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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Margaet, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Margaet paper at affordable prices ! The author Maya Angelou employs discerning writing to give a best image of Mrs. Cullinan. As a ten-year-old child living in Virginia, Margaret is employed by a white woman, Mrs. Cullinan. Mrs. Cullinan is the kind of woman who gives into the pressure of her prejudice friends' remarks. An example of this is when Mrs. Cullinan calls Margaret, Mary because Mrs. Cullinan's friends tell her she should. Because of this, Margaret purposely breaks one of Mrs. Cullinan dishes.

The White people in the story were ignorant people, towards the Black people, an example is Margaret tells a woman that in Stamps, her grandmother owned the only Negro general merchandise store since the turn of the century, and the woman replies by saying, why you were a debutante. ( Angelou) This to me sounds like the White woman was acting in a sarcastic and rude way towards Margaret. Whites did not have respect towards Black people. Even after Mrs. Cullinan was told numerous times not to call Margaret anything other then her name, she kept calling Margaret, Mary. When Mrs. Cullinan would call Margaret Mary, I believe Margaret felt, as she was dehumanized. No one likes to be called a name that does not correspond to that individual.

Reyes

Mrs. Cullinan, "was a plump woman who lived in a three bedroom house somewhere behind the post office. She was singularly unattractive until she smiled, and then the lines around her eyes and mouth which made her look perpetually dirty disappeared, and her face looked like the mask of an impish elf." (0 Angelou) Mrs. Cullinan was a woman who did not know how to respect individuals, she did not understand how important a name is important to a person. Mrs. Cullinan was a woman, who could not have kids because she was delicate boned, in addition she was exceptionally fat.

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In Mrs. Cullinan's house, all the cups and plates had their own place in the cabinets. Approximately around twelve o'clock the table was already set for dinner. Around twelve fifteen p.m. Mrs. Cullinan would take a seat at the dinner table even if her husband had arrived or not. At about twelve sixteen p.m. Miss Glory would bring out the food. Work in the house was exceedingly harsh on Margaret, she always had to be doing some activity in the house. Miss Glory was a descendant of slaves that had worked for the Cullinans. (1 Angelou) Miss Glory and Margaret were almost alike. Miss Glory was very patient with Margaret when she was teaching her about the housework. Miss Glory explained everything that she had to explain to Margaret. So that she would be successful in Mrs. Cullinans' house and not have any problems with Mrs. Cullinan. Miss Glory and Margaret drinking glasses were placed on a separate shelf from the other glasses.

The point in the story, where I feel the story reaches its climax is when Mrs. Cullinan calls Margaret Mary. A point in which hysteria brakes out in the

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Household is when Miss Glory is hit on the head by a plate thrown by Mrs. Cullinan. People like Margaret and Miss Glory felt pity sometimes for Mrs. Cullinan, because of all the trouble that she has gone through and her husband not being there anymore. People thought of Miss Glory as a woman who was offensive, chauvinistic, stout, and repulsive. She did not know how to respect other people. The manner in which the china incident occurred was when Mrs. Cullinan insisted in calling Margaret, Mary. This got Margaret very annoyed, so Margaret purposely broke the china plate on the floor, to show Mrs. Cullinan that her name was important to her.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Readers Theatre Critique. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Readers Theatre Critique paper right on time.

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Text Book Critique

Institute Book of Readers Theater

Written by William Adams

The Institute Book of Readers Theatre; A Practical Guide for School, Theater, and Community, by William Adams is a very user-friendly handbook for students and teachers, as well as any person who has any interest in Readers Theatre. The Forward to this textbook as well as the section entitled, "How To Use This Book" do a very specific job of outlining the book's uses and purposes. Both sections explain quite well that Readers Theatre is a broad art and not only can it be applied to any educational subject matter, but it can also be used in other more therapeutic types of institutions. The "Pick and Choose" portion of the introduction instructs the reader very clearly about how to use the table of contents. The concept, I believe, is a very insightful one and makes the textbook a comprehensive source for any person using Readers Theatre for any of it's many useful reasons. Having the section called "Part Two School" broken up into three main divisions and four subdivisions based on grade levels, helps the reader focus quickly on the specific grade level at hand instead of flipping through page after page trying to find something that suits the subject. Above and beyond having a break down of different grade levels, the book goes on with Part Three and Part Four. "Part Three Theater" and "Part Four Community" provide ample information and instruction on other widespread functions of Readers Theatre. It makes sense to separate these sections, as the purpose and practice of Readers Theatre in the classroom will most often be different than any kind of Readers Theatre in another setting.

Part one outlines script making, staging, and oral interpretation. Each section goes detailed step by detailed step with several examples demonstrating each point. It often not only explains that there are artistic choices to be made, but also provides information on why each works and what effect each creates. For instance, within the chapter on staging, there is a small section on focus. Here, the differences between onstage focus, offstage focus and audience focus are discussed and reasons for using each are explained.

I found each section of parts two, three and four, to be very appropriately written. The examples in the younger grade levels are clearly examples that a younger child would relate to and understand. As the grades progress naturally, so do the examples. For instance, the "Early Elementary School" section uses nursery rhymes like Hickory Dickory Dock. It also gives day-by-day teaching instructions and lessons plans for developing "The Emperor's New Clothes". The Middle School section moves on to examples that are more relevant to middle school students like the script called "Punctuation Marks!" and a more serious social subject of "Sexual Harassment". Along with the plentiful script examples are a whole variety of helpful advice. Tips are given in the areas of humor, theme, movement, character and gender.

All in all, I found this book to be very comprehensive and user-friendly. It is entirely well written, very clear and very thorough. This book could easily be used by a teacher to aid in the instruction of a Readers Theatre class and/or to supplement teaching in any class at a pre-kindergarten to the university level. It would also be a helpful resource for a student in a Readers Theatre class.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Shakespeare in Harlem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Shakespeare in Harlem paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Shakespeare in Harlem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Shakespeare in Harlem paper at affordable prices ! James Mercer Langston Hughes was one of the most prominent writers that emerged during the Harlem Renaissance period. Hughes wrote in many genres, but he receives most recognition for his poetry. Hughes's poems are expressions of hope, aspirations, and pride. But most all combine the need for more equal treatment between the white and black races. Many aspects of including racism, the civil rights movement, and pride in black culture affected the work of Hughes.

Racism influenced the themes of Hughes' work. Racism was a part of Hughes' everyday life because discriminatory practices remained largely unchallenged until 141. In Hughes' earlier years he spent much of his time moving, and this added with being an African-American was difficult when it came time of fitting in as the usual student would. Hughes then spent a year with his father in Mexico as a release of the racism of the North. Moreover, Hughes themes of racism in his poems were greatly affected by what he felt inside. Hughes poem "Dream Variations" has the theme for African Americans in following their dreams and not allowing boundaries of race stop them. Also the poem creates a strong suggestion that the light and dark hours of the day correlate with white and black culture and people. The statement "the white day" not only connects the time when the sun is out but also hints that the whole work day world Hughes grew up in was mostly controlled by whites. Much of Hughes' work throughout his career was written about dreams and thought of as the dominant theme in his poetry. Racism greatly affected the themes of Hughes' poems because racism was part of Hughes' everyday life and because of how racism affected his emotions.

The critical analysis of Hughes poems connects how he perceives racism and connects with the reader. For example, "The Bitter River" can be considered one of Hughes' more deeply moving poems. In the eye of Critic Jim Beatty, "The poem offers not only as astute account of dominant oppression in the U.S., it lessons that contemporary critical theory would do well to heed. He speaks of how Hughes' goes beyond the dream of equal treatment and civil rights and describes how Hughes brings up the point equal but separate. Furthermore, in Hughes' poem "The Blackish Blues" the reader sees the identity that a white society has given the black man and how the system does not allow for African-Americans achieving success. In the poem Hughes speaks of the closed hearts and minds of the white man. Hughes also hints of the fact that the poor black man is tired of his living condition and wants a fair chance. The critical analysis of Hughes' poems speaks of the connection of theme and reader by creating a deeply moving poem and by showing the reader the African-American identity.

The greatest civil rights issue in the U.S. has concerned the status of a black minority. For example, in the 10's and 10's the upper Manhattan district of Harlem had became a flourishing capital of African-American culture as writers, musicians, artists, photographers, philosophers, and intellectuals. This would later become known as the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes was among many considered a leading creative figure during the Harlem Renaissance. "We younger Negro artists now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. Hughes spoke for most of the writers and artists when he wrote his essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" where black artists could express themselves freely, no matter what the black public or white public thought. Because Hughess long and distinguished poetic career and his innovations in style and subject matter, he has inspired two generations of black writers and have immeasurably affected the shape of contemporary black literature. In conclusion, Hughes played a major role in the civil rights movement with his poems and writing style.

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Next, the civil rights movement affected many of the themes of Hughes' poems. For instance, the African-American want of being considered a true citizen, the situation with mulatto children, and the attitudes of southern Whites toward a Black man are all themes found in Hughes' poems. Hughes' poem "I, Too shows the perspective of a black man and how he sees no difference in how he values America compared with White people, but the difference lies in how America values him

I, too, sing America.

I am the dark brother.

They send me to eat in the kitchen

When company comes,

But I laugh,

And eat well,

And grow strong.

Then, in Hughes' poem "Mulatto", he speaks of the bitter life a half-black, half-white child faces and the rejection they feel from a dominant white society. Hughes' enlisted as a steward on a freighter bound for West Africa. The Africans considered him white because of his lighter brown skin and straight dark hair. He then met a mulatto child who was ignored by the Africans and the whites. This was a source of inspiration for his poem, Mulatto. The civil rights movement affected many of the themes of Hughes' poems including the African-American want of being considered a true citizen and by the situation with children who were mulatto.

Finally, the civil rights movement was influenced by Hughes' ideals of the attitudes of southern Whites towards Black men. First, in Hughes' poem "The Blackish Blues" Hughes speaks of the closed hearts and minds of the white man

While you're livin' in your mansion

You don't know what hard times means.

While you're livin' in your mansion

You don't know what hard times means.

Poor workin' man's wife is starvin,

Your wife is livin' like a queen.

In the poem Hughes hints of the fact that the poor black man is tired of his living condition and wants a fair chance. Moreover, Hughes' poem creates an insight of the life he lived. For example Hughes' stepfather took a job at the steel mill in Cleveland and Hughes later stated, the heat in the mill beat him down and leaving the only option of quitting. Moreover, Hughes' ideals on White attitudes were greatly affected by his childhood. When Hughes was born his parents soon separated. Langstons childhood was spent dealing with racism in the care of family friends. As the only way in dealing with his loneliness, Hughes began wrote poetry. The civil rights movement was affected by Hughes' ideals and his ideals were affected by the childhood he lived.

As a result, African pride and negritude themes are very prominent in Hughes's works. Subsequently, Hughes' searched for a compromise of being a black poet and writing like a white poet. A major point of Hughes's work includes the bond between African Americans and black culture. One of Hughes's earliest poems "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" speaks of a mystic union of blacks throughout the world and traces back their history back to the creation of the world and for founding the greatest civilizations that humanity has ever known. Though the poem was written in a mere fifteen minutes, the poem contains dramatic expression of the true meaning of being a black American. Also, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" creates awareness and pride in black culture. Moreover, Hughes' takes pride in his culture, imagery plays an important role in his poems. For example, in the poem "The Bitter River" Hughes' uses water in representing time and the heritage of African Americans. Hughes considered the roles the river must have played in human interaction and acknowledges the fact that rivers are more ancient in the history of the earth. In addition, Hughes' brings out the point of harsh and violent treatment his people faced in America. A prominent line "My soul has grown deep like the rivers" can be found again at the end of the poem for reestablishment of the connection of river and man. African pride and negritude themes are very prominent in Hughes' poems while imagery plays an important role.

Hughes pride in black music also led him in creating meaning within his poems. For example in Hughes' poem "The Weary Blues" the speaker expresses his loneliness, displeasure, and uncertainty about his present and his future. Hughes spent his free time in blues and jazz clubs where he would find inspirations for his work. African-American writers and artists were building a great pride and intensity within the black community. These forces pushed for publishing, patriotism, and the promotion of African-American culture. The poem also can be interpreted from the eyes of the audience in the poem. Moreover, many of Hughes poems should be read aloud in feeling pride. "Montage of a Dream Deferred", is a series of verse sketches that should be read aloud with accompaniment. Jazz can also be found in Hughes' poem of "Ask Your Mama Twelve Moods for Jazz", which is considered by some critics one of Hughess finest work. Hughes also founded theatre groups in Harlem, Chicago, and Los Angeles. By founding the clubs he was promoting the spread of the Harlem Renaissance because more African-Americans could write and present their art and music. Hughes pride in Black music and the feeling his poems helped in creating meaning within the poems.

In addition Hughes believed writing for children was important, insuring that pride in the African-American culture was taught. As a result, he wrote the successful "Popo and Fifina," and eventually published a dozen childrens books, on subjects such as jazz, Africa, and the West Indies. In addition, in many ways Hughes always portrayed loyalty within the principles he had laid down for the younger black writers in 16. His art was firmly rooted in race pride and race feeling even as he cherished his freedom as an artist. He was both nationalist and cosmopolitan.

Moreover, in the 10's and 140's Hughes founded theatre groups in Harlem, Chicago, and Los Angeles. By founding the clubs he was promoting the spread of the Harlem Renaissance because more African-Americans could write and present their art and music. Hughes believed insuring pride within children and by founding theatre groups was important in continuing Black pride.

Langston Hughes was a very powerful and inspirational poet. His innovations in form and voice influenced many writers alike. Because of aspects including racism, the civil rights movement, and pride in black culture Hughes produced many pieces that are considered some of the best poems written.

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An offer is an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is deal with. It is a manifestation of a willingness to be bound by contract. Other than that, an offer means a signification by one person to another person of his willingness to enter into a contract with him on certain terms. The offer will usually indicate the form the acceptance should take and may indicate when the acceptance will be deemed to have occurred. In seeking to prove that a contract was in existence, it will be necessary to show that there was a definite offer.

Advertisements of unilateral contracts are treated as offers. An advertisement to general public for a reward to anyone who does something is treated as an offer. If the offer forms the basis for a unilateral contract, it can be difficult to revoke. Typically the offeror must take reasonable steps to revoke the offer in the same form as it was originally made. For example, if the offer was made in a newspaper, then it should probably be revoked the same way. Moreover, it is particularly problematic if a unilateral offer is revoked before full completion of the act that constitutes the acceptance. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (18), Mrs. Carlill was able to demonstrate that she had completed the acceptance, so Carbolic could not have escaped its obligations be revoking the offer. However, suppose Mrs. Carlill had started using the Smoke Ball, and written to Carbolic expressing her wish to claim the compensation if it failed.

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An advertisement for reward to anyone who provides information leading to a conviction is treated as offer too. There is an R v Clarke (17) case where Clarke claimed a reward of ͘1000 for providing information, which resulted in the conviction of two murderers. The facts are set out in the head note to the case. Clarke knew of the reward offer but, it was alleged, he gave the information to get himself off the hook after he was arrested for the murder. So, this case does not illustrate the proposition that a person cannot accept an offer if that person did not know about it. Instead, the High Court was prepared to infer from the circumstance what Clarke's state of mind was and came to the conclusion that he did not have the reward offer in his mind when he provided the vital information. He was responding to something quite different, namely, fear for his own fate.

On the other hand, an invitation to treat is an invitation to open negations with a view to forming a contract. In English Law, an invitation to treat is not an offer, and its acceptance does not constitute the formation of a contract. There are many instances where invitations to treat are misconstrued as offers. For example, if a shop displays goods for sale with a price label attached, they are not obligated to sell for the market price. This is because displaying goods for sale is an invitation to treat, not an offer. There are cases such as Fischer v Bell (161) and Partridge v Crittendon (168). In Fisher v Bell (161) case, the defendant, a shopkeeper, was prosecuted for displaying an illegal flick-knife for sale. Because it is an offense to offer such an item foe sale he was convicted. On appeal, however, it was held that "offer for sale" has a technical meaning in law, and a shop window display is an invitation to treat, no an offer in contractual terms. The conviction was therefore quashed. While in the case of Partridge v Crittendon (168), the defendant advertised in a newspaper "framble finch cocks and hens 5 shillings each" offering a wild bird for sale is contrary to the Protection of Birds Act (154). It was construed that this advertisement was an invitation to treat, not an offer in contractual terms, and he was acquitted.

Goods displayed on self-service shelves or counter in a shop or pharmacy is also invitation to treat. The case Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots (15) demonstrates the principle that in-point-of-sale transactions the offer for sale and acceptance of that offer is deemed to take place at the checkout, and that displaying goods on shelves does not constitute an offer for sale. The Pharmaceutical Society brought a case against Boots for selling "poisons" without the supervision of a registered pharmacist, contrary to the pharmacy and Poisons Act (1). Customers would place their intended purchases in a basket, then take them to the checkout for purchases. The plaintiffs argued that displaying the goods constituted an offer, and placing goods in the basket an acceptance of offer. This argument was not accepted, as the cashier was, by common practice, free to refuse the sale, so the selection of good for purchase could not be construed a contract.

Some kinds of request to tender will also be construed as invitation to treat. According to Blackpool and Flyde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Club (10) a request to tender may, however, constitute an offer to consider the tender; such that a person who submits a tender, which is ignored, may have a cause of action.

In conclusion, an invitation to treat is preliminary to an offer. The different between an offer and an invitation to treat lies in the intention of the parties. It has to be noted that invitation to treat are not capable of being accepted. This is because invitation to treat does not display any sort of intention o be bound. It means that an invitation to treat is in law an invitation to make offer and it is not the offer itself for example where a party is merely inviting offers, which he is free to accept or reject.

(8 words)

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The apparel and retail industry throughout the history of our nation has always been motivated to try and come up with ways to increase their profits by driving the costs of their products as low as possible. The solution to many of these corporations' problems has always seemed to be simple enough. The exploitation of people across the oceans in foreign lands for cheap labor is the common solution to these companies, whether in the apparel, athletics and sports products, or other types of industries to maintain a stable margin of profit at others expense. Sweatshops have become the means for companies in the retail industry in America to keep their customers satisfied, and at the same time make an unthinkable amount of profit off of the cheap labor that helps to create the products that line the shelves. This epidemic is occurring at an alarming rate with across the nation. The worst of which is the result of major apparel industry companies in New York and the greater Los Angeles area. In New York, the U.S. Department of Labor's Secretary Alexis Herman disclosed information that "6 percent of the sewing contractors in the New York City garment industry were in violation of the minimum wage or overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act." (CNN.com) The common American consumer, whether they know it or not, holds the power that drives the operation of the sweatshop. Because of this, it is our responsibility as consumers to demand that the products we purchase are made with a standard of morality and not in oppressing sweatshop conditions. The action must be taken in order to observe those individuals rights as our fellow brothers and sisters of the world and bring an abrupt halt to this epidemic, no matter the cost.

People everywhere must recognize that the unethical practices that no human should have to face occur on a daily basis in sweatshops. There is no reason for one human being on one side of the planet to suffer a ridiculous amount of torture in order to produce a product to satisfy another person. Humans must be treated fairly everywhere with no exceptions, and not have to endure hardships and cruelty for someone else's benefit. That is exactly what is going on in the modern day operations of sweatshops. Individuals must work ridiculous hours, sometimes seven days a week facing sexual harassment, discrimination, and even physical abuse from their overseers. Companies like Nike, Gap and other major retailers are fully aware of these conditions, as are many of the customers who buy their products, but these practices still continue. Cooperation between both the retailers and their customers is necessary to eliminate this problem. The most probable solution would be for the retailers to be required by law to present the consumer with a list of how and where their products are made, and under what conditions. The consumer must then evaluate this list and come to a conclusion as to whether they agree with the practice that went into creating the product and decide whether it was produced in an ethical manner that they agree with.

Some say that the solution to this problem is not an easy one to come to. By solving this problem, it may create another, the prices of the products made, as cost efficiently as they were in sweatshops would escalate. This is a small price to pay however, and the major issue of fair and ethical treatment of all humanity should really be the primary concern for everyone.

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In today's society one of America's biggest flaws is the mere fact that a person can be judged based on his or her job class, education, income and most of all race. America encourages the three most deadly acts of racism by supporting Victimology, Separatism and Anti-intectualism in America.

Victimology has become a big part of cultural blackness because the victim is treated not as the problem to be solved but as an identity to be nurtured. Instead of America dealing with the situation we glorify the act for example in Oakland this past year we witnessed a hundred and fourteen murders. Every time I picked up a newspaper or turned on the television all they talked about was how bad Oakland was becoming not how can we solve some of these murders or what can we do to rid our city of so many notorious acts of violence. Simply calling attention to things that barely exists is Victimology because just the fact of alienating and resenting things in society is pinpointing things that may not necessarily be fact. Its like bringing unnecessary attention to something that is minor. I read something that some this up and it goes like this, "don't sweat the small stuff because all stuff is small stuff."

Separatism is a condition or the advocacy of political, religious, or racial separation. This is directly related to Victimology because it encourages black Americans to conceive the notion that as a people we are unofficial sovereign entities. Separatism in black American culture is the product of white Americans who create a very hostile environment where blacks are not the authority but a mere pond in a chess game. There are many symptoms of Separation but what stands out is conviction because

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the way society tries to justify separation says that blacks are not responsible for there actions but are merely playing out there frustration and pain that has been places on them from past acts of ignorance. Think about the O.J. Simpson case was it fair to hole him accountable for the murders or even mention the facts about the case? Maya Angelou said,"let the black folks take care of "Simpson, because in black America he would be shown his mistakes rather than be treated as a murder in which he probably was. See in black America when a predominant figure falls like an O.J. Simpson it affects not only himself but the entire black community.

To me Separatism does a disservice to black America because when someone in the black race commits an act it is justified by racism. He or she did this because of the white man or I can not get ahead because the white man will not allow me to. I can not blame societys racism on my well being because I feel like whatever I put into my education is what I will get out of it, so if I work hard and thank God things will happen.

The third act of racism is Anti-intellectualism which means to be against the quality of being intellectual. This is not caused by our own racism, funding, class, parental education but by our white America denying us the right to be educated for so many years. This is so evident because I once witness two students one white and the other black get a letter grade of an "A" on a test paper and I recall the teacher saying to the black student you must have studied with the white student. This was another blow to the black community because that teacher assume that the black student was incapable of getting an "A" by himself. Just like most teachers see me and they assume I just a dump basketball player getting by because I can dribble a ball but they do not know I am a full

time student with a job and a family. They do not know how hard I work just to get up in the morning. Anti-intellectualism says that we live in a culture of internal infection nurtured by a distrust of the former oppressor which I can kind of agree with but my question is what are we doing as black America to get out of this situation if we know who our oppressor are? To justify our unequal distribution of educational resources as the root for black students grades and test scores regardless of class or income level is an excuse because as a black race we have always had to overcome some type of obstacle. It just the way life has always been and as long as we dwell on those type of issues we will always be held back.

In conclusion until we deal with America's biggest set backs of Victimology, Separatism and Anti-intellectualism there will always be two types of Americas', black America and white America. In order to billed on our future we have to first learn from our past.

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in monopoly and perfect competition, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your monopoly and perfect competition paper at affordable prices ! Economic welfare is the base of two parties in trade. It can be quantified as the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.

Consumer surplus is the amount that a buyer is willing to pay for a product minus the amount the buyer actually pays while producer surplus refers to the difference between the price that a producer is willing to accept and the actual price. As we can see from figure 1, consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the market price. However, producer surplus is the area above the demand curve and below the market price. Needless to say, the sum of the two parts is called economic welfare. Economic welfare will change while the market structure changes. In this essay, I will analyze how economic welfare changes if a market structure changing from perfect competition to a monopoly. However, whether the monopolist charges a single price or a multi price will affect the outcome.

Generally speaking, perfect competition is a market structure where there are a large number of firms and any individual firm, or any individual consumer, will have no effect on market price. It can exist in a market only if the following conditions are satisfied. Firstly, there are a lot of buyers and sellers. Secondly, buyers have perfect knowledge. Furthermore, units of the good sold by different sellers are identical and last, there are no barriers to entry into or exit from the market. Every firm is a ¡®price taker¡¯ and thus had no influence on the market price. However, a firm in a competitive market, like most other firms in the economy, tries to maximize profit. As we know, at the profit maximizing level of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost are exactly equal. This is a general rule for profit maximization. Though in the short run, firms in the perfect competitive market may make a supernomoral profit or loss, in the long run, all the firms just can make a normal profit at an equilibrium price which is determined in the industry by the intersection of MC and MR curve. The reason is clear. In the long run, if firms are making supernomoral profits, new firms will be attracted into the industry as there is few barriers to enter. Thus firms have to reduce their price to ensure output. The price will fall until it gets to the equilibrium point where the market price is just equal to the firm¡¯s long run average cost. I.e. firms can just make normal profit to cover their cost.

By contrast, a firm is considered a monopoly if it is the only seller of a good or service with no substitutes. A monopoly firm is a price maker while a competitive firm is a price taker.

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The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry. It has three sources Ownership of a key resource.

Government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good, such as patent and copyright laws.

Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.

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Like a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at

which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal. Nevertheless, unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost.

Figure 1 Firgure

As we can see, perfect competition and monopoly are two absolutely different types of market structure. Which is more efficient? Which has more economic welfare? Firstly, have a look at figure above.

There are two types of efficiency we should pay attention to---productive efficiency and allocative efficiency. Productive efficiency is achieved when the output is produced at a minimum average total cost. Clearly, from figure , we can easily get the conclusion that firms in perfect competition are more productively efficient.

However, economic welfare has a close relationship with the other type of efficiency---allocative efficiency. It is achieved when the value consumers place on a good or service equals the cost of the resources used up in production. (Price=Marginal cost) When this condition is satisfied, total economic welfare is maximized. Again, from figure , we may get the conclusion that allocative efficiency is maximized under perfect competitive conditions. As can be seen in figure , part of consumer surplus is transferred to producer surplus from the perfect competitive market to the monopoly situation. Monopolists control the quantity they produce in order to charge a high price. So they have not allocated the scared resources efficiently. What makes monopoly inefficient is the existence of the area that is a wedge between the consumer¡¯s willingness to pay and the producer¡¯s cost. It is called deadweight welfare loss. In monopoly, the price is higher; the consumer surplus is lower and the producer surplus is higher than a competitive industry. Moreover, the output is lower; the monopoly will lead to a lower overall level of economic welfare. Marginal cost is less that price, so there is allocative inefficiency.

Economics has championed the notion that the best guarantee of social welfare is competition, and perfect competition has always been its ideal

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All of the above seems to imply that a monopoly necessarily leads to higher price, lower quantity, and deadweight losses relative to perfect competition. But this may not be true, because a monopoly may be able to achieve cost saving unavailable to smaller firms. Consolidation to serve larger number of consumers can allow the firm to take advantage of greater specialization, moving to a lower ATC and corresponding MC. A typical example is natural monopoly that exists when one firm can produce at a lower ATC than can two or more firms because of economies of scale. So we have two effects of greater concentration (fewer firms with greater market share each) in an industry. First, competition is reduced, which tends to drive price up. Second, cost savings may be realized from economies of scale, which tends to drive price down. Which effect dominates? This is an empirical question and highly relevant to many policy questions. Anyway, MC under monopoly is not always the same as under perfect competition. If it is lower, the economic welfare in monopoly will be much more that it is in perfect competition. Because the monopolist in this stage has lower cost thus they charge lower price and produce larger quantity.

In order to gain more profit, monopolists practices price discrimination. It is defined as charging different prices of a same product to different consumers on the basis of non-cost-related characteristics of the consumers.

Examples of price discrimination

Movie prices (for students and seniors)

Airline prices (for business and personal)

Grocery coupons (¡®smart¡¯ versus casual shoppers)

In general, the most important factor for price discrimination is distinguishing different elasticties, to isolate people who are more or less sensitive to price. People with more elastic demand will tend to be charged a lower price; people with more demand will tend to be charged a higher price.

Price discrimination has two main effects. Firstly, it tends to transfer wealth from consumers to producers. Second, it tends to decrease deadweight loss for both consumers and producers.

Now look at figure 4.

MC

CS

DWL

PH

PM

PL

PS

D

QH QM QL

The area between PH and PM and to the left of QH is transferred from the CS to the PS, from consumers who have bought at the single-price monopoly price PM and now buy at the higher price PH. On the other hand, the triangle between PM and PL, between QM and QL, and below the demand curve, is an additional to CS that could have been deadweight loss under a single-price monopoly (because they would not have bought the good at all). The PS is everything left between the demand curve and MC that is not shaded in as CS or DWL.

So consumers as a whole may or may not benefit from price discrimination; it depends on which consumers one has in mind, and how the firm discriminates. As I mentioned before, the DWL is very important. To the extent that price discrimination reduces the size of DWL, it is more efficient.

Furthermore, if a firm can charge a different price for each consumer, with the exactly equal to the maximum price the consumer will pay, then perfect price discrimination occurs. There is no DWL under perfect price discrimination.

Obviously, the output of a multi-price monopoly will be higher than with a non-price discriminating monopoly. The deadweight loss is eliminated. Thus the economic welfare has been increased. Moreover, the increased output may lead to economies of scale and increased productive efficiency. On the other hand, the firm may use the profits from one market segment to allow low predatory prices in another. In the long run this increases monopoly power and prices are likely to rise.

(Adapt from ¡®Introductory Economics¡¯)

In conclusion, the ideal economic welfare can be gained in perfect competitive market. Firms in this market structure produce the largest quantity and sell their products at the lowest market prices. They produce goods and allocate resources efficiently. Monopolists, on the other hand, produce in a limited output in order that they can keep the market price high. This causes a deadweight welfare loss and reduces the economic welfare. However, there are some arguments for monopoly as well. They claim that monopolist may have access to economies of scale and have lower cost in production. So the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus may be higher than in the perfect competition at this time. The problem is controversial and it is hard to get an answer. Anyway, if the monopoly practices price discrimination, they can make more profit. Moreover, economic welfare will increase owing to the reduce of deadweight welfare loss in this way.

References

DAVIS B., HARRISON B., SMITH C. (1) Introductory Economics London; The Macmillan Press LTD.

MANKIW N. G. (18) Principle of Economics U.S.A. The Dryden Pres

MAUNDER P., MILLER R.L., MYERS D., AND WALL N. (187)

Economics Explained London Collins Educational Company.

SLOMAN J. (18) Essentials of Economics Essex; Pearson Education Limited

www.oberlin.edu

www.debunking-economics.com/

Please note that this sample paper on monopoly and perfect competition is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on monopoly and perfect competition, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on monopoly and perfect competition will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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