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Assignment One Normalising data


Normalisation is a bottom-up approach to database design that begins by examining the relationships between the attributes that in turn make up the database.


For this example of normalising data we are going to use data from AllRight Accounting which is a firm that stores data about their customers various policies with other companies.


The forms that we are extracting the data from are standard forms used by AlRight Accounting to receive the necessary information on their customers. Here the user fills in a form with details such as Personnel Details, Policy Details, and Company Details.


Aaron's Accounting


Client Number CN 4 Policy Number PN 1


Full Name Karen Hatfield Policy Description Covers holder for full Dental treatment


Monthly Debt £50 Company Number CN 100


Policy Start 1- Sep - Company Name Dave's Dental


Policy Expire 1- Sep - 00


Source of data Standard AllRight Accounting customer information form


Before we move to First Normal Form (1NF) we show how the data looks from the outset. This is called Unnormalised form (UNF).


Unnormalised Form (UNF) A table containing one or more repeating groups


customerPolicy (cliebtNo, cName, policyNo, pDesc, pStart, pExpire, mDebt, companyNo, cName)


Table Format ClientRental


clientNo cName policyNo pDesc pStart pExpire mDebt companyNo cName


CN4 Karen Hatfield PN1PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insurance 1 Sep 1 Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00 £50£60 CN100CN110 Dave's DentalHomes Cover


CN44 Simon Hauss PN1PN0PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full car insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0 £50£75£60 CN100CN115CN110 Dave's DentalCareful CarsHomes Cover


First Normal Form (1NF) A relation in which the intersection of each row and column contains one and only one value.


The first step of normalising the data here is to remove any repeating groups, by looking at the table in the Unnormalised form we can see that the repeating data is as follows…


Repeating Group = (policyNo, pDesc, pStart, pExpire, debt, companyNo, cName)


So to put the data in first normal form we remove the repeating group (Policy Details) by placing the repeating data along with a copy of the original key attribute (clientNo) in a separate relation. We then need to identify a primary key for the new relation (policyNo).


Client (clientNo, cName)


PolicyDetailsCompany (clientNo, policyNo, pDesc, pStart, pExpire, debt, companyNo, cName)


Table Format Client & PolicyDetailsCompany


Client


clientNo cName


CN4CN44 Karen HatfieldSimon Hauss


PolicyDetailsCompany


clientNo policyNo pDesc pStart pExpire debt companyNo cName


CN4CN4 PN1PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insurance 1 Sep 1Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00 £50£60 CN100CN110 Dave's DentalHomes Cover


CN44CN44CN44 PN1PN0PN15 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full car insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0 £50£75£60 CN100CN115CN110 Dave's DentalCareful CarsHomes Cover


Second Normal Form (ND) A relation that is in first normal form and every non-primary-key attribute is fully functionally dependant on the primary key


This normal form applies to relations with composite keys (relations with a primary key composed of two or more attributes). If the relation had only a single attribute primary key it would already be in second normal form. To reach NF on our data we need to create new relations so that the non-primary key attributes are removed along with a copy of the part of the primary key that they are full functionally dependant.


Client (clientNo, cName)


Policy (clientNo, policyNo, pStart, pExpire,)


DetailsCompany (policyNo, pDesc, debt, companyNo, cName)


Table Format Client, Policy & DetailsCompany


Client


clientNo cName


CN4CN44 Karen HatfieldSimon Hauss


Policy


clientNo policyNo pStart pExpire


CN4CN4 PN1PN15 1 Sep 1Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00


CN44CN44CN44 PN1PN0PN15 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0


DetailsCompany


policyNo pDesc debt companyNo cName


PN1PN15PN0 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance £50£60£75 CN100CN110CN115 Dave's DentalHomes CoverCareful Cars


Third Normal Form (NF) A relation that is in first and second normal form, and in which no non-primary key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key


The normalisation from NF to NF involves the removal of any transitive dependencies. If a transitive dependency exists we should remove the transitive dependent attribute from the relation by placing the attribute in a new relation along with a copy of the determinant. In our data all the non-primary key attributes in DetailsCompany are functionally dependent on the primary key, with the exception of cName, as this is also dependent on companyNo. This is an example of a transitive dependency as the attribute cName is dependent on one or more non-primary key attributes i.e. companyNo.


So to remove this transitive dependency we create two new relations called Details and Company…


Client (clientNo, cName)


Policy (clientNo, policyNo, pStart, pExpire)


Details (policyNo, pDesc, debt, companyNo)


Company (companyNo, cName)


Table Format Client, Policy, Details & Company


Client Company


companyNo cName


CN100CN110CN115 Dave's DentalHomes CoverCareful Cars


clientNo cName


CN4CN44 Karen HatfieldSimon Hauss


Policy


clientNo policyNo pStart pExpire


CN4CN4 PN1PN15 1 Sep 1Aug 1 Sep 001 Aug 00


CN44CN44CN44 PN1PN0PN15 1Oct 01 Dec 011Jan 01 1Oct 0 Dec 01Jan 0


Details


policyNo pDesc debt companyNo


PN1PN15PN0 Covers holder for full dental treatmentCovers holder for full home insuranceCovers holder for full home insurance £50£60£75 CN100CN110CN115


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This picture shows the paths of the tsunamis that would follow a water impact (noted by the star).


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The possibility of this happening is not overly slim. A more recent impact is the once in Tunguska, Siberia on June 0, 108. While the asteroid only grazed the atmosphere, it exploded in the air about 5 kilometers ( miles, or 15,000 feet) above remote Tunguska. However, the energy released was equivalent to a nuclear bomb. In fact, the explosion was greater than the Hiroshima or Nagasaki nuclear bombs. About 0 kilometers of forests fell flat, some bursting into flames. The shock wave caused much destruction within the city, throwing carpenters off buildings and breaking out windows.


This picture shows the orbits of asteroids we know of, the yellow lines being ones that are most likely to hit Earth. Not good odds in my opinion.


The evidence of all the impacts upon the Earth is very well hidden. Weather and time have worn down the vast majority of the craters created by impacts. Using seismic waves scientists have discovered the locations of many craters. This method helped find the crater from the Yucatan impact. Using computers they have been able to find out the effects of an impact, including how the ground would cave back in, forming the inner ring in some craters. They can also calculate the devastation that will occur, which is not always comforting data.


The Earth is constantly being passed by asteroids and we don't even know it. There have been many near-earth objects (NEOs) that have come even closer to Earth than the moon. Detection is difficult, due to the size of the sky and our limited monitoring capabilities. Now there are new sensitive cameras that use sensors and computers to find the objects. Due to the very limited budget and the size of what has to be monitored, detection is still very difficult. With the current monitoring techniques, the chances of us knowing about an impact before it happens are slim. We might not notice the NEO until it's just about ready to send us all packing to the next life.


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The government should provide more financial assistance to parents who use childcare. Childcare centres may assist children in their early development. They give children an opportunity to mix with other children and to develop social skills at an early age. Parents and children need to spend some time apart. Children become less dependent on their parents and parents themselves are less stressed and more effective care-givers when there are periods of separation. Parents who cannot go to work because they dont have access to childcare facilities cannot contribute to the national economy. They are not able to utilise their productive skills and do not pay income tax. Government support for childcare services assists individual families and is important for the economic well-being of the whole nation.


Jacobsen (1) argues that Australia does not need a republic to build a sense of national identity because we already have one. It is claimed that three quarters of our population is still Anglo-Celtic. According to this argument, if people want to migrate here they have to accept Australias traditions and its way of life. Other countries, so this argument goes, do not feel that they have to change their constitution just because they accept immigrants from different cultures. However, as Smith (1) explains, Australia must develop a new cultural identity to reflect its diverse and multicultural population. Australia is no longer a nation of British and Irish people. Its citizens come from a huge variety of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. It is claimed that if Australia was a republic it would give our migrants a stronger sense of belonging. Moreover, we would not be turning our back on our Anglo-centred past if we became a republic because we could still stay on as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Colonialism: the Answer to Imperialism paper at affordable prices ! Published in the October edition of the Wall Street Journal, the British historian Paul Johnson¡¯s essay entitled ¡°The Answer to Terrorism? Colonialism.¡± is an open declaration calling for the return of the old forms of colonialism in the anti-terrorism war. As a theme of this article, a new form of colony, the conquests and annexations which, according to the author, belonged to a bygone era are once again on the order of the day. But in my opinion, the value of colonialism which Paul Johnson has heaped praise on is rather a reorganization of the world through the imposition of military power than the way out of the swamp of terrorism. And the whole article is but to provide a justification for the opening of a new epoch of imperialist conquest, which hides itself behind the anti-terrorism cause.


What is colonialism? It is not a policy defined by Paul Johnson by which to suppress the well-organized criminal communities, networks and states with political control, but rather it is by which a nation, in quest for expansion of power, maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies, supported by the notions that such territories and people are inferior and thus deserve domination. Colonialism bases its intrinsic value on inequality of human races and targets on the colonies its hegemony and domination.


In Johnson¡¯s article, he first argues that America has no alternative but to wage war against states that habitually aid terrorists. Then he proceeds to give a potted history of the 1th century in which he asserts that the expansion of the major imperialist powers, above all the British Empire, was aimed at bringing a halt to piracy and finally succeeded by taking the form of colonialism. With the comparison made between today¡¯s anti-terrorism cause and the old-day anti-piracy wars, Johnson successfully (if not unsuccessfully) brings out his idea that colonialism is the answer to terrorism. And in the concluding part of the article, he spells out not only the other targets for attack but sets out the new forms of rule which should be established. Well written, the whole article seems to be plausible while actually specious with many false ideas represented. To discuss it, let¡¯s first look at the basic concept supporting Johnson¡¯s argument---the racist version of Orientalism.


The idea that the western imperialist powers, now led by America, are the superior powers to extinguish terrorism, dampen down coups, civil wars and conflicts, salvage inferior oriental countries---those Islamic countries in particular---is to be found in every line of his article. The subject of the expansion of colonialism is the West and the object the East---in 1th century¡¯s so-called anti-piracy war, it was Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and in today¡¯s anti-terrorism war, it was Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, Iran and Syria. To take it for granted that the eastern crime-and-impoverishment-stricken states must be rescued by the western imperialist powers, Johnson emphasizes the necessity of colonialism as a way out ¡±I suspect the best medium-term solution will be to revive the old League of Nations mandate system, which served well as a ¡®respectable¡¯ form of colonialism between the wars¡±. But what is lying under that ¡°respectable form¡±? Is that the respect for the turbulence-ridden states? Is that the respect for the cruelly ravaged human rights? Pry into the basic notions supporting Johnson¡¯s argument and the colonizing states¡¯ policies, it is only possible to excavate the deep-rooted belief in human inequality---that is, races are not born equal with the orient isolated from the mainstream of human progress in the science, arts, commerce and politics and the west advanced and superior both in intellect and cultural senses. Johnson and other colonialism-supporting institutions share a common affirmation in the different categorizations of all human races and emphasize on the east¡¯s sensuality, its tendency to despotism, its aberrant mentality, its habit of inaccuracy and its backwardness and hence its fate to be taken care of. Dominated by the idea of human inequality, Paul Johnson¡¯s conclusion in the treatment of the orient is just as ¡°simple¡± and ¡°self-evident¡± as it is racist and differentiating. Colonialism brings out the focus on the western-culture authority, or the attempt to dominate the ¡°other¡± in the name of a cultural supremacy and intellect superiority which is itself produced in the moment of differentiation. Argued by Edward Said, an authority in the academic field of Oriental Studies, famous for his critic book Orientalism, such prevailing western-superiority complex stems from the wrong studying of the oriental world. In his book Orientalism, he writes about the negative influences of Orientalism on the way the westerners think about the oriental (http//www.frontpagemag.com/archives/rogues/windschuttle1--.htm)


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¡°Colonial rule was justified in advance by Orientalism, rather than after the fact¡­our familiarity, not merely with the language of the people of the East but with their customs, their feelings, their traditions, their history, and religion, had provided the sole basis upon which we are likely to be able to maintain in the future the position we have won. ¡­Orientalism led the West to see Islamic culture as static in both time and place, as eternal uniform, and incapable of defining itself, and this gave us a sense of its own cultural and intellectual superiority. The West consequently saw itself as a dynamic, innovative, expanding culture, as well as the spectator, the judge and jury of every facet of Oriental behavior. ¡­ This became part of its imperial conceit.¡±


¡°The rationale for Western imperialism could be described by its perpetrators not as a form of conquest, but as the redemption of a degenerate world. ¡­¡±


Said argues that the Orientalism¡¯s false description of Arabs and Islamic culture, the false establishment of the Europe¡¯s self-image and the politics-serving purpose to a great extent all have distorted the westerners¡¯ conceptions of the east. The west tends to depict itself as the Godfather with an eye to subjugate the emergence of a ¡°zone of chaos¡±. And the west tends to degrade the east as the failed states calling for imperialist domination and salvation. As the racist idea Rudyard Kipling has expressed in his famous poem The White Man¡¯s Burden (published in McClure¡¯s Magazine in February of 18), the white man had the burden and responsibility of bringing the blessings of their superior civilization to the savages of the non-European world. And here Paul Johnson¡¯s assertion of the need for a new colonialism is certainly another failed product of the faults of Orientalism---that is, the belief that the imperialist powers are to save and to redeem the degenerated world but not to conquer and to plunder. In such a differentiating point of view, Johnson identifies colonialism with his, or, say, the imperialist powers¡¯, concepts of ethnocentrism and hegemonism and renders everything under this set of criteria which are actually disagreeable with the human nature and human equality.


In his article, Johnson leaves no doubt as to the model of ¡°great power¡± action he has in mind---British imperialism of the 1th century---and the way it colonized other countries. He rewrites the history of the war against piracy with a purpose to cover over the fact that imperialist conquest in the 1th century had nothing to do with ¡°piracy¡± but was the outcome of a struggle by the major capitalist powers to enhance their position in the global competition for profits, markets and resource, just as today¡¯s war against ¡°terrorism¡± is being pursued for the same aims. Johnson makes one significant omission as he harks back to the ¡°glory days¡± of British imperialism. The carve-up of the world in the latter part of the 1th century and the first part of the 0th century did not bring peace and prosperity. Rather, it led to two inter-imperialist wars, resulting in hundreds of millions of deaths as the major capitalist powers---the US, Britain, Germany, France, and Japan---inevitably came into conflict with each other in the global struggle for resources, markets and spheres of influence. Colonialism is but to ¡°service the needs of more or less traditional aristocracies both within the social context of feudalism and in the transition to capitalism during its long-term phase of global mercantilist competition¡±. (http//chnm.gmu.edu/rhr/haynes.htm) Mentioned in Johnson¡¯s article, Africa was colonized by France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain at the end of the last century in the name of war against piracy. However, the history of the colonial exploitation imposed by those imperialist powers didn¡¯t recorded itself in the same way as Johnson did. After Belgian King Leopold 1st took over Congo as his own personal domain, millions of Congolese were killed and this vast area of central Africa became impoverished under his infamous rule while the rulers of little Belgium got very rich to achieve their own capital accumulation and their competence in the resetting of the new world order. And today, imperialism hasn¡¯t changed. It is ¡° the same system, serving the same corporate masters. What has changed is only the political situation¡±. (http//www.street.com/npc/Africa.html) It is possible that to some extent colonization quelled the notorious piracy; but it supplanted it with more notorious political, economical and social carnage perpetrated by the colonists. Colonialism is no efficient and justified means to solve the world affairs, or rather it is the intervention of the imperialist powers---organizing exploitations, stoking up wars and ethnic conflicts for their own purpose, and arming repressive regimes---and the imposition of economic policies that have created a social disaster for people of those colonies. The chaos caused by yesterday¡¯s crimes is made the starting point for the perpetration of new ones, beginning with the establishment of colonial forms of rule. Paul Johnson¡¯s answer towards terrorism is really a pretext under which the imperialist powers set out to take over the terrorism-ridden lands for their own profits---colonizing is constructive for the colonizing societies while destructive for the colonized.


Instead of being the answer to terrorism, colonialism is rather the answer to imperialism. Seizing upon the tragedy of terrorism to bring forth his so-called relieving solution, only reveals Paul Johnson the longstanding plans of the imperialist powers to impose hegemony in the oil-rich region. The whole article is but a whitewash; and now that the whitewash has peeled off, everything is clear


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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Louisiana Purchase, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Louisiana Purchase paper at affordable prices ! Forever changing the geographical makeup of the United States, the Louisiana Purchase has come to be regarded as the most important real estate deal in history. While France would use the proceeds from the sale to fund a war it would eventually lose, the young United States of America would continue its westward expansion, eventually becoming the most powerful nation in the world. During the negotiation for the Louisiana Territory, the Americans originally sensed the situation's urgency. However, with Americas patience toward the negotiation, and Frances dismal economic state, no amount of negotiating techniques could spare Frances surrender of the massive territory to the United States at a bargain price. Observing the negotiation process, one notes that ____________ and _______________ helped the U.S. achieve _____________ while doing _____________ for France. Or something along those lines. You need to have an argument, not just a description of the history.


Certainly, these results could not have been predicted given the circumstances each country was facing. On the one hand, the United States was a young nation with alien countries surrounding it�the British in present day Canada, the Spanish in the Floridas and the French in Louisiana, which included the whole Mississippi Valley and extended indefinitely westward. France, on the other hand, was involved in a war with the British and questioning whether they could maintain their colonies while simultaneously protecting themselves in Europe. Despite the fact that the deal made sense politically to both countries in the short term, each country had its naysayers. Many in France, for example, thought the country should keep the land in the West, as New Orleans was quickly becoming a major port; these pessimists believed a port city would stimulate much-needed international trade. France, incidentally, was in the middle of a war and strapped for money; under these circumstances, Napoleon subsequently feared that a British offensive on French soil was imminent. As protecting his country was of the utmost short-term importance, the deal with the United States ultimately had to be made.


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We can learn about Holden�s character from his own account of his adventures and to a lesser extent from his speeches and actions; and also from the reactions of others to him. Holden is like all teenagers; he has a mixture of moods and attitudes, and searches for some security. Holden is aware that there are many choices available, but he has had no instructions on religious or moral values.


Holden is virtuous; but it his virtue that leads him into difficulties. He expects everyone else to be like him, Holden sets very high standards. He is sympathetic and thoughtful � he asks Ackley out despite his dislike of him and visits Mr Spencer when he has the flu. Holden feels sorry for Sunny � the prostitute. He notices details such as her green dress and the he remarks on Mrs Morrow�s rings and her magazine, and the nun�s cheap glasses. Holden is an idealist. His high expectations include honesty, which he expresses as a lack of phoniness and consistency, however these are not achieved by the adult world he must soon join, as a result of this he becomes more and more depressed. essaybank.co.uk wwga gaw esgagas ayga gaba nga kcga gauk!


Holden hates hypocrites and phoneys, but meets few people who are honest. Even his teachers are phoneys; Mr Spencer acts in front of the headmaster, and the headmaster performs in front of the rich parents and Mr Antolini appears to have suspect morals. The nightclubs that Holden visits are full of phoney�s; Sally Hayes adores them and is one herself. The acclaimed Lunts and Olivier, Ernie and the cabaret singers are praised by everyone except Holden; even his brother, D.B. has gone to Hollywood, the phoniest place of all; he goes as far as saying that he is a "prostitute� because he sells his writing for films. The few people who are not phoney�s though are Allie and James Castle. wwgf gfw esgfgfs aygf gfba ngf kcgf gfuk.


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Although Holden is innocent he is not naive. Society has affected him to the extent that he is aware of the cost of things. He refers to the value of his coat, his cases, his typewriter and even his pens. He does not cherish his possessions as he tells us. When his gloves were stolen the only thing he cares about is that he is cold. When he was a child he lost his belongings � now as a teenager he fails to take his change and hates people who spend time at posh restaurants and popular bars; yet there is a hypocritical side to him which makes him take taxis, go to bars, cinemas and theatres, and stay in hotels. EXUJMF Visit essaybank ca co ca uk ca for more ca Do not ca redistribute EXUJMF wwae aew esaeaes ayae aeba nae kcae aeuk


Holden is both repelled and fascinated by sex. He longs to find what it is all about, and to experience the passion that was hinted by Stradlater and envied by Ackley. He watches from his hotel window in an almost voyeuristic fashion and finds that the reality is unappealing. He finds that Sunny�s efforts to entertain him were dirty. Sex, which is so prized by the adult world, Holden finds worthless. wwfb fbw esfbfbs ayfb fbba nfb kcfb fbuk;


Holden is aware of the importance of social status, he can�t be in the same room as someone who is insecure about their status. Holden seems anxious to keep up with his contemporaries, behaving in an over the top manner with Stradlater, being rude to Ackley and refusing to answer questions. His friends find him immature but this is not surprising as he is two years younger than them.


Society has taken everything from Holden, both of his brother�s presence and also his parents�. Stradlater borrows all he owns, his clothes and even his


Please note that this sample paper on Holden Caulfield is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Holden Caulfield, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Holden Caulfield will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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