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A Tale of Two Cities

A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, is a gruesome tale of the French Revolution. There are multiple layers and topics to this intricate story. There is vengeance, resurrection, sacrifice, death, passion, and the value of life. One of the ways

that ial to explaining the themes, understanding the complex thoughts and characters is through the symbolism. Symbolism is when an author uses an act or an object to represent something larger then that entity. Dickens takes very simple objects, and gives them a meaning that makes the themes come to life.

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One of the most reoccurring symbols is the wine. It resembles blood, and when a book is about war, it tends to be a crucial part of the story. The first place that it is seen is on page 4. It states "A large cask of wine had been dropped and broken, in the street. The accident had happened in getting it out of a cart the cask had tumbled out with a run, the hoops burst, and it lay on the stones just outside the door of the wine-shop, shattered like a walnut-shell. All the people within reach had suspended their business, or their idleness, to rub to the spot and drink the wine." Since the wine represents blood, it is a horrible image. It is as though blood was spilt all over the streets. This shows that the people were very blood thirsty. They were so craving for blood, for the right to kill, that they were licking it up off of the ground. When I read this, it made the revolution come a live. It seems to me as though it's feeding its people, its army. In order to prepare and army, it is necessary to train them to kill. By the barrel being spilt, and the people jumping towards this chance, it seems that the revolution is training its' people to want blood, to lust after it.

. It says when describing the memorable storm in London, "sweep of water...crash, fire and rain". This quote can be used to explain the symbol of water and storms on two different levels. It can be said to help understand Darny, or it can be used to support the pre figuration or representation of the revolution. When discussing it on a personal level, it brings about the thoughts of cold hearted, hard to reach or communicate to. The idea of not really being able to understand a person comes into your mind. The images of being locked in eternal frost-never to discover appear. Darny was a man who had a second identity. He was frozen in life that he had to hold this back. Rather, when looking at it as symbolizing the revolution it shows that the revolution is dreadful, appalling and scary. It brings such havoc as natural disasters.

Madame Defarge is not your typical woman. Even though it seems on the surface that she is a good housewife since she is always knitting, her knitting is really her anger and plot for revenge. When a person thinks of knitting, they usually think of warmth and kindness, the products of something knitted such as a blanket. As Madame Defarges' name comes up, it brings about a feeling of harshness, brutality, and a certain chill. This is because Madame Defarge is knitting a death list. She is sewing in all the names of the people to whom she wishes to kill. The knitting is symbolizing her brutality and the harshness of women. It helped me understand the story better by showing me that not all women sat at home in the kitchen. Even if her intentions were not marvelous, it gave me a better feeling of women at the time and their role in everyday life and the revolution.

Rather then the last few symbols that have been fairly general, the next are more personal. They are in little scenes that give us some insight on the characters. This is impertinent to the story since Dickens only describes the characters as one dimensional.

A good example of this is when the wax is dripping or running down the candle. Melting wax that runs down a candle is called a winding sheet. Before body bags were invented, the dead were wrapped in a length of cloth called a winding sheet. The winding sheet of a candle is used to represent death. It drips down on Carton while he is sleeping. It is as though a body bag is being placed onto him. There is this symbolism of death and tragedy. The imagery of someone being wrapped in a body bag while they are still alive is horrifying, yet it is also a great example of foreshadowing for Carton's death.

Sydney Carton dies as in place of Darnay. Carton dies so that others may live. In his death he atones for the sins and is forgiven. He can be symbolized upon as a Christ figure in this sense. He is dieing for a greater cause and some of his last words were, "I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die."(51)He is declaring that he will be resurrected just as Jesus had said. Those may not even be his words, but rather Christ's words. Even in his name it self there is possible reference to religion. The name Sydney is derived from the Saint Denis, who was a patron saint of Paris and was a martyr who died by decapitation, foreshadowing Cartons death. This also creates a connection to him and the church. ger the point that symbolism helps us understand the characters; I will show how you can get that he was an alcoholic. Saint Denis is derivative of Dionysus. Dionysus, also known as Bacchus, was the ancient Greek god of wine, a symbol of Cartons alcoholism.

Another character which we are given some insight on through symbolism is Jerry Cruncher. Jerry has a tendency to dig up graves for scientists. He is often referred to as a resurrection man. He refers to his body snatching business as fishing. He is fishing the ground for dead bodies. When Barsad engages Madame Defarge in a seemingly casual conversation about Gaspard, he is really fishing for information. The symbolism of the fishing helps us see that these two characters are a foil of each other. It would have been hard to notice without this hint of play on words.

One last use is in the court case. Dickens, as you know, is very lengthy on details. When he is describing the court room, he uses the word "buzz". Literally it means that the people were excited and anxious. It also creates the image of flies searching for a body to feast upon. This is again a symbol that the people are blood thirsty and are craving for a revolution.

This sage of love and death uses symbolism and imagery to enhance the quality of the story. It takes the story to a different level, and helps explain many of the simpler ideas.

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Most people call me Crispus Attucks; others call me the best darn merchant seaman in all of town. I was born as a slave in 17. However, being the brilliant man I am, I managed to escape into Boston. In addition to that, I am a patriot and a member of the Sons of Liberty. Now, enough about me let's talk about how foolish the British are.

I just do not understand why those light-headed British had to put taxes on all the colonies. It's rather stupid if you ask me. I completely disagree with the Stamp Act. Taxing all these goods does nothing to our society, it just makes us suffer and live in misery. Perhaps if I weren't a run away slave I wouldn't be so upset about this taxing policy but, I am what I am and I'm darn proud of it! I can hardly live without all these taxes so what good does making things more expensive, especially towards the colonists, do for me? It is only fare for the English to be taxed on by legislatures that represent us. The Parliament has destroyed our common rights so of course I have a good reason to be upset.

The Sugar Act was just as useless and pitiful as the Stamp Act. I guess the British really don't have any brains inside of their ugly heads. Why on earth would they want to tax sugars and enter them into our colonies? Of course the British need money because they steal and they don't know how to deal with money. However, their problems shouldn't be coming in on us. In addition, just because the war benefited the colonies, that does not mean we need to pay the British's debt. They are the ones who lost the war. Therefore they are the ones who need to be suffering.

The Boston Massacre was one of the most terrible and disturbing things I have ever witnessed in all of my life. Us five colonists have got our rights to stand up to whom ever we want and tell them what's on our mind. The British dumb-nut soldiers of course have to panic and shoot. What was going on in their heads when they pulled their triggers? We might have said some threatening words here and there, but they should have acted like real men and dealt with it. I even had my lucky charm my great grandfather had given with me while saying my wise words to the British. You may never know when you are living your last days, so do what you can, and stand up for what you believe in.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Bartleby, The Scriverner. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Bartleby, The Scriverner paper right on time.

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Bartleby, the Scrivener

In Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener," the narrator, an anonymous lawyer, describes himself as one who lives a simple and mundane life. According to the narrator, his philosophy on life is that "the easiest way in life is the best way". He is a man who takes few risks in life and tries to conform to the norm of society. However, after hiring a new scrivener, Bartleby, the narrator finds himself pulled into an existence of confusion and conflict.

The protagonist informs us that for thirty some odd years he has maintained a descent business preparing documents for the wealthy. He also makes it known that he stays away from the court room because he is not ambitious and he is known to be extremely safe. By the narrator's own admission he knows very little about his employees; he knows only what he sees at the office. Turkey, one of the narrator's law copyists, is productive in the morning and drunk in the afternoon. On the other hand, Nipper is plagued by indigestion in the morning and productive in the afternoon. Instead of confronting his employee's the protagonist reasons that one counteracts the other. Hence "when Nippers' was on, Turkey's was off and vice versa." By doing so the narrator is justifying the situation and life at the office goes on as usual. As long as the scriveners are productive the narrator allows for their short comings; therefore, avoiding any conflict. When business increases the protagonist decides to hire a new scrivener instead of demanding more of Turkey and Nipper (again avoiding discord).

The new scrivener Bartleby, bring a new element of surprise to the office. To the narrator's delight Bartleby works diligently from daylight to dark. On the other hand, the protagonist is displeased with him because he is too passive. The office atmosphere is quiet and serene just the way the narrator likes it; however, now he complains that Bartleby in not cheerful and that silence bothers him. But he does not expose that fact because he wants to prevent any conflict. Bartleby is asked to join in on the proof reading of a legal document. Bartleby refuses. The narrator is stunned; he can not believe nor justify why Bartleby chooses not to participate in what is clearly part of his job description. The protagonist runs through his mind all the things that he is going to put forth to Bartleby as to why he cannot refuse. He starts with anger and then he resorts to analyzing the situation and then he is just plain taken back. At this point he decides that he is to busy to worry about it now; therefore, this discussion will have to take place later. The protagonist has just evaded another conflict.

Over and over again the protagonist appeals to Bartleby's humanity, begging that he give in and do a decent mans work, for it is at this point Bartleby has given up working altogether. To no avail will Bartleby comply. The narrator is very confused. In his own words he states that he would have fired any other individual that was disobedient; however, he respects Bartleby's passiveness and his diligent behavior of "I prefer not to".

The protagonist, never claiming to be a religious man, is now quoting verses from the Bible; he is depending on the scriptures to give him the inner strength that clearly he does not have. He claims that it is his desire to help Bartleby yet the thought that sustains him is that this good deed is really going to benefit him in the here after.

Melville relates to us, that it is through the protagonist's desire to avoid conflict that he examines his own responsibilities for the well-being of his fellow man. Also, it is through the protagonist's own confusion that he tries to reason with, to bribe, and to befriend Bartleby. However, in the end like everything else in the protagonist's life it is easier to put the burden on someone else.

"Ah, Bartleby! Ah, humanity!"

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Drug and alcohol. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Drug and alcohol paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Drug and alcohol, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Drug and alcohol paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! A. Introduction .

Many American view alcohol as one of the "good things" of life, while others advocate total abstinence. Although most Americans have a negative view of drugs such as heroin, they consider a drugs a benefit.

Many people believe that consuming drugs or alcohol they will feel warm and relax but the use and abuse of other drugs affect nearly all American people directly or indirectly. Moreover, some Americans began to warn about the dangers of addiction.

To know how alcohol and drugs is dangerous, people need to understand the terms addiction, abuse, and alcoholic. Firstly, a person who is dependent on alcohol is called an alcoholic. Secondly, abuse is defined as the improper use of alcohol and other drugs to degree that the consequence are defined as detrimental to user or to society. Finally, addiction has been called a "brain disease" because continued abuse of a drug causes changes in bran function that drive the addict to compulsive seeking and use of the drugs.(Leshner 18).

Help with essay on Drug and alcohol

Our focus in this assignment or research paper will be on abuse, which include addiction. We will look at the different types of drugs and their effects (including alcohol, which is a drug itself). We will the examine alcohol and other drugs, looking a pattern of use, types, effect on the quality of life, and ways people and government have attempted to cope with these problem.

Types and effects.

There are different types of alcohol and drugs. All alcoholic beverages contain the same drug, ethyl alcohol or ethanol, but the proportion varies in different beverages. Also, there are five main types of nonalcoholic drugs such as Narcotics, Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Cannabis.

A small amount of alcohol can result in changes in an individual's mood and behavior, and as the concentration of alcohol in the blood increases, there are corresponding more serious effects. If the individual consumes alcohol with a little level, the individual's motor control is affected- hands, legs become clumsy. With a higher level, the emotional functions of the brain are impaired or will possibly die. In addition, people also are affected by drugs. If people use a drug overdose, their breath will be slow and shallow, increasing body temperature; they will feel cold, convulsion or even coma and death.

Tobacco and alcohol is a kind of legal drug but they are two of the most deadly drugs in American society.

This website (http//www.uchicago.edu/commonsense/chart-d.html) helps us to see and understand many different kinds of drugs and their effect on human being.

The alcoholic and drugs addict may cause some problem about their health. We will examine alcohol and other drugs separately that effect on the physical health. Furthermore, the effect of drugs and alcohol do not stop there. They also cause some problem for society such as economy.

1. Physical Health

1a. Alcohol

The long-range effects of heavy drinking involve impairment of the major organs of the body; include heart, brain, and liver (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1751). Cirrhosis of liver, one of the more widely known effects of heavy drinking, is an occupational disease of alcoholic. Heavy drinking also may result in certain muscle diseased and tremors. The function of vital muscle, the heart, may be impaired by prolonged heavy drinking. In another way, alcohol can effect in undirected way. Alcohol abuse can lead to early death. In one year, there are more than 100,000 alcohol-related deaths, with an average 6 years of potential life lost per death (Centers for Disease Control 10). About 0 percent of deaths involve transportation accidents, 17 percent involve suicide or homicide, 17 percent are from cirrhosis and liver damage, and 15 percent are due to alcohol-induced cancer. Other diseases and accident account for remainder.

Alcohol also plays a role in various kinds of physical trauma. Consider the following (Rivara et al.17; Thun et al, 17; Greenfeld 18)

• Alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of violent death (suicide or homicide) in the home.

• Alcohol abuse leads to higher rates of death from cirrhosis, injuries, and various kinds of cancer.

• About 5 percent of violent victimizations involve an offender who had been drinking.

• Two-thirds of the victims of intimate violence report that alcohol was a factor in the attack.

• Nearly a third of fatal accidents involve an intoxicated driver or pedestrian (mostly a driver).

Moreover, the health problems include effects on the un-born children of pregnant women who drink. More than 50,000 babies are born each year with alcohol-related defects, and about a fourth of them are serious enough to be classified as the fetal alcohol syndrome.

1b. Drugs

We have also seen that drug abuse is a widespread problem in society and that it affects all kinds of people. The physical harm resulting from the use of illegal drugs includes (U.S Department of Justice 110)

• Death

• Medical emergencies from acute reactions to drugs or toxic adulterants.

• Exposure to HIV infection, hepatitis, and other diseases resulting from intravenous drug use.

• Injury from accidents caused by drug-related impaired impairment.

• Injuries from violence while obtaining drugs in the drugs distribution network.

• Dependence or addition

• Chronic physical problems.

Comparing with alcohol-related deaths, each year about 400,000 deaths result from cigarette smoking, and 0,000 from the use of illicit drugs (Center for Disease control 15d) Cocaine and tobacco use are both associated with a significant risk of spontaneous abortion. Tobacco cause more physiological damage among Americans than any non-alcoholic drug. Consequences of smoking are reduced life expectancy, increased probability lung cancer and other respiratory diseases, etc.

The problem with smoking is compounded by the fact that nonsmokers who are exposed to a smoking environment also may suffer. Nonsmokers who live or work in a smoking environment are more likely than those not in such environment to develop heart disease.

Last but not least, drugs and alcohol not only kill people who consume them but also kill people who relate with.

 My experiences with drugs and alcohol have not been very bad, but I knew two people who have died from drug overdoses, and one person who died in a motor crash with a drunk driver. Moreover, I also knew one person who is my friend became addicted to drug. From seeing my friends experiences I have found that by smoking marijuana all the time really takes away from who you really are. It does this because you don't need to be who you really are. The drug does everything for you; it allows you to have fun without doing anything. This makes it so that it's difficult to have fun without being high; it also makes the user lazy and wants to just sit around all the time. As a result, I feel that alcohol is a very powerful and manipulative drug that can cause people a lot of trouble in their lives, and do things that they would not normally do if they were not under the influence of the alcohol.

. Economic Cost

Alcohol abuse is costly to the nation in a number of ways. It is not easy to estimate. People with drinking problems are easier absent from work. Moreover, when they are on the job, they may not concentrate or have a problem with interaction. Industry may lose more than ten billions a year because of lost work time and lowered productivity of alcoholic employees.

In addition, determining the exact dollar cost of any social problem for drugs is also difficult. To know how much dollar the government spends, we just value it in something. Federal funding for various drug control programs is around $4 billion a year. They include such things as (U.S Department of Justice 117)

• Criminal justice expenditures on drugs-related crime

• Health care cost of injuries from drug-related child abuse and accident

• The cost of lost productivity due to absenteeism and inefficiency and errors of users at work place.

• Property damage from drug-related activities.

• Toxins introduces into public air and water supplies by drug production.

• Emotional and physical damage to users, their families, and friends, and the co-worker.

The actual figures might be lower- but they also be higher. In any case, the economic costs to the nation for drugs and alcohol problems are exceedingly high.

B. What Is to be done? .

People and government should cooperate together to deal with these problem.

Enforcement programs involve efforts to prevent drugs from entering the country or from being produced within the country. It also means the capture, prosecution, and imprisonment of users, dealers, and pusher.

To see this more carefully, consider the Figure below, which plots real per capita expenditure by the federal government for enforcement of alcohol and drug prohibition over this same period. As discussed in Miron (1, 001). As you can see, the government spent more money for enforcement of alcohol and rugs prohibition during recent times.

According to Bill of right, people who harm another one can be treat or punishment. Therefore, people who sell drugs to make another one to be addicted will be punished or prison.

This website (http//www.uchicago.edu/commonsense/chart-c.html) contains more information about the enforcement of people related drugs.

A controversial form of enforcement is mandatory testing of employees at the work place. Some people feel that such testing is a violation of the individual's civil liberties. But now federal law now requires railroads, airlines, and trucking companies to develop drug-testing programs (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism). Smoking is not only harm smoking people but also harm people who live around. Thus, that is the reason why many states have pass laws strict smoking in restaurants and regulating smoking in private workplace.

Street enforcement programs are street sales- oriented. Police watch drug sales hot spots and arrest both seller and buyer. The police alone cannot solve the problem effectively, citizen must band together to eliminate the condition that facilitate drug sales. For example set up hotline, calling the police when seeing the suspected people who buy or sell drugs.

American have had ambivalent feelings about alcohol throughout history. In general, people regarded alcoholic beverages as one of God's gift to mankind. The men and young people who abuse or addict alcohol is the highest proportion. Therefore, government has passed some laws to limit the people consuming alcohol. The laws that allow people who are over 1 years old can consume alcohol, increase alcohol taxes, and intensify the enforcement of drinking-and-driving.

In addition, there are some organizations were started by alcoholic such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Members gather regularly in small groups to share their experiences and help other members is needed. As well, the problem of alcoholism also has been attacked through various other program and facilities. Among these are community-care programs, which allow the alcoholic to remain in the home and the community while under treatment. Other programs remove the alcoholic from community to their home. However, the most important thing the government must do is the education programs. Education programs must help people understand not only the dangers of alcohol but also ways they can deal with the pressure to drink. For instance, adolescents, who are most likely to give in to peer pressure, can resist drinking even in high-pressure situations. Furthermore, the defining drinker in negative terms (drinker are weak or bad person) is also pressure to them.

Besides, other groups form as well � Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD) and Remove Intoxicated Driver (RID). As a result of these organizations, a number of states have taken measures to reduce the risks to citizens from alcohol-impaired drivers, including raising drinking age, using roadside sobriety tests, and suspending licenses and offenders (Social Problem).

C. Conclusion.

In conclusion, the wildly use of drugs and alcohol take many serious problems to society. Various drugs have various effects depending on the method of administration. Many experts consider alcohol abuse much more serious than abuse of other groups. Most alcohol and drugs users are young, male, poor, and minority. The meaning of drug problem for the quality of life is seen in the consequences for physical health, psychological health, interpersonal health, and economic cost. Now, the government will have to devote more time, effort, and money to control the drugs, pass some laws and create some organizations to help them or enforce somebody who use drugs to harm people because of money.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Love is Undefined Infinity. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Love is Undefined Infinity paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Love is Undefined Infinity, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Love is Undefined Infinity paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! From long long times ago, novels have talked about love. Sometimes, it was easy, but unrealistic. Sometimes, it explained details about love, but it was hard and so various for me. However, from novel gLes Miserableh by victory Hugo, I could get some idea of love.

Jean Valjean is arrested by police, because he stole some bread. Hefs lived nineteen years for that, but he didnft reflect himself. Actually, in his situation, he has nowhere to go; because everyone thought him as a beggar. However, when he went to a church, a bishop warmly welcomed him. He gives a good food, and a very nice bed to sleep to Jean Valjean. It was incredibly nice to Jean Valjean, but when he woke up in the middle of night, he stole bishopfs silver-candlestick, and silver spoons.

Actually, in this situation, if I was bishop, I never could forgive him. Jean Valjean didnft give anything to bishop, but bishop gave him a lot. However, he even stole the bishopfs stuff after that. Hefs arrested again by police, and came back in front of bishop. In front of bishop, polices asked him whether Jean Valjean stole the candlestick or not. Jean Valjean couldnft watch bishopfs face. However, bishop said that he gave it to him, and Jean Valjean was innocent.

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I think the bishop had a condition to say that. It was an appointment for being new person. In fact, this appointment just change him different person, and bishopfs appointment finally makes chain of love. He grows Cosette, who is poor Fantinefs daughter.

The thing to help another person is not so big deal. But in the view of poor people; like French title gLes Miserableh, can be big help. As we saw in the novel Les Miserable, the form of love can make chain by giving the love to another person. Actually I got a love from my parents, and my parents said to me that they also got it from their parents. I may give same form of love to someone. Itfs continuing, so love is infinity. Les Miserable give me an idea of love in real life. Love is infinity, but the form is undefined. From now on, Ifll say definition of love like this, gLove is undefined infinity.h

Les Miserable

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Society Needs Obedience. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Society Needs Obedience paper right on time.

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Human beings are known to be the cleverest group of mammals on the earth. We are gregarious by nature and like to live in groups. We further tend to form subdivisions in these groups, for example families, communities, work groups, scientists, and business groups. We all feel the need to belong to a group. Whenever people have the same thought or belief, they will join together and form a group. People have different beliefs, and this is the reason why there are many different groups. In each of the different groups, there is always a thing that forces people not to change their own beliefs and not to get along with others. It is called antagonistic psychology. It fights against authority. Nevertheless, throughout our youth, we obey people in any position of authority, such as parents, teachers, doctors, and other ¡®grown-ups¡¯. Such obedience leads to the order of the human society. In fact, obedience to authority is necessary and exists everywhere in the human society, for example, in laboratories, in schools, at hospitals and between police officers and the public.

A famous experiment on the psychological study-obedience to authority-was conducted by Stanley Milgram in 16. It proved that obedience is the nature of human beings and the necessity of it for the human society to function well is very fundamental. It is just like to the human being¡¯s need of feeding. In the after-researched report ¡°The Perils of Obedience¡±, ¡°Obedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to,¡± stated Milgram(Page 17). Although this is one of the highly unethical experiments, the study did show some surprising results. Milgram¡¯s brief experiment design was that subjects, who were from a variety of backgrounds, were recruited to attend a study of memory and learning. Half of them were the teachers, the others the learners. Each teacher was told to shock a learner if he or she missed a question. The inside goal of the study was to statistically prove if people would shock an absolute stranger with a maximum of 450 volts just because they had been told to or suggested to. Of course, the shocks were not real and the learners were ordered to pretend they were being shocked. Psychiatrists predicted that only those totally amoral teachers would proceed to the end of experiment. Very surprisingly, the result turned out that psychiatrists¡¯ prediction was not accurate two thirds of the teachers administered the shock up to the end of the experiment. The majority followed the instructions from Milgram, even if they unsuspiciously thought the shocks were deadly hurt.

In education, school generally has authority over its students. Teachers in kindergartens, who always play the role of a leader or controller maintaining the order of a class, are considered as authority. Teachers have to look after kindergartners on the site after parents passed the custody of their children to the schools. Any naughty behavior in any regular class will lead to a punishment from the teachers. Kindergartners will obey what teachers say at any time if they do not want to receive any punishment. College students also do what kindergartners do and obey schools¡¯ policy, for instance, in every college, parking lots for students with a semester parking permit are designated far away from the main campus while some parking lots which are close to the main campus are only for those who buy a daily parking permit. All students have to obey the parking policy, and park their cars at the designated location. Otherwise, the violator will be issued a ticket, and there is no exception because when the students buy a parking permit, they have already agreed on the parking policy, and they have to the policy.

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Obedience to authority does not only exist in education system, but also at hospitals. People hardly suspect the doctors¡¯ diagnosis and prescription. Nurses do not refuse to comply with the prescriptions from doctors, even if they may feel the prescriptions are unsafe. Obviously, the obedience to authority is quite absolute at hospitals; none would like to violate or break the rule. Patients cannot diagnosis their illness without any theoretically medical education background, and although nurses have been somewhat educated, they would rather obey than refuse. The reason is that ¡°a person comes to himself/herself as the instrument for carrying out another person¡¯s wishes, and he/she therefore no longer regards himself/herself as responsible for his/her actions.¡±(Milgram; Page 6). Hence, nurses consider that they are not responsible for their actions because they are just carrying out doctors¡¯ instructions. Then, the nurses just follow and obey instructions, and the patients do the same. The act of obedience will not do any harm to those who obey. In life and death situation, people have to obey doctors, even if they do not want to or even if they do not agree with the doctors. Therefore, they think it is no good not to conform.

Other than schools and hospitals, obedience to authority apparently exists in the transactions between police officers and the members of public. The interesting phenomenon, which every driver very often comes across, is that the freeway traffic will be in very good order and every driver is very polite, when a police officer is present. Nobody dares to speed in the presence of a police officer because nobody wants to get a ticket. People who buy radar detectors may want to disobey the traffic law. Actually, the real intention of buying a radar detector is to help the disobedient to obey. Imagine that when one drives over the speed limit on a freeway, and all in a sudden, a radar detector on your car starts to beep. Is releasing the gas pedal the first reaction? It must be the case. When the beeping starts, it is natural for you to reduce your speed if you do not want a ticket. In this situation, the police officers are regarded as an authority.

Like Brooks said, ¡°There is a fundamental order to the universe, and it works. If you play by its rules and defer to its requirements, you will lead a pretty fantastic life,¡± (Brooks; Page 74) every class of society has some sort of hierarchy in which some individuals hold authority over the others. Teachers have authority over their students; doctors have authority over nurses; police officers have authority over the members of public. Everyone obeys and follows the rules with no doubt. For a stable community to maintain stability, people have to obey to authority. None of human beings could conceive of a society with a good order in the absence of a rule to obey to authority.

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A Comparison of Migration to America

Aaron Fogleman's Hopeful Journeys and Virginia Anderson's New England Generation provide comprehensive factual accounts of immigration to America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The authors give vivid details and provide actual immigrant testimonials to depict the struggles and successes of those who made the journey from Europe. Both books reveal intricate details that make a distinction between the immigration of the Germans and the Great Migration. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss and contrast the factors that brought German and English immigrants to America, make a comparison between how and where they chose to settle, and demonstrate the similarities and differences in the social structure as illustrated by Fogleman and Anderson.

One could say that the reasons why emigrants moved to the colonies are indicative of who they are and had a direct result on what they became in America. There were three key reasons why settlers migrated to the United States desire for religious freedom, poor economic circumstances, and encouragement by propaganda. For many, religion was a key aspect in their decision to come to Colonial America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. However, Fogleman believes that religious freedom has been overemphasized as a motivation for German emigrants. While many emigrants believed that they would be escaping religious persecution, Fogleman points out that many European countries were actually far more tolerant than the British, who still ruled Colonial America during this time period. Catholicism was publicly banned in the colonies, whereas general religious tolerance was promised in many eastern European countries. In sharp contrast to Fogleman's views, in his book, Anderson states that religious freedom was a key motivator during the Great Migration. While the economic situation in New England could not be completely promising to immigrants, many trusted that they would find religious salvation in America. The Puritan movement was extremely prevalent during the seventeenth century, as many sought release from the corrupt England. Many of those migrating to New England went as missionaries, in hopes of spreading their Christianity and pure beliefs. Anderson indicates, "this shared commitment to Puritan principles…became the common thread that stitched individual emigrants together into a larger social and cultural fabric" (Anderson, p. 40). Puritanism no longer would face opposition, but would now become the foundation for growing colonies.

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The economic situation in the colonies was another undeniable factor for immigration according to both Fogleman and Anderson. In Germany, the economic circumstances were increasingly negative. Population size was vastly increasing, and as a consequence both land and employment were becoming scarce. Germans saw bright opportunities in America, and were willing to take the awful journey across seas for economic opportunity. According to Fogleman, "not only was land abundant and affordable, but taxes were low and the "freedoms' available to the general population were generous" (Fogleman, p. ). Land seemed unlimited in the colonies, and was there for the taking at little cost or restriction. For many, it was far worth the risk to experience the wealth and freedom of the colonies. On the contrary, Englanders had a lot more to risk by migrating. The economic state in England was not that bad, although there were concerns of overpopulation and employment. However, Anderson points out that those who chose to emigrate were not doing so as much for economic needs, but more to build a new society in a wild frontier. Anderson notes, "the social and economic backgrounds of the would-be colonists suggest that they had much more to lose than to gain from migration" (Anderson, p. 8). Emigrants to New England were not extremely wealthy, but most were far from poor. The majority traveled as families, even bringing servants, which was quite expensive; the sum amounted to a year's rent of a family farm. New England emigrants came from both urban residences and rural villages, where they all had "a range of economic choices and relative freedom of individual behavior," (Anderson, p. 1) leaving many to wonder the nature of their true motivation. As far as the economic situation, it is obvious that the Germans took a much more sensible chance by coming to America. Anderson makes it obvious to the reader that it was almost irresponsible for Englanders to attempt to come to America when their economic status in Europe was certainly satisfactory. It is impossible not to admire the courage of these immigrants leaving everything behind for hopes of a better life in a land that they had only heard about.

Propaganda was another common practice used to woo emigrants to the colonies. I was amazed by the true impact of propaganda, specifically religious propaganda on emigrants to leave behind everything they have ever known with no guarantee of having anything, or even making it to the New World. Through the use of literature, private letters to family members and friends, and advertisements, interest was received. Fogleman describes how letters from those who emigrated, along with returned visitors, spread the word of the prosperity witnessed in the colonies. Letters sent back to Germany, describing the difficult journey, but ending success were powerful forces in attracting emigrants. A letter from a relative can be a powerful force in making one's decisions. Most families, if they have any sort of choice, choose to be together. Fogleman recounts the story of Gottlieb Mittelberger, who tells a horrific story of his trek across the sea, but in the end proclaims that he has no regret. In fact, he describes Pennsylvania as "a place of abundant land, wildlife, and liberties" (Fogleman, p. 4) � what Fogleman says is exactly what Germany was lacking. Anderson also points to prevalent propaganda as a cause for the Great Migration. However, the propaganda aimed at Englanders was not intended to encourage people by describing wealth and success. Instead, it criticized those who valued material possessions more than religious ideals. This propaganda offered religious prosperity rather than financial gain for those migrating to New England. It was common for religious gurus to entice potential emigrants with the idea of savior and criticize any emigrant moving for their own personal needs. Anderson refers to Reverend John White, a founder of the Massachusetts Bay Company who declares in The Planter's Plea that "the most eminent and desirable end of planting Colonies, is the propagation of Religion." (Anderson, p. 8) This is a clear example of how promoters of New England attracted new emigrants and spread the word about the colonies. From this evidence, it is undeniable that religion and propaganda, two attracting forces to the New World, were directly intertwined.

As more and more emigrants poured into the New World, settlements quickly formed and land was developed; this leads to another important comparison. Fogleman and Anderson give markedly different reasons for why early settlers chose to colonize where they did. These reasons are deeply rooted in the strong, but disparate belief systems of German emigrants and New Englanders. According to Fogleman, German settlers chose were to live in the New World based on ethnicity. German-speakers came from a wide range of regions and backgrounds in their native countries, however in the Americas, most had chosen to settle in regions where other German-speaking people lived. Their ethnic identity became the basis of their settlement. Germans continually settled primarily in the same areas of Pennsylvania, along with their fellow countrymen. While other factors were considered, such as "population pressure and the location of markets and political centers," (Fogleman, p. 8) ethnicity far outweighed any of these other factors. It is also important to point out that Fogleman notes the fact that even those arriving later still established themselves in the same settlements or new settlements in the same areas of Pennsylvania.

Anderson claims that New Englanders chose their place of settlement for far different reasons. One important difference that was obvious immediately between those from Germany and those from England is their location of settlement. While the Germans chose to settle prominently in one colony, New Englanders were dispersed throughout many. Plantations were established where land was rich in resources and water transportation was most easily accessed. However, Anderson maintains that the emigrants' main consideration for settlement was religion. "New England towns…existed above all to be secular counterparts of religious congregations there could be no town without its church and no church without its town." (Anderson, p.) Anderson goes on to detail the process of colony establishment in four phases. The first phase involved preliminary procedures such as planning for and developing the land, with the designation of proprietors. The next phase was for the town to establish its shared norms and values based on Puritanism, to be upheld by the entire community. Thirdly, new settlers would arrive and inquire about these towns; if they were "well-behaved, God-bearing Christians," they would most likely be accepted. The final phase was the arrival of latecomers who were rejected from existing communities and went on to establish their own communities. This is another notable contrast from the Germans, who chose to settle in the same areas, and accepted later emigrants into their communities.

Another notable comparison to make is the difference in structure within the immigrant communities. Both community structures were strongly influenced by religious, relational and most importantly, economic factors. The German community was very close and everyone knew everyone else. In Pennsylvania, German-speaking immigrants exhibited both collective and individualistic characteristics. Many Germans found that "the best way to succeed as individualists was to maintain extended-family and village connections." (Fogleman, p. 80) Many were poor and needed the support and cohesiveness of a community. It was crucial for settlers to establish and maintain connections in order to prosper in Pennsylvania. Most Germans were active politically and shared the common goal of social and economic prosperity. An immigrant could be an individualist, but it was essential to remain a "community-oriented peasant" as well, working with others to make enough to survive. In New England, the society and land was much more extensive. However, the New Englanders had a more rigid and well-formed belief system to adhere to when choosing establishment. In the New England colonies, the land was divided up based on a head-right system, which allowed land to be allocated based on the number of members in a family. The plots of land were quite spread out, and settlers only came to know each other little by little through "marriage, mutual interdependence and economic exchange." (Anderson, p. 0) While New Englanders did form communities with common values and religious beliefs, the settlers were much more individualistic and maintained a higher degree of economic interdependence. New England became a "labor-maximizing population," where families co-existed peacefully, and servants and young workers began to marry and start their own families (Anderson, p. 6). Both communities were certainly driven by economic factors. However, while there was no denying the Germans were driven mainly by economic motivation, the English tried to base their community more on religion. However, in my opinion, it is almost impossible to ignore economic motivation, even in the most religious of environments.

Fogleman and Anderson adequately portrayed the accounts of immigrants' lives, allowing the reader to draw clear parallels and differences among those who came from Germany and those who came from England. While there are many clear differences between the immigrants from Germany and England, there is one characteristic that every single immigrant had in common the dream of a better life in America. Some who made the journey had a lot more to lose than others. Some brought their families, some came to meet their families, and some came to start over on their own. But each one of them had goals to accomplish, dreams to discover, and in the end, a unique story to tell.

Please note that this sample paper on A New Life in the Colonies:A Comparison of Migration to America is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A New Life in the Colonies:A Comparison of Migration to America, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A New Life in the Colonies:A Comparison of Migration to America will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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