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Dentistry is the art and science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding soft tissues of the mouth. Dentists care for their patients in many ways, but mainly through their skill at recognizing, correcting, and preventing problems of the teeth and the tissues that support them. Dental treatment includes a wide range of dental services. Some of these services focus on correcting problems of the teeth caused chiefly by dental decay. Such treatment, called restoration, often involves the use of some kind of dental filling. Other dental services deal with the prevention and treatment of diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues and nerves. Still others concentrate on the position of the teeth in relation to each other and to the jawbones. Sometimes teeth require removal. This process, usually performed using an anesthetic (painkilling drug), is called extraction. Dentists may also treat injuries, infections, tumors, and various other conditions of the teeth, jawbones, and related tissues.Dentistry is practiced in dental offices where one or a number of dentists treat patients. Dentistry is also practiced in large clinics, in hospitals, and in dental schools. Dental schools, in addition to training future dentists, also conduct research. This research provides improvements in the diagnosis and the treatment of dental disorders.

Careers

Dentistry in the United States and Canada is a large and well-organized profession. There are about 145,000 dentists in the United States and about 14,000 dentists in Canada. The great majority of these dentists have a private dental practice. Most of the remaining dentists work in the military, in public health, in various government organizations and dental societies, as consultants, or as teachers or researchers in dental schools. People who want to become dentists must first attend a school of dentistry. There are about 60 dental schools in the United States and about 10 in Canada.

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Educational requirements. All dental schools require a high level of scholastic achievement before admission. Applicants must have at least two years of college education, but most dental students are college graduates. Prospective dental students must also take a dental aptitude test. This test identifies those students who are most likely to succeed in dental subjects.

The usual course of study in dental school lasts four years. The first two years are devoted to studying basic medical and dental sciences, as well as dental laboratory techniques. Clinical aspects of dentistry are emphasized in the final two years of dental school. During that time, students perform dental procedures on patients. Upon graduation, students receive either a Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.) degree or a Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.) degree.

Licensing. All U.S. states and Canadian provinces require that dentists be licensed to practice. To obtain a license, a person must have a D.D.S. or D.M.D. degree from an approved school and must also pass a special examination. State and local dental societies work with state governments in administering licensing examinations.

Organizations. The main professional organization of dentists in the United States is the American Dental Association. Some functions of this organization are to promote dentistry in matters of legislation, to inspect and approve dental schools, and to produce educational material for the public. Its headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois. The Canadian Dental Association serves a similar purpose in Canada. It has headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario.

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Normally all humans have 46 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Two of the 46 pairs code for the sex of the individual. Normally females are made of XX chromosomes, and males are made of XY chromosomes. In the case of someone who has X trisomy, their chromosomes are XXX, and therefore they do not have 46 pairs of chromosomes they have 47. Trisomy X is written 47, XXX for karyotypes. The three pairs of X chromosomes are a result of non-disjunction of sex cells during anaphase I or II of meiosis. This is a diagram illustrating how it is possible for a zygote to be fertilized with three X chromosomes. People with Trisomy X (XXX) can only be female because if the had a Y chromosome they would then be male and their condition would be called Keleinfelter's syndrome.

Trisomy X is similar to Klienfelter's (XXY) syndrome and Turners syndrome (X), which is why it is appropriate to credit the minds of Kleinfelter and Turner for the discovery of Trisomy X. Triple X syndrome can also be called Kleinfelters syndrome with the substitution of an X, and it also can be called Turners syndrome with an addition of XX. The physians Kleinfelter and Turner made their discoveries and 14 and 17, respectively.[] in 14 Harry Kleinfelter alnog with Fuller Albright and thier co- workers at the Massachusettes general Hospital published their findings regarding nine men. these man had large breasts, little facial hair and inability to produce sperm. this syndrome was now known as Kleinfelters syndrome and was characterized by the XXY chromosomes. [8] Triple X Syndrome is a lot like Kleinfelters syndrome chromosomally speaking because instad of the extra Y chromosome has another X. All this means is that the individual has to be female. Surprisingly enough the symptoms are nothing alike. Its name became Triple - X because Patricia Jacobs was studying the XXX syndrome in two women in Scotland. She found that instead of the regular 46 chromosomes in humans, there was an extra chromosome number 47, which resulted in having three X chromosomes instead of the regular two. She described this as 47, XXX. []

The triple X syndrome is aquired through non- disjunction. Non- disjunction is when the homologous chromosomes fail to separates during either Anaphase I or II of meiosis. This results in a sperm or egg containing two X chromosomes. When this for instance double X chromosomed egg fuses with the male sperm (containing only one X), during fertilization, a zygote with three X chromosomes is produced. This is better described in this diagram

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Many genes are affected by whole chromosome mutations, the resulting phenotypes are usually called syndromes. Syndromes are characterized by the disruption of multiple organ systems. Since the genes on each chromosome code for proteins that perform completely unrelated functions in the body it is possible to affect the whole body by an addition or deletion of one chromosome. [4] In the case of Trisomy X the whole body is not affected because only one X chromosome is active in the female adult's somatic cells. The inactivation of the other two chromosomes occurs about 16 days after fertilization. This is a completely random process. The two chromosomes that are inactivated are called the Barr body. Therefore Trosomy X females express genes from only one X chromosome. However due to the fact that X- inactivation is a random process, some females might end up with a skewed X- inactivation. For example, such a female might inactivate 50% of one X, 60% of another X, and 0% of another X. [4] This assembly may be what causes some of the few symptoms exhibited by Trpiple X individuals. (complete) No Trisomy X syndrome is not inherited because it cannot be passed on from one generation to the next. It is also not inherited because both parents who don't have a trait for XXX syndrome could produce a child that has Trisomy X. The fact that the sex cells chromosomes split as a "fluke" per say. Triple X occurs sporatically and is not usually passed on from a triple X mother to her daughter.[6] Polygenic referrs to a mutation caused by more then one gene. This syndrome is polygenic because Triple X patients have a whole other chromosome containing between ,000 and 5,000 genes. These individuals are also called polyploidy meaning they have more then the needed number of chromosomes. Triple X is not caused by a dominant/recessive type gene because this syndrome is not on a part of a chromosome that codes for a gene, it is the presence of a completely unneeded chromosome. The allele for one gene does not dominate over another to produce symptoms. Symptoms are produced when the deactivation of the X chromosomes occurs enevenly and leaves One factor that may affect whether the child has an extra chromosome is the age of the mother. As a woman grows older it becomes more probable that non-disjunction could occur in her egg cells.

Symptoms of Trisomy X are fairly un noticeable. Sometimes the only thing that actually appears different is the actual karyotype showing the chromosomes. In some cases mental retardation is possible in numerous cases the intelligence level of girls with Trisomy X tend to be slightly skewed and lower then average. In some cases certain physical abnormalities have been reported such as, a relatively small head. Vertical skin folds that cover the eyes inner corners have also been reported. these are called epicathnal folds. [] At birth it is slightly more probable for the infant to be born underweight. The average birth weight of infants with trisomy X is slightly lower then that of a normal birth. [] As children they may have delayed motoric development, delayed development of linguistics as well as delayed maturity. With Triple X it is relatively common to have learning difficulties, particularly language based, such as dislexia.

Girls with XXX Syndrome also have a tendency to be quieter and more introverted. With help and guidance Trisomy X children will be able to function just as any other child would. Girls with Trisomy X tend to be above average in height. They have a faster growth acceleration but only up until about the age of eight. Although these girls tend to be taller, their height to weight ratio often shows a lower then average weight. The development of their menstral cycle and secondary sex characteristics such as breasts occur normally. Their menstral cycle comes at approximately the age of 1 , which is normal. Although knowledge about fertility is limited, women generally are fertile and able to have children. [] Triple X women are at increased risk of developing back problems, since their musculature is said to be weaker. Musculature in the back can be strengthened by simple exercise and participation in sports.

Since there doesnt really seem to be any relyable symptoms of this syndrome (that tend to consistantly appear), it is hard to relate these few symptoms to a change in DNA. Triple X syndrome is not characterized by a change in the genes on the DNA (eg. deletion), it is the presence of a completely unneeded chromosome with a full set of genes. This chromosome does not really affect the the way protiens are produced because in most cases it has been deactivated during the first few weeks after fetilixation. in the few cases where the extra chromosome did not get de activated, the presence of the extra chromosome only minorly affects the individual. In many cases the affect of the extra chromosome is only ever noticed when viewing the persons karyotype. An example of what happens when an extra chromosome causes a noticable syndrome is in the case of Down syndrome. Down syndrome is caused by he presence of three chromosome 1s. An extra copy of chromosome 1 leads to over-expression of Down Syndrome Critical Reigion 1 (DSCR1), found in the brain. An inhibitor prevents Calcineurin from removing the phosphate groups from the critical reigon of the brain. Phosphorolated NAFTC cant enter the nucleus to regulate specific genes for normal brain development.[7] Since the brain does not develop normally mental retardation occurs. Also the brain, immunosystem, heart and skeleton do not develop normally.When a cell does not accurately copy its DNA, or de-activates the wrong DNA on all three of the chromosomes, a different DNA sequence is likely to be produced. This results in a different protien bieng made, since the sequence of DNA codes for the production of potiens. If that protien is responsible for a vital part of human opperation, and it cannot function properly, disease may occur.

When a cell does not accurately copy its DNA, or de-activates the wrong DNA on all three of the chromosomes, a different DNA sequence is likely to be produced. This results in a different protien bieng made, since the sequence of DNA codes for the production of potiens. If that protien is responsible for a vital part of human opperation, and it cannot function properly, disease may occur.

Triple X is found in approximately 1 in 1,000 births.[] Triple X births are always female, since the presence of a Y chromosome would mean the birth had Kleinfelter's. In Canada with a population of approximately 0 million, about there is about a one in thirty thousand chance of being born with Trisomy X. That is a 0.001% chance of giving birth to a child with Trisomy X. There is a factor that may increase the probability that you child will be born with Trisomy X. The age of the mother affects whether their child will be born with Trisomy X because with age comes the increased chance that the homologous chromosomes or sister chromosomes will not separate during meiosis I and II in the making of her egg cell.

The treatment required for the disease vary with each individual case. In one of the worse case scenarios where the girl is born with mental retardation, she should receive regular psychological help as well as be placed in a special school situation that can cater to her learning needs. In a case where the girl is just a slower learner she could compensate with use of a tutor, or visits to an after school learning center. These places can teach her life long tools that will help her overcome her learning difficulties throughout her life. Theres no real medicinal treatment for the disease since the symptoms are few, and inconsistant between all the sufferers of Trisomy X.

References

[4] Ballard, Ruth. 00. Chromosome Mutations.

http//www.csus.edu/indiv/b/ballardr/Lecture%08%0-%0Chromosome%0Mutations

[] Nielsen, Johannes. 1, Triple- X Females,

http//www.aaa.dk/TURNER/ENGELSK/TRIPLEX.HTM

[1] Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

[] 001. Triplo- X Syndrome

http//www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Triplo%0X%0Syndrome

[5] An Introduction To genetics

http//www.gig.org.uk/education1.htm

[6] Ratcliffe, S Contact a family. 00, Triple X Syndrome,

http//www.cafamily.org.uk/Direct/t40.html

[7]

http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.erin.utoronto.ca

[8]

http//www.medicinenet.com/prevacid.htm

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Assignment One Normalising data

Normalisation is a bottom-up approach to database design that begins by examining the relationships between the attributes that in turn make up the database.

For this example of normalising data we are going to use data from AllRight Accounting which is a firm that stores data about their customers various policies with other companies.

The forms that we are extracting the data from are standard forms used by AlRight Accounting to receive the necessary information on their customers. Here the user fills in a form with details such as Personnel Details, Policy Details, and Company Details.

Aaron's Accounting

Client Number CN 4 Policy Number PN 1

Full Name Karen Hatfield Policy Description Covers holder for full Dental treatment

Monthly Debt £50 Company Number CN 100

Policy Start 1- Sep - Company Name Dave's Dental

Policy Expire 1- Sep - 00

Source of data Standard AllRight Accounting customer information form

Before we move to First Normal Form (1NF) we show how the data looks from the outset. This is called Unnormalised form (UNF).

Unnormalised Form (UNF) A table containing one or more repeating groups

customerPolicy (cliebtNo, cName, policyNo, pDesc, pStart, pExpire, mDebt, companyNo, cName)

Table Format ClientRental

clientNo cName policyNo pDesc pStart pExpire mDebt companyNo cName

CN4 Karen Hatfield PN1PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insurance 1 Sep 1 Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00 £50£60 CN100CN110 Dave's DentalHomes Cover

CN44 Simon Hauss PN1PN0PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full car insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0 £50£75£60 CN100CN115CN110 Dave's DentalCareful CarsHomes Cover

First Normal Form (1NF) A relation in which the intersection of each row and column contains one and only one value.

The first step of normalising the data here is to remove any repeating groups, by looking at the table in the Unnormalised form we can see that the repeating data is as follows…

Repeating Group = (policyNo, pDesc, pStart, pExpire, debt, companyNo, cName)

So to put the data in first normal form we remove the repeating group (Policy Details) by placing the repeating data along with a copy of the original key attribute (clientNo) in a separate relation. We then need to identify a primary key for the new relation (policyNo).

Client (clientNo, cName)

PolicyDetailsCompany (clientNo, policyNo, pDesc, pStart, pExpire, debt, companyNo, cName)

Table Format Client & PolicyDetailsCompany

Client

clientNo cName

CN4CN44 Karen HatfieldSimon Hauss

PolicyDetailsCompany

clientNo policyNo pDesc pStart pExpire debt companyNo cName

CN4CN4 PN1PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insurance 1 Sep 1Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00 £50£60 CN100CN110 Dave's DentalHomes Cover

CN44CN44CN44 PN1PN0PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full car insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0 £50£75£60 CN100CN115CN110 Dave's DentalCareful CarsHomes Cover

Second Normal Form (ND) A relation that is in first normal form and every non-primary-key attribute is fully functionally dependant on the primary key

This normal form applies to relations with composite keys (relations with a primary key composed of two or more attributes). If the relation had only a single attribute primary key it would already be in second normal form. To reach NF on our data we need to create new relations so that the non-primary key attributes are removed along with a copy of the part of the primary key that they are full functionally dependant.

Client (clientNo, cName)

Policy (clientNo, policyNo, pStart, pExpire,)

DetailsCompany (policyNo, pDesc, debt, companyNo, cName)

Table Format Client, Policy & DetailsCompany

Client

clientNo cName

CN4CN44 Karen HatfieldSimon Hauss

Policy

clientNo policyNo pStart pExpire

CN4CN4 PN1PN15 1 Sep 1Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00

CN44CN44CN44 PN1PN0PN15 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0

DetailsCompany

policyNo pDesc debt companyNo cName

PN1PN15PN0 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance £50£60£75 CN100CN110CN115 Dave's DentalHomes CoverCareful Cars

Third Normal Form (NF) A relation that is in first and second normal form, and in which no non-primary key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key

The normalisation from NF to NF involves the removal of any transitive dependencies. If a transitive dependency exists we should remove the transitive dependent attribute from the relation by placing the attribute in a new relation along with a copy of the determinant. In our data all the non-primary key attributes in DetailsCompany are functionally dependent on the primary key, with the exception of cName, as this is also dependent on companyNo. This is an example of a transitive dependency as the attribute cName is dependent on one or more non-primary key attributes i.e. companyNo.

So to remove this transitive dependency we create two new relations called Details and Company…

Client (clientNo, cName)

Policy (clientNo, policyNo, pStart, pExpire)

Details (policyNo, pDesc, debt, companyNo)

Company (companyNo, cName)

Table Format Client, Policy, Details & Company

Client Company

companyNo cName

CN100CN110CN115 Dave's DentalHomes CoverCareful Cars

clientNo cName

CN4CN44 Karen HatfieldSimon Hauss

Policy

clientNo policyNo pStart pExpire

CN4CN4 PN1PN15 1 Sep 1Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00

CN44CN44CN44 PN1PN0PN15 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0

Details

policyNo pDesc debt companyNo

PN1PN15PN0 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance £50£60£75 CN100CN110CN115

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Impact of Asteroids on Earth, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Impact of Asteroids on Earth paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Despite the geological appearance of Earth, it has been hit many times by asteroids. Most of these impacts occurred while the Earth was still forming. A major asteroid impact about 65 million years ago is said to have killed off the dinosaurs and most of the other life-forms living in that period. This impact was in the Yucatan Peninsula, about 00 miles west of Cancun.

The asteroid was about 10km in size, with the energy equivalent of more than 100 million megatons or 5 billion Hiroshima atomic bombs. The results are supposedly the end of the dinosaurs due to the cloud of dust that blocked the sun, the sudden drop in temperature, tsunamis, and other extreme changes in the environment. The same thing might happen once again if a similarly sized asteroid or comet should come in contact with the Earth.

This picture shows the paths of the tsunamis that would follow a water impact (noted by the star).

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The possibility of this happening is not overly slim. A more recent impact is the once in Tunguska, Siberia on June 0, 108. While the asteroid only grazed the atmosphere, it exploded in the air about 5 kilometers ( miles, or 15,000 feet) above remote Tunguska. However, the energy released was equivalent to a nuclear bomb. In fact, the explosion was greater than the Hiroshima or Nagasaki nuclear bombs. About 0 kilometers of forests fell flat, some bursting into flames. The shock wave caused much destruction within the city, throwing carpenters off buildings and breaking out windows.

This picture shows the orbits of asteroids we know of, the yellow lines being ones that are most likely to hit Earth. Not good odds in my opinion.

The evidence of all the impacts upon the Earth is very well hidden. Weather and time have worn down the vast majority of the craters created by impacts. Using seismic waves scientists have discovered the locations of many craters. This method helped find the crater from the Yucatan impact. Using computers they have been able to find out the effects of an impact, including how the ground would cave back in, forming the inner ring in some craters. They can also calculate the devastation that will occur, which is not always comforting data.

The Earth is constantly being passed by asteroids and we don't even know it. There have been many near-earth objects (NEOs) that have come even closer to Earth than the moon. Detection is difficult, due to the size of the sky and our limited monitoring capabilities. Now there are new sensitive cameras that use sensors and computers to find the objects. Due to the very limited budget and the size of what has to be monitored, detection is still very difficult. With the current monitoring techniques, the chances of us knowing about an impact before it happens are slim. We might not notice the NEO until it's just about ready to send us all packing to the next life.

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Childcare

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Jacobsen (1) argues that Australia does not need a republic to build a sense of national identity because we already have one. It is claimed that three quarters of our population is still Anglo-Celtic. According to this argument, if people want to migrate here they have to accept Australias traditions and its way of life. Other countries, so this argument goes, do not feel that they have to change their constitution just because they accept immigrants from different cultures. However, as Smith (1) explains, Australia must develop a new cultural identity to reflect its diverse and multicultural population. Australia is no longer a nation of British and Irish people. Its citizens come from a huge variety of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. It is claimed that if Australia was a republic it would give our migrants a stronger sense of belonging. Moreover, we would not be turning our back on our Anglo-centred past if we became a republic because we could still stay on as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Ill always be beside you until the very end, wiping all your tears away, being your best friend. Ill smile when you smile and feel all the pain you do, and if you cry a single tear, I promise Ill cry too.

Being happy doesnt mean that everything is perfect. It means that you have decided to look beyond the imperfections.

Sometimes we must get hurt in order to grow, we must fail in order to know, Sometimes our vision clears only after our eyes are washed away with tears.

Hard times are simply that---TIME---time passes and things do get better. So, just stick through it and one day you will look back on it and think Man, that was nothing.

The bad things in life open your eyes to the good things you werent paying attention to before.

This is a message from me to you, to make sure you never forget I love you! When things are rough and you feel lost, just call on me and Ill be there at any cost. Ill do this because I care for you, Ill stick by your side no matter what you do. I am your friend through thick and thin, just as, for me, you have always been.

Within you is a spirit, capable of touching the stars. Within you is the ability to achieve your goals and make your dreams come true. Dont listen to others or fear competition or worry about wrong choices. In every experience there is wisdom to be gained. Have faith in yourself and move ahead with confidence, believing that you will fulfill your potential as the unique person you were created to be.

It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone but it takes a lifetime to forget someone.

The hours I spend with you I look upon as sort of a perfumed garden, a dim twilight, and a fountain singing to it… you and you alone make me feel that I am alive…. Other men it is said have seen angels, but I have seen thee and thou art enough.

Theres this place in me where your fingerprints still rest, your kisses still linger, and your whispers softly echo. Its the place where a part of you will forever be a part of me.

A person can be in love with someone forever till the end of time. But if that person doesnt tell or show the feelings of love, it will be just another person living in a dream, lost of true love.

How grave is my condition, for I cannot find the words to say, I need you so.

I tell you i love you every day for fear that tomorrow isnt another.

I fell in love with you the second I layed eyes on you, it had nothing to do with the way you looked, there was something in your eyes, then I found out what was in your heart.

Once youve felt love, youll know its love because you dont want to let it go.

Hopeless romantics are only hopeless in the eyes of those who dont believe in romance.

You know its love when all you want is that person to be happy, even if youre not part of their happiness.

Sometimes its hard to love someone because youre so afraid of losing them.

Within you I lose myself. Without you I find myself wanting to become lost again.

There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved

True love doesnt have a happy ending true love doesnt have an ending

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism paper at affordable prices ! Published in the October edition of the Wall Street Journal, the British historian Paul Johnson¡¯s essay entitled ¡°The Answer to Terrorism? Colonialism.¡± is an open declaration calling for the return of the old forms of colonialism in the anti-terrorism war. As a theme of this article, a new form of colony, the conquests and annexations which, according to the author, belonged to a bygone era are once again on the order of the day. But in my opinion, the value of colonialism which Paul Johnson has heaped praise on is rather a reorganization of the world through the imposition of military power than the way out of the swamp of terrorism. And the whole article is but to provide a justification for the opening of a new epoch of imperialist conquest, which hides itself behind the anti-terrorism cause.

What is colonialism? It is not a policy defined by Paul Johnson by which to suppress the well-organized criminal communities, networks and states with political control, but rather it is by which a nation, in quest for expansion of power, maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies, supported by the notions that such territories and people are inferior and thus deserve domination. Colonialism bases its intrinsic value on inequality of human races and targets on the colonies its hegemony and domination.

In Johnson¡¯s article, he first argues that America has no alternative but to wage war against states that habitually aid terrorists. Then he proceeds to give a potted history of the 1th century in which he asserts that the expansion of the major imperialist powers, above all the British Empire, was aimed at bringing a halt to piracy and finally succeeded by taking the form of colonialism. With the comparison made between today¡¯s anti-terrorism cause and the old-day anti-piracy wars, Johnson successfully (if not unsuccessfully) brings out his idea that colonialism is the answer to terrorism. And in the concluding part of the article, he spells out not only the other targets for attack but sets out the new forms of rule which should be established. Well written, the whole article seems to be plausible while actually specious with many false ideas represented. To discuss it, let¡¯s first look at the basic concept supporting Johnson¡¯s argument---the racist version of Orientalism.

The idea that the western imperialist powers, now led by America, are the superior powers to extinguish terrorism, dampen down coups, civil wars and conflicts, salvage inferior oriental countries---those Islamic countries in particular---is to be found in every line of his article. The subject of the expansion of colonialism is the West and the object the East---in 1th century¡¯s so-called anti-piracy war, it was Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and in today¡¯s anti-terrorism war, it was Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, Iran and Syria. To take it for granted that the eastern crime-and-impoverishment-stricken states must be rescued by the western imperialist powers, Johnson emphasizes the necessity of colonialism as a way out ¡±I suspect the best medium-term solution will be to revive the old League of Nations mandate system, which served well as a ¡®respectable¡¯ form of colonialism between the wars¡±. But what is lying under that ¡°respectable form¡±? Is that the respect for the turbulence-ridden states? Is that the respect for the cruelly ravaged human rights? Pry into the basic notions supporting Johnson¡¯s argument and the colonizing states¡¯ policies, it is only possible to excavate the deep-rooted belief in human inequality---that is, races are not born equal with the orient isolated from the mainstream of human progress in the science, arts, commerce and politics and the west advanced and superior both in intellect and cultural senses. Johnson and other colonialism-supporting institutions share a common affirmation in the different categorizations of all human races and emphasize on the east¡¯s sensuality, its tendency to despotism, its aberrant mentality, its habit of inaccuracy and its backwardness and hence its fate to be taken care of. Dominated by the idea of human inequality, Paul Johnson¡¯s conclusion in the treatment of the orient is just as ¡°simple¡± and ¡°self-evident¡± as it is racist and differentiating. Colonialism brings out the focus on the western-culture authority, or the attempt to dominate the ¡°other¡± in the name of a cultural supremacy and intellect superiority which is itself produced in the moment of differentiation. Argued by Edward Said, an authority in the academic field of Oriental Studies, famous for his critic book Orientalism, such prevailing western-superiority complex stems from the wrong studying of the oriental world. In his book Orientalism, he writes about the negative influences of Orientalism on the way the westerners think about the oriental (http//www.frontpagemag.com/archives/rogues/windschuttle1--.htm)

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¡°Colonial rule was justified in advance by Orientalism, rather than after the fact¡­our familiarity, not merely with the language of the people of the East but with their customs, their feelings, their traditions, their history, and religion, had provided the sole basis upon which we are likely to be able to maintain in the future the position we have won. ¡­Orientalism led the West to see Islamic culture as static in both time and place, as eternal uniform, and incapable of defining itself, and this gave us a sense of its own cultural and intellectual superiority. The West consequently saw itself as a dynamic, innovative, expanding culture, as well as the spectator, the judge and jury of every facet of Oriental behavior. ¡­ This became part of its imperial conceit.¡±

¡°The rationale for Western imperialism could be described by its perpetrators not as a form of conquest, but as the redemption of a degenerate world. ¡­¡±

Said argues that the Orientalism¡¯s false description of Arabs and Islamic culture, the false establishment of the Europe¡¯s self-image and the politics-serving purpose to a great extent all have distorted the westerners¡¯ conceptions of the east. The west tends to depict itself as the Godfather with an eye to subjugate the emergence of a ¡°zone of chaos¡±. And the west tends to degrade the east as the failed states calling for imperialist domination and salvation. As the racist idea Rudyard Kipling has expressed in his famous poem The White Man¡¯s Burden (published in McClure¡¯s Magazine in February of 18), the white man had the burden and responsibility of bringing the blessings of their superior civilization to the savages of the non-European world. And here Paul Johnson¡¯s assertion of the need for a new colonialism is certainly another failed product of the faults of Orientalism---that is, the belief that the imperialist powers are to save and to redeem the degenerated world but not to conquer and to plunder. In such a differentiating point of view, Johnson identifies colonialism with his, or, say, the imperialist powers¡¯, concepts of ethnocentrism and hegemonism and renders everything under this set of criteria which are actually disagreeable with the human nature and human equality.

In his article, Johnson leaves no doubt as to the model of ¡°great power¡± action he has in mind---British imperialism of the 1th century---and the way it colonized other countries. He rewrites the history of the war against piracy with a purpose to cover over the fact that imperialist conquest in the 1th century had nothing to do with ¡°piracy¡± but was the outcome of a struggle by the major capitalist powers to enhance their position in the global competition for profits, markets and resource, just as today¡¯s war against ¡°terrorism¡± is being pursued for the same aims. Johnson makes one significant omission as he harks back to the ¡°glory days¡± of British imperialism. The carve-up of the world in the latter part of the 1th century and the first part of the 0th century did not bring peace and prosperity. Rather, it led to two inter-imperialist wars, resulting in hundreds of millions of deaths as the major capitalist powers---the US, Britain, Germany, France, and Japan---inevitably came into conflict with each other in the global struggle for resources, markets and spheres of influence. Colonialism is but to ¡°service the needs of more or less traditional aristocracies both within the social context of feudalism and in the transition to capitalism during its long-term phase of global mercantilist competition¡±. (http//chnm.gmu.edu/rhr/haynes.htm) Mentioned in Johnson¡¯s article, Africa was colonized by France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain at the end of the last century in the name of war against piracy. However, the history of the colonial exploitation imposed by those imperialist powers didn¡¯t recorded itself in the same way as Johnson did. After Belgian King Leopold 1st took over Congo as his own personal domain, millions of Congolese were killed and this vast area of central Africa became impoverished under his infamous rule while the rulers of little Belgium got very rich to achieve their own capital accumulation and their competence in the resetting of the new world order. And today, imperialism hasn¡¯t changed. It is ¡° the same system, serving the same corporate masters. What has changed is only the political situation¡±. (http//www.street.com/npc/Africa.html) It is possible that to some extent colonization quelled the notorious piracy; but it supplanted it with more notorious political, economical and social carnage perpetrated by the colonists. Colonialism is no efficient and justified means to solve the world affairs, or rather it is the intervention of the imperialist powers---organizing exploitations, stoking up wars and ethnic conflicts for their own purpose, and arming repressive regimes---and the imposition of economic policies that have created a social disaster for people of those colonies. The chaos caused by yesterday¡¯s crimes is made the starting point for the perpetration of new ones, beginning with the establishment of colonial forms of rule. Paul Johnson¡¯s answer towards terrorism is really a pretext under which the imperialist powers set out to take over the terrorism-ridden lands for their own profits---colonizing is constructive for the colonizing societies while destructive for the colonized.

Instead of being the answer to terrorism, colonialism is rather the answer to imperialism. Seizing upon the tragedy of terrorism to bring forth his so-called relieving solution, only reveals Paul Johnson the longstanding plans of the imperialist powers to impose hegemony in the oil-rich region. The whole article is but a whitewash; and now that the whitewash has peeled off, everything is clear

Please note that this sample paper on Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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