly. As I found that these were the most popular.

Content

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In J17 there main focuses are on Boys, Make up, hair styling and Pop music. In Sugar their main focuses are on Boys, Make up, hair styling and Pop music. To an outsider i.e. and adult of a male this would lead them to believe that all teenage girls only think about these things. My brother for example thinks that my mine works the same as his 18 yr old girlfriends' mind. Thinking that I like the same sort of hair and make up and clothes. This of course is rubbish as I think that some of her style is tarty and over dressed. Whereas she thinks that my style is sometimes scruffy. However we both read the same sorts magazines. When I read the magazines I just read some of the articles and cut out the pictures of good-looking boys. We are completely different people and have very little in common however people think we are similar because of the magazines all contain the same thing. Meaning as we read them we are the same.

As these magazines contain much the same thing and all say that you should all like and wear the same thing. This however causes a lot of stereotypes to be pushed upon children from a young age. Most teen magazines cater for "Rude girls", "Trendies" or the "Pikeys". For many teenagers the choice in what to wear and listen to is very slim unless you want to be labelled as something other than these three stereotypes. The other choices are "Goths", "Grungers" or the ever-popular "Outcast". Due to the messages in teen magazines teens are forced to choose which group to belong to. For many this can mean completely changing their identity and losing touch with friends because they are in a different stereotypical class and just to stay in, with the in crowd. I myself have been teased to the point of bullying because I refuse to choose. Because of this I have been labelled a grunger or a rude girl wannabe.

I find this hurtful, as all I want to be is myself. I'm a trendie, who listens to grunge music & rudie music, and dresses and acts like a rude girl but talks like a grunger some times. That to some people is very hard to understand as they can't see why I don't just conform to a stereotype but I don't see why I should have to so I'm quite happy being a mixture.

Magazines can also be very expensive not in the actual price of the magazine but the price of the content of the magazine. For example in the February 00 issue of J17 they tell you that "this lipstick is the best" and so it should costing £6.4. 5 out of the 66 "Things to make your winter warmer in evolve you buying over priced items you will never use again. 7 pages out of the 114 were devoted to telling you what you need to look cool and that's not even including the explicit advertisement pages which totted up to 1 pages. So that's 48 pages out of 114 telling you what to buy.

Of course you don't have to buy these product although without the latest clothes, trainers, shoes, make up and hairstyles it can lead many teenager to be bullied even slip in depressing enough to be suicidal. I know of many teenagers teased for simply not being able to afford the latest gear to being beaten up. I myself was inside my best friends house when it was bricked because this group of teenagers thought it would be funny to do this to a family less fortunate than themselves. This stereotypical lifestyle of having the latest stuff is affecting children much younger than before as they are copying the behaviour of their older magazine reading older siblings right up to adults wanting to "keep up with the Joneses next door". Obviously teen magazines can't be blamed for all of this however ideas that we pick up at a younger age leave impressions upon us until adult hood.

Language

In the teenage magazines that I studied and the ones that I read normally they use a colloquial tone so that the readers can relate to the writer. This is very successful as statistics show that products advertised in magazine promotions sell more than others. This tone is used throughout the magazine even in the problem pages.

I think that they use this relaxed everyday language as if a friend is talking to you so that your brain tells you that if they are saying that this product is good then it must be because your friends only generally use this informal language.

Lots of the words are shorted down, as they would be in speech. For example "gonna" and "wanna", "Boyf and Girlf" are commonly used words. These word are shortened like this to relax you so the magazine is not heavy going at all and a very easy read, unlike in a book. However studies show that more teenagers, girls in particular are reading fewer books and more magazines.

Visual Images

Something that has always annoyed me about teenage magazines is that the models are always happy and they are always skinny with perfect skin, teeth, hair, and e.c.t. The pictures Taken always seem that the models are having a good time making you think that if you had those clothes, that make up or that hair style you too would be that happy, which is obviously not true as materialistic things like that can't really make you truly happy at the end of the day.

From my studies I have found that reading beauty magazine can actually make you feel really depressed, as you become jealous of these teen models.

In the UK we have one of the highest rating of teens with eating disorders such as Bulimia and Anorexia caused by the quest for the perfect body. These magazines do not help these figures at all as they promote the stereotypical images of beautiful people and, surprise, they're all thin.

Myself when I flick through the magazines feel myself becoming depressed. There is so much pressure to be slim like the film stars as it is just no fashionable to have a curvy figure. Due to this highly critical world I like so many face the taunts everyday.

To many the likes of Britney Spears and Nicole Kidman are role models; however the person I feel I can relate to most is Eastenders curvy "Sonia Jackson" played by Natalie Cassidy. When her character Sonia started dating "Jamie Mitchell" played by Jack Ryder I felt it was a conquest for fat teens everywhere as if someone like Sonia can date a heart throb like Jamie what's stopping us.

In the last 10 to 0 year weight has become a real issue and something to taunt the over weight with. I feel that all these stick thin models and T.V stars have influenced this making the Weight loss industry one of the biggest in the world.

Conclusion

In am annoyed at my findings that commercial companies use these supposedly helpful magazines to boost their profits and leave many parents out of pocket. While creating a more critical, materialistic, stereotypical world for these teenage girls and everyone else to live in.

Yes, these magazines do provide helpful hints for teenage fashion and self-conscious girls, and yes, they are informative with facts about issues that affect us teens. However I still an annoyed and feel used as we as teenage girls to the commercial bosses are just a money making scheme and when you break the magazines down to it's more simple form and you get a catalogue of adverts with a bit of old gossip thrown in for good measure.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree? paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree? paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Ridley Scott's Blade Runner is a representation of a world that has been socially and economically destroyed. It seems, from the time in which this film was produced, there were fears emerging amongst people that they would in the not too distant future, succumb to the effects of their own powers of capitalism and technology. In this film we see these fears of an ominous future realized. The people of this world are no longer unified by any sense of love or spirit and are left to fight for themselves amongst the coldness of humanity. Sadly, in this disastrous state one is able to see the remnants of a society much like our own and it is evident that such a place of hysteria would likely have formed as a result of the way we go about life today.

Through his portrayal of the city, Scott is alluding to the theme of self-indulgence. The inhabitants of this post-modern world are on pursuits of pleasure, all in the name of the individual. They bustle their way through the distasteful surroundings without a care for anything but themselves. Scott often uses scenes in seedy nightclubs, where characters are portrayed as rude, exploitive and sexually orientated. A strong emphasis is placed on the desire for sinful pleasure, disregarding any sense of moral responsibility. In today's society with the powers of law and order this sort of unpleasant behavior is quite protected. However, as a society that is becoming increasingly more consumer-based and concerned with the satisfying of our every need, these concepts of individualism displayed in Blade Runner, don't appear as shocking as maybe they should.

In the past, the issues surrounding immigration have generally been looked at conservatively and coincided with the need to protect one's boarders from all that is seen as a threat to the cohesion and flow of a nation. People were and still are apprehensive towards the amalgamating of cultures and are often uncomfortable with the thought of having to cater for those of a contrasting race. However bit-by-bit people's attitudes to immigration are loosening up and societies are moving more and more towards the ideals of multiculturalism. With population on the rise in almost all parts of the world, a future of an East meets West hybridised society as seen in Blade Runner is not out of the question. Scott sees through his eyes of the future, a world over run by people and their boundless pursuit to colonise each and ever piece of land available. These people live on the notion of "what's yours is mine'. It would seem due to the sheer size of Asia as a continent and population, Scott has chosen to fill his envisaged world of Asian hordes that storm the streets with their uncontrollable ideals of technology and corporation. This negative view on the mixing of ethnic societies to the point of social chaos is a link to the potential danger of our world population becoming out of control and leeching on any scrap of security that it can find.

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Blade Runner is also an obvious critique of technology and the explosion of capitalism upon a society drawn by consumption and production. It illustrates a society blinded by its ideals of technological advancement and need for industry, which in reality brings about the downfall of their own well-being and stability of their environment. Today there are environmental catastrophes occurring all over the world with the clearing of forest, slaughtering of species and pollution of the ozone layer, just to name a few. Although, there is increasing concern and awareness directed to saving our environment, the pursuit of technological advancement and man's need to dominate its surroundings, is still what drives our society. Already, for the sake of industrial superiority, we have experienced a nuclear arms race that almost cost us our existence on the planet. Who knows what disastrous consequences our future has in store. A post-apocalyptic society seen in Blade Runner is a frightening foresight.

Blade Runner is most effective in its conveyance of how the discontents lining our society of today may eventuate to a world of hellish proportions, where the things that we take for granted like the sun on our back may seize to exist. For a society that is relatively soaked in its own pride and immunity to all that may bring long-term tragedy, the film of Blade Runner is most certainly a rude awakening to us all. The film with its bleak prophecy can pose as most unsettling, when one is struck with the thought of how our seemingly insignificant shortcomings of present, could prove most significant in the future.

Please note that this sample paper on "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on "Blade Runner shows us a world in which the faults and shortcomings of our society are magnified.' Do you agree? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on FASHION. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality FASHION paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in FASHION, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your FASHION paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Young people all over the world are becoming fashion conscious.Young students whether boys or girls, are crazy about it.They want to look smart and beautiful by wearing dresses of the latest designs.

Fashion is no longer the monopoly of females.Even boys have great fancy for it.In fact,the latest uni-sex dresseslike shirts and jeans can be worn both by the boys and girls.Today,the biggest centres of the latest fashions in the world are Paris ,London, Hollywood and New york.

Fashion has permeated all spheres of our life.It is used not only for dresses but also for hair-styles,shoes or manners.

Fashion is neither stable nor eternal.It is ever changing.

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fashion knows no frontiers.It travels across countries very fast.When students in India see latest foreign films from Hollywood,they adopt the latest fashion from these films.They even imitate the way of life,speech,manners,actions,dresses,hair-styles of their favourite foreign actors and actresses.

Some students spend a lot of money and devote considerable time on their make-up.They neglect their studies and their books gather dust! These students hardly realize that by

neglecting their studies ,they are ruining their own career.

Some students seem to suffer from a mistaken notion that fashion means wearing clothes and other costly items like jewellery etc.The fact is that sometimes expesive clothes and heavy make-up may prove counter-productive.It may even have a negative effect on one's personality.Some people look smarter in simple clothes than in expensive clothes.

If students want to be successful in life ,their motto should not be fashion but "simple living and high thinking".

Fashion spreads like wild fire especially when fashion critics hail any new design as ultra modern but we should not forget that"SIMPLICITY IS THE BEST FASHION".

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! When the British surrendered on 15 February 14, Singapore came under the Japanese rule. The Japanese Occupation was a very bitter period of years and had brought hardship to our people. We lived each day in constant fear of the fresh disasters the day would bring.

My family consisted of my parents, my elder brother, my younger brother and me. We were very close to each other because we wanted to spend time together before anything might happen to one of us, anytime. Once during the mass screening operation the Japanese carried out on all Chinese men between 18 and 50 years old, or Sook Ching, my father and elder brother were ordered to report at a mass-screening center where they were questioned by the Japanese. During their absence, my mother and I prayed for them. Fortunately both of them made a safe trip back home as they were not identified as anti-Japanese.

During the difficult times when there was a serious shortage of food, my family of five struggled to live on a simple diet of tapioca and sweet potatoes, which were food substitutes for scarce food such as rice. It would be tapioca and sweet potatoes for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Sometimes, when we had just plain porridge, we were already happy enough because it fed more hungry mouths. We also grew a little of our own food because the Japanese promoted homegrown food and seeds were given away.

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When the schools reopened, my younger brother and I attended Bras Basah Boys' School that was formerly known as St Joseph's Institution, and was used as a Red Cross Hospital before the surrender of the British. In the school, the students had to maintain a high level of discipline, which came down to singing the Japanese anthem in attention. The Japanese authorities had made changes to the education system, where the teaching of the Japanese language was compulsory.

Brother Michael was one of my teachers whom I respected a lot because he was a very special teacher who cared for us extensively. He would often gave his share of food to students who were very hungry, and console students who had family problems. During lessons, he talked to us about some changes our teachers had to endure. They had to tend vegetable plots in the Botanic Gardens during school hours, and do patrol duties late at night. He also told us that when more teachers were brought in from Japan, his and the other Brothers' services would no longer be needed eventually, and they would have to move to somewhere else to find a job.

As I was only a young teenager, I was lucky to escape most of the cruel punishments the Japanese soldiers inflicted. However, I was aware of the pain and agony many innocent people experienced. I could only hope that the days of darkness would end and peace would return some day.

Please note that this sample paper on If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on If I were a teenager during the Japanese Occupation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Cattle Ticks. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Cattle Ticks paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Cattle Ticks, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Cattle Ticks paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Each year 150 million dollars is lost to Australias beef and dairy industries because of cattle tick infecting our cattle. Cattle ticks are ecto-parasites which live in the coat of the cattle and suck their blood. By doing this, many diseases like tick fever can be transferred causing poor health, and the effects can be fatal. Tick fever is a malaria-like disease and is described by Peter Willadsen as having produced one of the biggest disasters in our agricultural history.

It is not unusual for 1000 female ticks to be found on one cow at a time. Together they can suck more than ½ a litre of blood in one day. The female ticks then drop to the ground to reproduce producing another cycle of ticks to infest cattle.

Tick fever or red water is an important disease of cattle and up to 7 million animals in northern and eastern parts of Australia are potentially at risk. Tick fever vaccines are the most reliable and practical tools for long term control of the disease and are manufactured by the Tick Fever Research Centre (TFRC) of the Department of Primary Industries, Queensland, Australia.

These pages provide information about the disease, its management, diagnosis, treatment and prevention by vaccination.

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Tick fever (babesiosis) is an important disease of cattle with up to 7 million animals in northern and eastern parts of Australia potentially at risk. The disease was probably introduced as early as 18 with cattle from Indonesia infested with the cattle tick Boophilus microplus.

The initial spread of tick fever in the late 1800s had a devastating effect on the cattle industry. In Queensland alone, it caused cattle numbers to decrease from 5.5 million to .5 million in little more than a decade. Since

that time, improved methods of control have done much to limit the effect of the disease but it is still costing as much as A$8 million each year in lost production.

Cause

Babesiosis is caused by two organisms in Australia Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. Of the two species, B bovis is by far the most important cause of disease and mortality, causing about 80 per cent of outbreaks and an even higher percentage of deaths. Both Babesia species are single cell organisms that develop in the red blood cells of cattle and are transmitted in Australia by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Transmission of B bovis takes place when engorging adult female ticks pick up the infection, pass it on to their progeny (larval or seed ticks) which, in turn, pass it on when feeding on another animal. Transmission of B bigemina is also from one generation of ticks to the next but with engorging adult ticks picking up the infection and nymphal and adult stages of the next generation passing it on to other cattle.

Occurrence and spread

Babesiosis is only found in eastern and northern parts of Australia where the cattle tick is present. One infected tick is sufficient to transmit the infection but only a very small number of ticks actually carry the disease. In the case of B bovis, as few as 1 in 5000 ticks may be infected compared with 1 in 500 with B bigemina. As a result, the presence of

B bigemina organisms is usually more prevalent in infected herds.

Animal susceptibility

British and European breeds are very susceptible and mortality after infection with Babesia species can be high. Bos indicus breeds such as Brahman, Sahiwal and, to a lesser extent, crossbred cattle show resistance to the disease but, despite this, nearly one in five outbreaks of tick fever involves these breeds.Calves from immune mothers receive temporary protection (maternal antibody) from the colostrum (first milk) which

prevents babesiosis. This protection lasts about three months and, in most cases, is followed by an age resistance which lasts until the animals are about nine months old. Calves exposed to infection when the maternal or age resistance is high rarely show clinical symptoms but develop a solid, long-lasting immunity. It is therefore possible to have both Babesia organisms and cattle ticks present on a property without animal losses or clinical disease. This situation is known as endemic stability.On the other hand, if cattle are not exposed to babesiosis as calves, the age resistance gradually wanes with time and these animals will become susceptible to infection. If exposed to the disease later in life, they may well develop a severe, life-threatening infection. Losses are likely when tick numbers on a property increase or when susceptible cattle are brought onto a tick-infested property.As B bovis has lower infection rates in ticks than B bigemina, endemic stability is less likely to develop to this organism than to B bigemina.

Clinical signs

Disease caused by B bovis is normally severe and large numbers of cattle can get sick and die.

ɨ Fever (higher than 40oC) is usually present for several days before other signs become obvious.

ɨ Loss of appetite, depression, weakness and a reluctance to move normally follow a fever.

ɨ Red urine (haemoglobinuria) is often present and, in the latter stage of infection, also anaemia and jaundice.

ɨ Diarrhoea is common.

ɨ Pregnant cows may abort.

ɨ Death may occur within days of the onset of fever.

ɨ Nervous signs sometimes develop in a condition known as cerebral babesiosis. These symptoms include hypersensitivity, circling, head pressing, aggression, convulsions and paralysis. When nervous symptoms develop, the outcome is almost always fatal.

Disease caused by B bigemina is usually less severe but can develop very rapidly.

ɨ Sudden and severe anaemia, jaundice and death can occur with little warning.

ɨ Red urine is present earlier and more consistently than in B bovis infections.

ɨ Nervous signs are not seen.

Cattle that recover from either infection may take several weeks to regain condition but recovery is usually complete. Surviving bulls may have reduced fertility for several weeks.In mild infections, signs are less obvious and sometimes even difficult to detect. Calves often show no symptoms after infection.

Post mortem examination

In severe infections, congestion of most organs is intense with haemorrhages under the membranes of many internal organs. Prolonged cases may show signs of anaemia and jaundice. Light to dark red discolouration of the urine is often seen. The spleen is usually enlarged, sometimes several times its normal size, and the cut surface resembles raspberry jam. The liver is swollen and may be yellowish-brown, with the gall bladder containing large amounts of thick granular bile. The kidneys and lymph nodes are also enlarged. In cerebral babesiosis, the grey matter in the brain has a characteristic cherry-pink colour.Microscopically, B bovis infections cause massive numbers of infected red blood cells to accumulate in the small blood vessels of the animal. This is not the case with

B bigemina.

Diagnosis

The history of the cattle, clinical signs and post mortem lesions are often suggestive of babesiosis but it is impossible to make an accurate diagnosis based on these findings alone. The simplest method to confirm the infection is by laboratory examination of stained blood smears from sick animals. Even blood smears and organ smears from dead animals can be useful. Laboratory examination will also distinguish between

B bovis and B bigemina infections, an important feature when considering prognosis and control. See Tick fever diagnostic services for an overview of diagnostic methods, and Making blood smears for tick fever diagnosis and How to make organ smears for tick fever diagnosis for information on how to prepare these smears.

Treatment; control of outbreaks

The only drug available for use in the treatment of babesiosis in Australia is Imizol® (imidocarb). Note Imizol® has a 8-day withholding period in cattle and is not registered in Australia for use in lactating dairy cattle. Recovery is the rule if treatment is given early in the course of the infection. However, if treatment is delayed, supportive therapy may be essential if the animal is to survive. This includes the use of blood supplements, vitamins, intravenous administration of fluids, good nutrition and shade. In acute B. bovis infections, antioxidants, e.g. Vitamin E, and high doses of corticosteroids may prove helpful.For control of outbreaks, see Control of suspected tick fever outbreaks in cattle.

Prevention

There are several options for the prevention of babesiosis in Australia ranging from keeping animals tick-free, use of Imizol for short-term control, to vaccinating with tick fever vaccine. These

What is tick fever?

Tick fever is a disease of cattle caused by any one of three blood organisms transmitted by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Australia. These organisms are known as

ɨ Babesia bovis, a cause of red water

ɨ Babesia bigemina, another cause of red water

ɨ Anaplasma marginale, the cause of anaplasmosis.

An outbreak of the disease can cause loss of production and death in cattle.

What are the symptoms of tick fever?

Common symptoms exhibited by affected stock can include fever, loss of appetite, gradual or rapid loss of condition, dullness/depression, weakness, staggered walk, muscle tremors, pale membranes (anaemia), yellowing (jaundice), red or dark brown urine, nervous signs such as charging and/or head pressing.

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