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The aim of this essay is too determine the significance of humour in life. To establish what things we laugh at and discuss if there is a limit to humour. Is there a point when the laughter becomes a mockery of a serious social and political issue?


Primarily I will investigate the theories of humour and laughter, then focus on the limits of humour and if there is a point when the laughter should stop.


After reading various researches on humour I have discovered it is very difficult to define the concept satisfactorily. Goldstein and McGhee (171) believe that humour cannot be defined "…for the simple reason that there is no single definition of humour acceptable to all investigators in the area". There are sociologists and anthropologists who look at the social processes by which humour occurs and psychologists who look for the mental processes which occur in the production or reception of humour. Palmer (1458) states " It is not essential to believe in a universal purpose of humour in order to define it functionally… many analyses find particular functions for humour in particular social circumstances". Each area of study finds various explanations for the functions of humour. An example of this is Powell (18) who sees humour "…as a form of the social control of deviance". Powell believes people who are deviant are responded to with humour. For example, if somebody has bad manners or eccentric behaviour they will be laughed and become the "butt' of peoples jokes.


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There are many different theories for humour and the functions of humour that are all specific to different areas of study. It is not possible to list all the possibilities. When trying to explain humour Palmer (14) uses the simple explanation that "humour is anything actually or potentially funny". For the purpose of this essay, Palmers statement provides a sufficient understanding of what humour is.


For most studies on humour the word laughter has been used extensively. Apte (18514) says, " laughter and smiling are probably the most overt indicators of the humour experience". There is a definite link between humour and laughter "… the two seem to have a cause � effect relationship or a stimulus- response relationship in many social situations". However not every instance of laughter is a result of humour. There are other reasons behind laughter such as sheer joy and happiness. Darwin (187/16516) stated that " laughter seemed primarily too express mere joy". As evidence for this he provided the fact that idiots and imbeciles laughed in a senseless manner without any external stimuli. He claimed that such individuals merely "…feel pleasure and express it by laughter and smiles". He also considers that " tickling, crying and other non joyous emotions can be the causes of laughter".


There are many reasons why people laugh, a main one being the cause and effect relationship it has with humour.


Is there a limit to humour? Is there a point when the humour is no longer funny and becomes offensive? In my opinion there is a fine line between humour and offence. The following case study illustrates my point. Taken from Palmer


(1416). A joke turned into a very serious issue.


In 14 in the former British colony of Tanganyika (now Tanzania) a joke turned into a court case (Pedler 140). A woman from the Situma tribe lodged a complaint in the British run court about a man from the Zaramu tribe, who had pushed her to the ground and manhandled her. The man admitted the act but claimed in his defence that she was his joking partner, that he had already behaved in the same way with her before and that therefore the act was a joke and not an assault. It was established in court that the two tribes were indeed in a joking relationship with each other. The court found the act was indeed an assault, but that the nature of the joking relationship was a mitigating factor.


In this case study, was it right that the woman who always joked with the man could suddenly regard the act against her offensive? The incident took place in a crowded town and not a typical African village. Palmer (14164) believes "the circumstances of the event were responsible". The joke took place in front of people who do not follow the tribes culture and so the woman was afraid of the outsider's reaction and cried assult. In conclusion to this case study, humour became offensive because of the social circumstances of the event. Humour can be regarded as offensive in cultures and societies that do not regard it as normal behaviour.


Various societies and cultures use other cultures as the "butt' of their jokes. For example, the English will always joke about the Irish and the blacks in Ethiopia will always be the subjects of jokes in most western countries. Palmer (146) believes "what these different identities establish is that any group will do as the butt, provided it can plausibly be regarded as outside the "mainstream' of the culture in question". In my opinion, people like to joke and laugh about beliefs and situations outside there own culture because it gives them a sense of structure in their own society.


This does not necessarily mean it is acceptable to laugh at humour concerning serious social and political issues. A good example of the limits of humour is the cult character Ali G. Ali G is an uneducated, drug taking Black man played by comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. The Guardian (1/01/00) "There's no doubt Ali G is funny, but are we all laughing for the same reasons? Is Ali G offensive?" Everybody seems to agree that Ali G is funny, even his critics who think he is racist.


Sacha Baron Cohen is a Cambridge educated, well spoken, Jewish white man who impersonates a black man who is arrogant and takes drugs. He interrogates the rich, famous and influential and gets away with it. The Guardian (1/01/00) says "…he stands on a precipice, on the one side is the relatively steady ground of alternative comedy on the other is the sheer drop into racist buffoonery". Many black comedians have taken offence to Ali G, comedian Chris Walker has described Ali G as " offensive" comparing him to Al Jolson and a 150's style of comedy entertainment. "He's dishing out all the clich�s and stereotypical language. I find it degrading and sad that this is what catches peoples attention. I don't like the concept of a white guy playing a black guy". A major concern raised from Ali G is racism. Are people laughing at black street culture? People such as comedian Richard Blackwood are concerned that Ali G is giving the wrong impression of black men. He believes " too many people are left thinking that is how black people chat to one another, that they are ignorant and don't know about world issues". The argument for Ali G is that he is a white man pretending to be black. The humour comes from a white man trying to be black; therefore the humour is not racist but white people laughing at a white man. Whether people think Ali G is a genius or a racist, everybody thinks he is funny. It is difficult to determine if it is wrong to laugh at him. Kamal Mustapha (The guardian 1/1/00) " If I can't laugh at Ali G then I don't think I have the right to laugh at all".


The recent terrorist attacks in America provide another example of whether there is a limit to humour. The events, which unfolded on September the 11th 001, left the world in shock. However it was not long before jokes, limericks and "funny' short stories began to appear on the Internet. Comedians on shows such as Saturday Night Live (American television) gradually began to use jokes about terrorism. From personal experiences I can state that even people in chat rooms are joking with one another about the tragedy. Jokes such as "Early to rise, early to bed, makes a man healthy, wealthy and dead', are circulating on the Internet. Is this unacceptable behaviour in the light of what happened in America? On a message board on the Internet, www.terrypratchetbooks.com (PG 7) readers have written their responses to jokes about the terror attacks on America. Dingo (1//01) states that " people deal with grief in their own way". Emmett-The-Sane (1//01 says "I feel that humour is the most important building block of the metaverse…I think bad taste is necessary to get through something like this. Sometimes you have to internalise it until the people it affects more than you can laugh about it, but you still have to laugh by yourself". In my opinion the humour is needed in this situation to balance peoples feelings. The mood of most people who saw the terror attacks was very sombre and depressing for days afterwards. The humorous jokes and stories need to circulate so people can cope with the feelings of depression, anger and fear. They help to bring back a sense of normality. Humour is also used in this situation to control fearful feelings of what might happen next in the current war.


To conclude, " the human species is the only species that laughs" Palmer (1457). Therefore, it is significant to humans and must have a purpose. Palmer (1457) sees humour as part of our species adaptation to its environment". For example we need to be able to laugh at various events such as the terror attacks on America so we can accept the incident has happened and move on, adapt to life after such an atrocity.


Although sometimes it is not appropriate to laugh at something, it is a necessity in order to deal with certain emotions and situations.


Is there a limit to humour when it concerns serious political and social issues? The example of Ali G provided an example of racism in humour, however even his critics believe he is very funny. Laughing is inevitable.


Palmer (1457) "the more we laugh the more we see the point of things, the better we are, the cleverer we are at reconsidering what the world is like".


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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Population Trends in Newfoundland. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Population Trends in Newfoundland paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Population Trends in Newfoundland, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Population Trends in Newfoundland paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! A population can be defined as "a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting an area" (Enger & Smith, 00). Populations generally have certain defining characteristics that distinguish them from other populations. Theses include "natality (birthrate), mortality (death rate), sex ratio, age distribution, growth rates, density, and spatial distribution" (Enger & Smith, 00). The population of Newfoundland is, in this way, no different from any other. It has experienced many trends in population over the years, each trend having major societal impacts on the province.


In 1 and 1, the population of Newfoundland reached a record 580,00 people (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 00). Since then, the population has continually declined. On March 1, 00 Statistics Canada released the 001 Census Counts which indicated that since 16 the population of the province has declined by 7.0% (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 00). Nevertheless, population losses have become much smaller over the last three years corresponding to a stronger growth period in the provincial economy. The amount of out-migration, a major component of population change, has gone down in pervious years. This decrease is due to strong employment gains, wage growth and a general increase in consumer and business confidence. While these factors have caused out-migration to diminish, net losses are expected to continue in the near future (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 00).


Another major trend that is seen here in Newfoundland is a loss of natural population increase. Natural increase, the excess of births over deaths, was only around 150 persons in 001, the lowest natural population increase since Confederation. If this trend continues, it is believed that the province will soon see natural population losses. With low fertility rates, the number of children born per woman per lifetime, the number of births in the future will drop leaving the province with an aging population that will have increased death rates (Collins, 00).


If these two trends are combined (decreased number of births and more deaths) it is easy to see that the average age of the population will continue to rise. As stated in the text book, if the majority of the population is post reproductive, the population will decline (Enger & Smith, 00). This increase in age will be more apparent in the rural communities than in the urban communities of the province due to the smaller populations. As a result, the province's population is expected to become more urban. If the province's population becomes more urban it is easy to see that there will also be a shift in the need for both private and public services. An example of this sort of shift in need would be that the demand for recreational or educational services would decrease while the demand for health services would increase in the rural areas (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 00). With an increased trend in the province's population age towards a post reproductive category, a reduction in the labour supply could come about in the future. In 001 the population of people ages 15 � 44 (Enger & Smith, 00), as know as the persons that have the potential to enter the labour force, out-numbered the potential retirees. But when looking at the current population trends for the province of Newfoundland, it is predicted that the potential retirees will out-number those that can enter the work force. This is good in some aspects because it will lower the unemployment rates, increase incomes and possibly decrease the out-migration and boost in-migration as the chances of gaining employment in this province are amplified.


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In recent years employers have noticed and are paying more attention to these trends. Many are making plans now and executing human resources strategies in preparation for future changes. Some companies such as the Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOCC) at Labrador City and industry associations such as the Alliance of Manufacturers and Exporters recognize the cumulative impacts of these factors and are implementing successor planning, mentorship programs and other recruitment actions (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 00). For example, up to 50% of the Iron Ore Company of Canada's workforce is eligible for retirement by 004. In addressing this issue, IOCC is recruiting and training new workers to fill these vacant positions. In partnership with the College of the North Atlantic and its member unions, the company began a new apprentice training program in 1 which combines in-class training with on the job experience. This program, named Mining and Mineral Processing Technology, is seen as an innovative and meaningful way to prepare for demographic change and to train the mining employee of the future (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 00).


In conclusion, Newfoundland is facing a decline in population. The population is also becoming more centered in urban areas than in the past and is becoming an increasingly aging population. These factors have serious effects on the future work force and also place more burden on the health care system. By becoming aware of these trends now, measures can be taken to ensure the well-being of our population in the years to come as well as in future populations of this province.


References


Collins, Michael. Biology 041 Modern Biology and Human Society II. Topic 6 Lecture


Notes. (00). http//courses.mun.ca/biol041/contents/topic06_lecturenotes.html.


Enger, Eldon, Brad Smith. Environmental Science. New York McGraw-Hill, 00.


Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Provincial Economic Overview. (00).


http//economics.gov.nf.ca/E00/provincial.asp


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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on confession of an expat child. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality confession of an expat child paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in confession of an expat child, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your confession of an expat child paper at affordable prices ! My parents met in Papua New Guinea while working on a copper mine. Not something that I'm particularly proud of, but if this is the confessions page I'd better start with that. You know the sort - Dad was in heavy construction, built roads and airports and water treatment plants and the family occasionally left the comforts of home to live near his projects in the jungle of Indonesia or Africa and stayed home while he was off to the more dangerous (less family friendly) parts of the world � Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, the Gulf after the war ... So, I had the travel bug from early on but mainly knew that I had to help out. Volunteer is the key word here people.


But I would do things differently. Oh, yes. Balance out the crimes of the father so to speak. He was in old school construction. You may have read a report or two about the pure destruction left in their path. OK, maybe a little dramatic. But really, there was no concept of participatory processes, of asking the community what they wanted, throughout the "50's to "80's. No concept of putting yourself out for the benefit of the community. Of all the countries in all the worlds this man has lived, he wouldn't even know how to swear in anything other than English. And don't get me started on the environmental problems left for the people to deal with. I have nightmares about them. So bad that as an old man (which he is now), my father, the man who used to run over "hippies" for fun in the "70s, even said "Yeah, well … we didn't think about the state of the river as we pumped tons of soot into it." Or of the people who would have to use it for bathing, drinking, cleaning for generations to come? "We probably could've done things differently, but we just didn't know." That being said, they did honestly think they were helping out. Get some clothes on those people and give them a job and all the problems will be solved.


So, needless to say, I came over here with every intention of being the Queen of Cultural Appropriateness. That's part of what it's all about in the end. But … and here it comes … it's really difficult to be culturally appropriate all the time. And tiring. I can't handle more than a week of it in one go and I need to come home to my room and just roll around in inappropriateness (figuratively people). And that's just after dhal baat in the village.


What do you do when you just don't agree with certain aspects? As a woman and a feminist and a human rights activist, yet desperately trying to be culturally appropriate, do I have to just be quiet and smile through it? At what point can I just stand up and say I've had enough? When I'm invited over to someone's house and served by their 10 year old slave? Ah, man! That's just wrong, but I really like that family and don't want to insult them. What to do?


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Luckily I'm working at a women's rights organization (ABC/Nepal) and it's filled with strong, amazing Nepali women so I do know that there are lots of things they speak up about. Like prescribed gender roles, domestic violence, favouring boys etc. There are hundreds of people out there who are trying to stop child labour. But still … to wear the crown of cultural appropriateness, I may have to rethink those conversations about things like homosexuality, boyfriends, and staying out late.


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If you order your cheap custom papers from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Surf and Turf. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Surf and Turf paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Surf and Turf, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Surf and Turf paper at affordable prices ! Surf Life Saving originated in Australia in the early 100s, when the growth of seaside towns and interest in swimming led to a number of drownings.


Patrols were formed by local residents living close by beaches with strong currents, alerting people to the dangers of the surf. The Surf Life Saving Association of Great Britain (SLSA) was formed in 155. Volunteer clubs patrolled beaches at Bude and St Agnes in Cornwall and Brighton, their aim to protect, rescue and resuscitate bathers.


The SLSA of GB is a founder member of International Life Saving (ILS) whose members throughout the world teach lifesaving to the same high standards. The Association, is in the main, a club based organisation with upward of 80 clubs and bodies currently affiliated and over 4000 members. The clubs are geographically grouped into regions for administrative purposes, namely; Cornwall, Devon, Scotland, Wessex and Wales. The regions have a key historical significance within the Association and form a vital link in the structure of the Association.


There are now 8 Surf Life Saving Clubs affiliated to the SLSA, with thousands of members from Nippers (8 - 1) to Seniors and Masters. During the last 44 years over 17,700 rescues have been made on our beaches by lifeguards, most of whom have come from the volunteer ranks of the Surf Life Saving Clubs where they learn their patrolling and rescue skills.


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Club funds come in some instances from local councils who provide professional lifeguards to patrol beaches, whilst the majority of funds for equipment and sport come from fundraising events and sponsorship by local businesses.


The Life Saving and Sport interests of the Association are catered for by National Commissions with representation from each region. Along with the President, Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Finance Director, National Life Saving Director and Regional Directors, the Directors of these Boards form the Council of Management and sit as elected trustees of the charitable company.


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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Is a Child Born Good or Evil.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Is a Child Born Good or Evil. paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Is a Child Born Good or Evil., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Is a Child Born Good or Evil. paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Thesis Growing up, a child will experience certain events to influence his decision on what is evil. Therefore, man is born good and learns evil.


When a child is born, he has a sense of innocence, their sweet, kind, and good. Throughout their years of growing up children will experience what is right and what is wrong by parents, society, and experiences in life. Children learn evil at an early age, not how to be evil but what it is in general. Children will develop to them what is good and what is evil as time goes on.


The parent(s) have a great deal of influence in a child's life. The parent will teach his kid(s) right from wrong by discipling them, whether it's spanking them, taking privileges away, or sending them to their room for a while. A child will know that what he does is wrong and will try not to do it again. Another way parents teach their kids what is evil or bad is just by telling them it's bad. A parent may sometimes show his son or daughter what's bad and tell them its evil. A child is born good but gradually learns what evil is by his or hers parents' discipline methods and guidance.


Society can have an effect on a child learning what evil is. Society can display an image to a child saying that killing someone is evil. A child will recognize it as being bad and won't do it. He will see the punishment and the consequences for his actions. Growing up in today's society can teach a child what is evil, as parents can. Even though, a child is born good, society may influence a child's decision on what evil is, because a child pays more attention to society growing up. The society can be a good thing or a bad thing depending on what the society says is "evil". The society consists of friends, family, and church. Basically the whole world in which we live in is society.


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To be born good and to then learn evil can sometimes be based on experiences in life. For example, growing up in an abusive home or community full drugs and violence will show a child the opposite of good, therefore learning what evil is. If a child experiences and is exposed to evil all his life then he will only know what is evil. That's where choice comes in. Once a child learns what evil is from parents and society, then he will decide for himself what evil is and if it's right for him. If that's all a person is exposed to, then he may think doing or being evil is good for him. Being born good doesn't mean a child will stay good throughout the remainder of his life. It just means he hasn't been taught evil. Everyone will eventually encounter evil one way or another.


So a child will learn what evil is from all sorts of events that will happen in his life growing up. Going through life is how a person learns and grows individually. People make their own decisions on whether they want to be good or evil. Television, Internet, and other sources of media in society are something that will persuade or influence a child's decision on what evil is. The only thing in a child's life that has a greater influence on him than society is the guidance and discipline from a parent. The only way a person can learn evil is through his childhood. A person is born good and learns to recognize evil but not to be evil.


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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture paper right on time.


Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Japan: The Land of the Rising Culture paper at affordable prices ! Japan is a latecomer in Asian history, appearing at around 57 AD. Japan's location, off the East Coast of China is important in the development of Japan's culture. The Japanese adopted many things from its surrounding boarders, especially China. The Japanese adopted many forms of the Chinese culture and tried to make each adoption ultimately Japanese. During the Yamato Period (500 AD), Japan's history and culture was just starting to flourish. The influence of the Chinese culture on that of Japan's is extensive, yet Japan is a unique civilization. With adopting its infrastructure of government, religion and philosophy, writing, and the fine arts, Japan has become a civilization with its own fine culture.


In between the years of 618-06 AD the Japanese realized the brilliance of the Tang Dynasty. One concept that the Japanese adopted was the imperial concept (where the leader would be addressed as emperor or empress). The Japanese modeled their entire central government around Chinese imperialism. Prior to the empirical concept, the ruler of Japan was a queen. A queen was ruling because precedents set earlier in Japanese history stated that should a male rule their violent personalities would eventually bring civil war. Japan's concept of empirical rule produced the longest unbroken line of rulers in human history, even longer than the monarchy in England. Japan's current ruler (Emperor Akihito) is 15th in a line which originated with the Goddess of the sun and extends to her heir Jimmu (known as the first emperor, in 660 BC ). Only one family of one bloodline has ever occupied the Chrysanthemum throne. When Empress Suiko (Yamato Period) sent a selected few to study the government, philosophy and culture of Japan, their findings and results would alter Japan's culture permanently. The Japanese government completely reorganized their court along the Chinese model, adopted the Chinese calendar, and sponsored Buddhism (which conflicted with the beliefs taught in Japan's primary religion, Shintoism).


Right along with the governments reformation, Buddhism was being introduced and accepted in many Japanese towns and villages (55 AD ). Buddhism was introduced to Japanese culture during the Nara Period and therefore the emperors and empresses revered the Buddhist teachings called the "Sutra of the Golden Light". Nara Buddhism was identical to Chinese Buddhism. There were three main schools that dominated Japan. One was the "Three Treaties School", another was the "Dharma Character School", and finally there was the "Flower Wreath School". All three schools taught Mahayana Buddhism and they also taught that the universe was in "constant flux and constant change ". Buddhism enlightened the ultimate ideal, which was to have a priest of Buddha rule. By 766 AD, Japan came close to grasping this concept when the empress tried to relinquish her throne in favour of the master of the Hosso, Dokyo. Ultimately, that never came to be. Buddhism was mixed with Confucian principles along with original ideas; to produce a strange combination with suited the political terms for an agricultural and warrior society. Japan was not known as a Buddhist country, like European countries were known to be Christian. Buddhism was tolerant and selective and therefore it did not have any difficulty coexisting with Shintoism. Buddhism also influenced Japanese literature and art until the 1800's. Buddhism eliminated the Kofun period in Japan. This means that cremation was used instead of the traditional burial process.


Confucianism is a teaching that incorporates many elements of philosophy, religion, and social custom. A 1-volume set of books, called the Analects, contains the teachings of the great, ancient Chinese teacher. "Confucius' sayings, which vary in length from one sentence to one paragraph, describe the ethical and moral standards that each individual should follow, including respect for elders and tradition ". Most of the primary beliefs of Japanese ethical behaviour can be traced back to the teachings of Confucius. Once the Japanese mastered the Confucian teachings they fused their own ethical teachings with those of Confucius. The Japanese people never really accepted Confucianism and they never endorsed the views of heaven. The Japanese always considered themselves descendents of the sun goddess, Amaterasu. The Japanese made sure that their own morals and principles were taught so that their sovereignty would not be confused with that of China's. Confucianism never became a religion in Japan although there are shrines dedicated to its creator. Festivals are sometimes celebrated and ceremonies are still held in his name.


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The Japanese system of writing was formerly a direct import from China. The knowledge was limited therefore the Japanese did not have much information on the writing structures. There was one problem with the Japanese adopting the Chinese writing style- the language barrier. The Chinese and Japanese languages are not even in the same language family, so the Japanese style of writing was vastly different from that of China's. "The Chinese writing is in part an ideogrammatic system and partly a syllabic writing system ". When the Japanese imported Chinese writing, they started writing phonetically. When the Japanese started writing they originally used the syllabic characters used in the Manyoshu texts. These texts were poems of the eighth century. The Manyoshu texts are the cornerstone of Japanese writing. During this time period (the seventh and eighth centuries) the Japanese also invented another form of writing called kana. The word kana means "borrowed words". There are two branches of kana. There is hiragana ("women's writing") and katakana. Hiragana, the first source syllabic writing in the Heian Period, is now the primary writing source in the country of Japan. Drawing Chinese characters in quick, cursive, fluid strokes produced this alphabet. Katakana, which was invented by a Buddhist, is a syllabic alphabet derived from Chinese characters. There were also several problems that the Japanese had to overcome to start writing. The Japanese had to adjust to a non-phonetic method of writing. Thus, they had to acquire new methods of writing to speed up the writing process.


The fine arts are literature, music and visual arts etc. Literature (poetry) was limited by the adoption of Chinese writing. Poetry became a copy of the Tang poetry, and most of the poets were women. We know this because hiragana is associated with women's writing. Women compiled many of the great Japanese works. The classic work of Japan and world literature to the Western World was the Genji monogatari. This piece of work was written during the first couple of decades of the eleventh century.


Japan's musical theory is solely derived from Chinese musical theory. In Chinese theory, five tones of the scale (the pentatonic scale) were related to each other based on five important agents. The five agents were wood, fire, earth, metal and water. In addition to these five elements there was a larger scale invented. This scale involved yin (the male creation) and yang (the female completion). The Chinese and Japanese scale is determined by the "cornerstone" note, where as in the West we define the tonic scale by the first note. Finally the Chinese and Japanese musical theory was based on eight instrumental sounds. The instruments included metal (bells), stone (stone chimes), leather (drums), earth (ocarina), silk (stringed instruments), wood (double reed instruments), gourd (mouth organ) and bamboo (flute) . The Japanese added percussion to their ensemble of musical instruments. The percussion instruments added flavour to the ceremonies, giving the ceremonies a richness that the Japanese had never heard before. The most permanent musical culture was developed was the gagaku (court instrumental music), developed during the Heian Period. It was experienced a great deal during the Heian period as music of a high culture. This type of music was heard during special ceremonies like weddings, funerals, and affairs of the state.


Art, in the forms of vases, pottery and metal were imported from China. Much of Japan's art and technology was imported from China and Korea alike. The visual art that stands out the most was the art of the Kofun period. During the Kofun period, art was seen in the massive tombs built for powerful emperors and others. Many forms of jewelry, iron tools, pottery, mirrors and clay figures called haniwa were found in the tombs of these great people. These figures represent the person inside the kofun. The Japanese arts weren't as separable from the art of China or Korea. While the Japanese adopted a lot from the Chinese models, the overall architectural model that they followed was that of the early Yayoi period.


At the beginning of the Nara period, visual arts were dominated by Buddhism and Chinese subjects. Until the Heian period, thing remained as they were in the Nara period. The Japanese painting called the "Yamato-e" was evolved. This type of painting illustrated subjects and scenes from Japanese life.


The cultures of China and Japan have many similarities yet they also have many differences. With the influence of Chinese culture on that of Japan's, Japan has its own culture. With the influence on the government, religion, philosophy, writing and the fine arts, Japan has innovated its own culture. With being one of the late comers in Asian history, Japan has evolved into a truly amazing civilization.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Magritte, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Magritte paper at affordable prices ! Ren� Magritte was born on November 1, 188 in Lessines, Belgium. As a child he grew up drawing and painting. He attended the Brussels Academy of Fine Arts from 116-118. After his three years of study, he began working as a designer for a wallpaper factory in Brussels. His employers, realizing his drawing talent, had Magritte sketch their advertisements.


He first became a member of the Belgian Surrealist movement after seeing a reproduction of Girgio de Chirico's painting, The Song of Love. An art gallery in Brussels decided to support Magritte, and in 16, he became a full-time painter. Unfortunately, his first show, in 17, was not a success. He and his wife decided to move to Paris. After arriving in Paris, he befriended many of the Paris Surrealists, including Max Ernst.


We question pictures before listening to them, we question them at random. And we are astonished when the reply we had expected is not forthcoming. � Paul Noug�


In 10 Magritte returned to his home in Brussels. In an attempt to try something new, Magritte began to experiment with other artistic styles, he went so far as to add elements of expressionism into his painting. But his new works were not popular, and he returned to his old style. For the remainder of his life he painted his unusual and contradictory images, an example of this being his "La trahison des images' (The treachery of images). This small painting shows what the viewer believes is a pipe. But, written below the "pipe' it says, "This is not a pipe." Magritte wanted to show the lack of connection between an object and its meaning.


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Everything tends to make us think that there is very little connection between an object and what it represents. An object never fulfils the same function as its name or its image…. I'm not all that keen to show La pipe it might be used as a pretext to have me locked up in a madhouse. � Ren� Magritte


The idea of the painting, is that an image of a pipe is very different then a real pipe. Another Surrealist painter said, "A word itself was a very highly combustible object."


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