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Sleep Disorders While Others Sleep

Kimberly Adams

Psychology 11LS � Pace

Do my essay on Sleep Disorders: While Others Sleep CHEAP !

Erma Smith

November 1, 00

Sleep Disorders While Others Sleep

All of us, at one time or another, have had a restless night sleep. We have tossed and turned and woke up the next morning feeling tired and restless. You may ask yourself if this means that you have a sleeping disorder? What kinds of sleeping disorders exist and what causes them? I went on vacation this summer and my friend mentioned that she was an insomniac. She told us that she had been involved in a sleep study in Oakland, California, at California Center for Sleep Disorders. She was in a drug trial for a sleeping pill for people who suffer from insomnia. The pill allowed her to sleep for up to 4 hours and when she woke up she felt refreshed and alert. The good thing was the pill worked on her, but because it had not been approved, she could not be prescribed the pill. I was fascinated by her story and it made me wonder what happens with people who have sleep disorders. Some of us have heard terms like, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, nightmares, and night terror, but how do these sleep disorders effect an individual?

Sleep Cycles

To understand some sleep disorders we must first understand the cycle of sleep. Most of us believe that sleep is what occurs at night when we close our eyes. This is true, but sleep is actually 5 different patterns or stages of activity in the brain. When we first lay down and close our eyes, this is the beginning of stage one sleep. In this stage you are no longer completely aware of your external environment. A slight noise or light touch could wake you. You become relaxed, your breathing becomes regular, and you have disconnected thoughts. After about 10 minutes you enter stage two of sleep.

Stage two is a transitional stage, just like stage one, but on an EEG (electroencephalogram), which measures the electrical output of the brain, the brain activity is different. This stage takes a louder noise or heavier touch to wake a person from sleep. It is also at this stage when sudden jerks in your arms or legs cause you to wake suddenly. Stage one and two together usually last about thirty minutes and then you enter stage three sleep.

Stage three and four are considered deep sleep. These stages are when you get your most fulfilling and restful sleep. We have very little body movement in these stages and our heart rate and blood pressure slow down and become regular. The activity of the brain shows that there is a definite slowing of electrical activity. It would take a pretty strong stimulus to cause someone to wake up. If you are awakened during these stages you are disoriented and confused. Deep sleep is necessary for both physical and mental restoration. At these stages growth hormones are produced and that is why these stages are considered to be the most restorative part of sleep. Both stages together last 0 to 40 minutes and then you progress backwards toward stage one sleep. Most times, when you get back to stage one sleep you roll over or reposition yourself. Then you transcend through the four stages again and in about 15 minutes you enter the fifth stage of sleep, also known as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.

REM sleep is the stage in which dreams take place. When you enter into REM sleep the electrical activity of the brain is very similar to the activity of the brain when awake. We can see rapid movement of the eyes under the eyelids and you are considered paralysis, but only temporally. Temporary paralysis happens to our body so we do not act out our dreams. Our heart rate and rate of breathing can increase, according to the action in the dream. If we awaken during this stage our mind functions well and we are not confused. A total cycle from stage one to stage four, then back to stage one, and finally through REM sleep, takes about 0 to 100 minutes. Most adults have three to five sleep cycles in one night (Caldwell, 17). Now that we know about the sleep cycles lets take a look at sleep disorders.

Insomnia

The California Center for Sleep Disorders (000) says that there are three kinds of insomnia transient or temporary, chronic, and due to medical reasons. Insomnia is the persistent difficulty of falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early. Huffman (00) states "Many people think they have insomnia if they cannot sleep before an exciting event (this is normal) or because they have wrongly assume that everyone must sleep 8 hours a night" (p. 17). If you are excited before an event or don't sleep well for a couple of nights, you are not considered to have insomnia. What we consider temporary insomnia lasts for a couple of weeks and then it disappears. It usually results from psychological stress or when facing problems such as a family crisis, death of a loved one, or loss of a job social stress. This is actually a very normal response to stress and treatment is not required. Chronic insomnia persists for at least a month or more and it causes the person significant distress. With chronic insomnia people feel tired all the time, they lack motivation, and have poor concentration. There are others who experience pain due to a medical condition, like arthritis, or who take drugs (prescription or street) and this too can cause a person to experience transient or chronic insomnia.

Who gets insomnia? According to Bayer (001) "Approximately 6 out of every 100 Americans have reported experiencing this symptom [insomnia]. However, only 5 out of every 100 Americans consider the problem severe enough to seek medical help" (p. ). It is said that all ages can be effect with insomnia. Young adults usually have more problems falling asleep, while the elderly has difficulty staying asleep.

To diagnosis insomnia a patient is evaluated according to their medical history and sleep history. Specialists may talk to the bed partner or ask the patient to fill out a sleep diary. Sometimes specialized sleep studies are recommended, if they suspect other causes, such as narcolepsy or sleep apnea.

Treatment for insomnia can come in many varying forms. For temporary insomnia sleeping pills may be prescribed. For chronic insomnia first they diagnosis and rule out an under lying medical or psychological problems. They also look at behaviors that may increase insomnia and have the patient discontinue these habits. Sometimes sleeping pills are given, but they can cause side effects and do not solve the long-term problem. Relaxation therapy, sleep restriction therapy, and reconditioning are all techniques to help people with chronic insomnia. Relaxation therapy helps the muscles to relax and the mind to stop racing. Sleep restriction therapy is where the patient is only allowed to sleep a couple hours of night and as time passes more normal nights sleep is achieved. Reconditioning can sometimes help by conditioning the person to associate the bed and bedtime with sleep (SIRS Knowledge Source, 15).

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea defined by Huffman (00) is "A temporary cessation of breathing during sleep" (p. 17). People with sleep apnea fail to breathe for a minute or longer and wake up usually gasping for air. Sleep apnea can be a serious and life threatening disease. In a nights sleep the number of involuntary breathing pauses can be as many as 0 to 0 per hour. These pauses are almost always accompanied by snoring, but this does not mean that everyone that snores has sleep apnea. Sleep apnea usually interrupts stage three or four sleep, the deep, restorative sleep, and cause the patient to have excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue. It is very important to recognize sleep apnea because it can be associated with high blood pressure, stokes, or heart attacks.

Sleep apnea is seen in both males and females and in people of all ages. SIRS knowledge source (15) estimates that "as many as 18 million Americans have sleep apnea" (p. 1). Individual who are most likely to get sleep apnea are overweight, can have high blood pressure, or have some abnormality to the nose, throat, or other parts of the upper airway.

What causes sleep apnea? When a person reaches deep sleep their muscles and tissues begin to relax. In the mouth and throat the muscles in the upper airway relax. Their soft palate, in the upper back of your mouth, begins to sag as well as their uvula. Their jaw muscles relax which allows the tongue to droop backwards. All of this causes the airway to narrow and evenly close off. When this happen a person's brain send a signal to the diaphragm to contract, which causes negative pressure in the chest cavity. If this does not open the airway and let air in, the level of oxygen in a person's blood would decrease. Their blood pressure would rise and so would their heart rate. At some point the brain causes the body to move, so air can enter the lungs. You can see that the lack of oxygen in the blood and the constant waking from deep sleep would cause a person to feel tired the next day. Most patients are unaware that any of this is happening to them and think that they have been asleep for the whole night.

Sleep apnea can affect a patient in many ways. Coren (16) says sleep apnea "show[s] excessive daytime fatigue and sleepiness, as well as loss of motivation, inability to concentrate, poor stamina, inefficient problem-solving abilities, depression, and a higher risk of accidental injures" (p. 14). It also causes some to be impotent and have incontinence of urine. They can experience acid reflux due to the diaphragm creating negative pressure to move air into the upper airway. Since these patients are sleep deprived they tend to fall asleep easily while watching TV or any time there is minimal stimulation.

Sleep apnea is diagnosis is a sleep laboratory. If a person has a few episodes of apnea, during their sleep study, they are not diagnosis with sleep apnea. A person must have 5 to 10 apnea episodes an hour to be diagnosed with sleep apnea, and they have to last at least twenty seconds or more.

There are a couple of different treatments for sleep apnea. Some patients can be helped with surgery. In this situation they may remove the adenoids and tonsils, or part of the soft palate. If the person is overweight, the doctor suggests that the patient loses weight. They are also told not to take any kind of sleeping pills or any kind of depressant that will cause the muscles to relax more than normal. The most effective procedure is to have the patient wear a mask over their nose at night. Pressure from an air blower blows a constant amount of air through the mask and into the nasal cavity to prevent the airway from collapsing. In the most serious cases a tracheotomy is done. This is where a small hole is made in the windpipe and a tube is inserted into the opening. The hole is covered during the day and is opened at night to allow air to flow into the lungs freely.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is an unusual sleep disorder classified by uncontrollable and irresistible episodes of excessive sleepiness. Even though the patient sleep 8 to 1 hours a night, they still tend to be tired and fall asleep during the day. The interesting thing about narcolepsy is that a person falls asleep at the most unusual times. It might be in the middle of eating, while driving their car, or in the middle of a conversation. Coleman (186) states "Its not surprising that people with these symptoms would believe themselves mentally ill or that physicians would diagnose them as having a psychiatric disorder" (p. 157). When this happens to a person some believe they have mental disorder. These patients might also have cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone) that can make them fall down. They can have sleep paralysis, which cause the person to not be able to move their limbs immediately after waking up or just before they fall asleep.

Narcolepsy occurs both in men and women and at any age. There is strong evidence that narcolepsy runs in families, with 8 to 1 percent of them having a close relative who also has it. SIRS (15) says "Although it is estimated that narcolepsy afflicts as many as 00,000 Americans, fewer than 50,000 are diagnosis. It is as wide spread as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis…but it is less well known" (p. 1).

Though narcolepsy is not completely understood, it is said that it is an abnormality of REM sleep. In narcolepsy REM sleep or dream sleep intrudes into the waking hours. Caldwell (17) explains that REM sleep is the main problem with this disorder

REM sleep is associated not only with vivid dreams, but also with paralysis of most of the major muscle groups of the body. This understanding of the inappropriate intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness explains much of the clinical manifestations of the disease. It seems as though the brain of a patient with narcolepsy harbors an intense desire for REM sleep, lurking just beneath the surface and waiting for any opportunity to capture the function of the brain (p. 145)

Narcolepsy is diagnosed by two tests, the polysomnogram and the multiple sleep latency test. The polysomnogram is a continuous recording of the brain waves, as well as a number of nerves and muscle functions, during normal nighttime sleep. When a person has narcolepsy they generally fall asleep fast and enter REM sleep early. This can be seen on the polysomnogram. In the multiple sleep latency test the subject is told to fall asleep every two hours during the day. The sleep specialist measures how long it takes for the subject to fall asleep and how long until they enter REM sleep. If the person can easily fall asleep during the day and enters REM sleep early they are considered to have narcolepsy.

There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medicine can be prescribed for some patients. The patients are given central nervous system stimulants to help their daytime sleepiness. Some are also prescribed antidepressant medication to help suppress REM sleep and also help with cataplexy. They are also told to schedule short naps before meeting or times of low stimulus.

Nightmares

Nightmares are usually frightening dreams with traumatic experiences. Dreams most often involve physical danger, being chased, or injury and can be extremely frightening to the person dreaming. We understand that nightmares occur during REM or dreaming sleep. This is why a person may experience an increased heart rate, sweating, and rapid breathing, but they are immobile. Children's nightmares usually begin around three to six years old and most of them outgrow them. There are some people however, that continue to experience nightmares for the rest of their lives. Others experience nightmares when a life change or a traumatic event happens. When a woman becomes pregnant sometimes she has nightmares that the baby will be deformed.

Bayer (001) notes "According to the DSM-IV, between 10 to 50 percent of youngsters three to five years of age have nightmares frightening enough to disturb their parents" (p. ). Among adults, about 50 percent experience nightmares from time to time. Just because a person has a nightmare does not mean they have a disorder. Bayer (001) concludes, "According to the DSM-IV, nightmares must be recurrent and greatly distressing for this diagnosis to be made" (p.6). Sometimes behavioral therapy can help a person overcome nightmares.

Night Terrors

Night terrors are a practically dramatic form of partial waking during deep sleep or Non-REM sleep. Deep sleep is not usually a stage when dreaming occurs, but it is a stage where physical mobility is. This would explain why the sleeper sometimes screams, sits up in bed, or runs around. The person may become flushed, contorted with fear, and even seem like they are trying to get away from someone or something. Most times when night terrors occur, the person cannot be woken up.

Night terrors usually happen about an hour or two after sleep and usually happen at the same time every night. According to the American Psychological Association (180) "It is estimated that 1% to 4% of children at some time have the disorder. A much greater portion of children experience isolated episodes" (p. 85). Night terrors are most common in children ages three to five and they usually disappear over time. Generally, a child has only one night terror during the course of the night. When the child wakes the following morning, they generally won't be able to remember anything about the episode. Bayer (001) shows us one theory for night terrors

It is believed, however, that night terrors are primarily the results of an immature developing brain that is struggling with the problem of moving from deep to light sleep. Caught in this sort of twilight zone of partial wakefulness and deep slumber, the child panics and responds with automatic defensive measures, such as screaming, crying, and thrashing around. According to this view, the child cannot recall a nightmare upon awakening, because no nightmare occurred. This theory would explain why the child who experiences a night terror can usually return to peaceful sleep, without every fully awakening, and has no memory of the frightening experience the following morning. It would also explain why most children outgrow night terrors by about age eight or nine, when the brain has developed the ability to switch between sleep stages and to regulate the various states of dreaming and sleeping (p. 4)

Night terrors can be very upsetting to parents, but they usually don't affect children. Night terrors are not unusual and they are not psychologically damaging to the child.

Most of us don't realize that sleep disorders are more than just a restless night's sleep. We now see that sleep disorders can be life threatening for some and a constant irritation for others. Bayer (001) claims "Each year, sleep-related errors and accidents cost U.S. businesses an estimated $56 billion, cause nearly 5,000 deaths, and result in .5 million disabling injuries" (p. 17). Sleep is necessary for our physical and mental well being and when a sleep disorder occurs it can effect a great percentage of someone life. Sleep allows our bodies to rest and our brains to recharge. In writing this paper, I now understand how sleep disorders affect a person and understand that a good nights sleep is essential.

References

Bayer, L. (001). Sleep disorders. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers.

California Center for Sleep Disorders. (00). Insomnia. Retrieved November 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sleepsmart.com/sleepinfo/sleep/insomnia.htm

California Center for Sleep Disorders. (00). Narcolepsy. Retrieved November 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sleepsmart.com/sleepinfo/sleep/insomnia.htm

California Center for Sleep Disorders. (00). Obstructive sleep apnea. Retrieved November 1, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sleepsmart.com/sleepinfo/sleep/insomnia.htm

Caldwell, J. (17). Sleep. New York Firefly Books Inc.

Coleman, R. (186). Wide awake at 00 A.M. New York W.H. Freeman and Company.

Coren, S. (16). Sleep thieves. New York The Free Press.

American Psychological Association. (180). Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, third edition. Washington D.C. APA.

Huffman, K. (00). Psychology in action, sixth edition. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Kuwana, E. Narcolepsy. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//faculty.washington.edu/chudle/narco.html

SIRS Knowledge Source. (15). Facts about insomnia. SIRS Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sirs.com

SIRS Knowledge Source. (15). Facts about narcolepsy. SIRS Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sirs.com

SIRS Knowledge Source. (15). Facts about sleep apnea. SIRS Publishing, Inc. Retrieved November 4, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.sirs.com

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in To Kill a Mockingbird, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your To Kill a Mockingbird paper at affordable prices ! To kill a mocking bird is a much-loved classic American novel, which is still very popular today. The novel is set in a small town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the great depression era. As the story is set in the southern states, this novel naturally deals with racism and the conflicts that occur in southern states from prejudiced views.

To kill a mockingbird presents us with a heartbreaking court case and with some memorable examples of courage by people who face great challenges. Atticus Finch is one of the few residents in Maycomb, who shows great courage and decent moral beliefs. Without men such as Atticus Finch, any community such as Maycomb would be undoubtedly worst off.

Atticus Finch has many fine qualities that make it clear that without men like himself, any community would be worst off. Communities such as Maycomb need men like Atticus, because Atticus Finch is good-natured and courageous. He is courageous for the reason that he defends Tom Robinson, and his own high respects for Calpurnia, and is greatly respected by Maycomb's negroes. This is evident after the trial where

Reverend Sykes says to Scout, "Stand up Scout, your fathers passing." Atticus is also highly regarded by his white neighbours, people like Miss Maudie who reminds the children of what a good person their father is. Atticus's tolerance for others continue to others less fortunate than himself, people like Walter Cunningham and even Mayella who he feels sorry for.

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As Atticus Finch is a single parent looking after two young children, this is a difficult and challenging task even with the help and support of Calpurnia. Men like Atticus who are caring and considerate are greatly needed in any community such as Maycomb. A home, wholesome meals, education, clothing, toys and shoes are provided for both Jem and Scout by Atticus. But perhaps one of the most important things that do come from Atticus is love. At home when Atticus isn't busy, Atticus often calls Scout to come and read. This suggest that he wants Scout to grow up as a highly educated person, to get a decent job and not to live like the Ewells, because Atticus knows living like the Ewells is no way of life. Jem is very keen on football and plays football with his father sometimes, Atticus never does a tackle on Jem. The reason for this is that Atticus loves Jem so much, and because Atticus knows that he is much more bigger than Jem, Atticus is fearful of hurting Jem. It is clear that Atticus is a good role model to his children as Atticus says, "Shoot all the blue jays you want, if you can't hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird," this proves that Atticus is ethical. Maycomb needs more people like Atticus for the younger generations to look up to.

Being set in the southern states of America, there is a great deal of prejudice between the black and white people in the town of Maycomb. Certainly more racial discrimination is aimed at the black people compared to the white people, because white people see themselves as the more superior class, since the black people were bought in as slaves to the white. Atticus Finch is one few men in Maycomb who does not think in this way. He treats both black and white individuals with the same amount of respect. It is clear that Atticus is not prejudiced as he says, "Anything fit to say at the table's fit to say in front of Calpurnia." Atticus's broadmindedness for helping people continues to others who are less privileged. Since the Cunningham's could not pay Atticus in money, Atticus was generous enough to let the Cunningham's pay him back through out the year with a sack full of hickory nuts, a load of stove wood, a crate of smilax and holly and a sack full of turnip greens. Atticus Finch who is impartial and wholehearted in helping others who are less fortunate, would be a great loss to Maycomb.

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Are we mindlessly throwing our money out to colleges to better educate our children, or so we think. A new issue has come up that out children are not getting our moneys worth out of college. They typically go to class for four years, but is the money really worth what they come out with or is college just a day care for young adults. Too many students go to college just because it is what every one says to do, not what they truly feel is right for them.

Public-relations specialist and writer Caroline Bird wrote an essay in which she talks about how too many college students are just in school because their parents make them, or that is what every one has always told them they need to do. Bird talks about how students go to school to just try to improve their paychecks instead of actually going to school to educate them selves. Another point bird makes is college is just working to keep our young adults out of the mainstream of the job market because they are not as desired because of their age. It is like putting good workers on layaway until they reach a respectable age so that people will treat them serious.

To many people college is just now what they need right after high school. According to Caroline Bird, "if students believe that college is not necessarily good for them, you can not expect them to stay on for the general good of mankind"(Bird 466). I feel that what Bird is saying here is that you can not expect a college student to really put all their heart into their studies if they really don not want to be there improving their minds. Caroline Bird writes "I believe that college has to be judged not on what other people think is good for students, but on how good it feels to the students themselves" (Bird 465). People cram into kids heads that college is just the thing you do after high school, this choice needs to be made by the person them selves and that person only.

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College students are going to school for all the wrong reasons. Too many people are going to increase their pay when they are older. In her essay Caroline Bird say's that "if money is the only goal, college is the dumbest investment you can make"(Bird 466). By investing your money wisely you can be just as wealthy as a college graduate, but the key is to invest your money wisely. Money is not the only reason that people are going to college for the wrong reasons. According to Caroline Bird, "For some young people, it is a graceful way to get away from home and become independent without losing the financial support of their parents"(Bird 465). These kids see that they can live on their own with assisted income but they have to go to college to achieve this. This is enough to make students go to school even though they could care less.

College acts like a day care for young adults. A company is not going to hire a kid just out of high school because they would not have the experience to deal with people who have been working all their lives. Caroline Bird writes

"My unnerving conclusion is that students are sad because they are not needed. Somewhere between the nursery and the employment office, they become unwanted adults. No one has anything in particular against them. But no one knows what to do with them either. We already have too many people in the world of the 170s, and there is no room for so many newly minted 18-year-olds. So we temporarily get them out of the way by sending them to college where in fact only a few belong" (Bird 464).

There is not enough room in the world to have every one just come out of high school and get a job so college just works a delay. In Caroline Bird's opinion " no more then 5 percent of students are turned on by class work. For the rest, college is at best a social center or aging vat, and at worst a young folks' home or even a prison that keeps them out of the mainstream of economic life for a few more years" (Bird 46). I am not saying that people should go out and higher people straight out of high school these people are unskilled and should only be hired they are qualified for.

College does nothing but waist the money of people who really do not want to be there. Bird states "Some refuse to go to college at all. Most, of course, have neither the funds nor the self-confidence for constructive articulation of their discontent. They simply hang around college unhappily and reluctantly" (Bird 464). All college is doing is robbing the pockets of our people who could be using that toward other things especially if they are not interested in college in the first place. "In fact there is no real evidence that the higher income of college graduates is due to college. College may simply attract people who are slated to earn more money anyway" according to Caroline Bird (467). If there is no real proof that college graduates earn more money then why is every one so inclined to pressure or children into going to college?

Since we first start to think about our life outside of college some one is always trying to pound it in our heads that it is necessary to go to college in order to succeed in life. Caroline Bird wrote " Educators have never said, "Go to college and get a good job,' but this has been implied, and now students expect it" (Bird 468). I can honestly say that people have always told me that I needed to go to college I never really thought of it as a choice. Bird says, "Adults-parents, employers, high school counselors-began to push, shove and cajole youngsters to get and education"(Bird 46). It is odd if a person does not go to college. We as a whole typically think that they are not going to be successful, or that they are making the wrong choice.

I personally feel that after reading Caroline Birds essay that college is stressed too much by our elders. I know people that are very successful who have never attended college. Lindsey Vorenkamp a first year student at Blinn College states that, "If your heart is not in to it then you are less likely to succeed. I agree with her totally, but this idea goes for anything in life. If you are not interested in a particular subject you are most likely not going to do as well as you would in a subject that interests you. What other choice do students have when college has been shoved down their throats since the first started to talk about life after high school? Bryan Garza an Animal Science major at Blinn College said, "A lot of counselors put pressure on you to get into college and make something of your self." This should not be happening. Teachers and counselors should consider that maybe college is not going to be the next steep in you life.

Too many people go to college just because it is what the world tells us to do, not what we actually feel is right for ourselves. Young adults should not see college as a way to increase the amount of money on the paychecks they are going to get when they are older. The world uses college as a kind of layaway for our young adults until they reach an age where people take them more seriously. To some college is the biggest waste of money there is, but to others it is a very rewarding experience. The choice should be made by the students them selves and not other influences.

Bird, Caroline. "College is a Waste of Time and Money"] The Norton Reader An

Anthology of Expository Prose. 10th ed. Linda H. Peterson, John C. Brereton, and Joan E. Hartman. New York W.W. Norton, 000. [46 -470.]

Vorenkamp, Lindsey. Personal interview. 1 September 00.

Garza, Bryan. Personal interview. 1 September 00.

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hose Problem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hose Problem paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hose Problem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hose Problem paper at affordable prices ! The aim of this task is to use a hose, shooting out water at 10ms-1 and watch the changes in the flow of water at different positioning angles of the hose.

From this we will be able to obtain some knowledge of the graphs the water jet forms and its equations.

We will mathematically observe the actions of the water, but certain assumptions are made.

If the water jet was shot in real life there would be outside factors involved, such as

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Length of hose might decrease the speed of the jet

Jet not shooting straight and/or shooting some water to the side so the measurements are inaccurate

Wind influencing the movement of the water stream.

Different gravitational pulls at different heights.

In this problem-solving task these things are ignored and perfect conditions are assumed.

For increased accuracy (not perfect) in calculations working out will be shown to 5 decimal places.

In all cases when x=0 one of the solutions for y will be 0

The graphs that are sketched are drawn separately as this way is neater and easier to observe.

When we do shoot a jet out of a hose we notice that it forms a parabolic graph, so we can safely assume that jets at all angles will provide the same results, except when the stream is being shot at 0¢ª.

The equation of the graph that the jet forms is given by the function y=ux-0.04(1+u)x where u=Tan¥è

The number 0.04 is related to the speed of the water, 10ms and the acceleration due to gravity, .8ms-

For the case where ¥è=0¢ª, for us to be able to use the equation we need to find the Tan 0¢ª which is 0.5775

Therefore u=0.5775

When this is substituted into the equation we get a graph that looks like this

GRAPH

To find the place where the jet hits the ground we solve the equation so that y=0

When y=0, ux-0.04(1+u)x=0

x(u-0.041.x)=0

Therefore x=0 and x=8.8744

Since this is a parabolic graph the maximum point is the middle point for the x values and in this case that is 8.8744/ = 4.41850 and when x=4.41850, y=1.7551

Therefore the jet reaches the maximum height reached for the angle of 0¢ª is 4.41850m

For the case where ¥è=45¢ª, tan45¢ª=1

Therefore u=1

When this is substituted into the equation we get a graph that looks like this

GRAPH

Once again to find the spot where the water hits the ground we solve the equation for y=0

When y=0, x=0 and x=10.0408

The highest point is once again found by taking the half way point on the x-axis and finding the f(x).

Therefore for the ¥è=45¢ª, the maximum is .55000

For the angle ¥è=60¢ª, u=tan¥è therefore u=

When this is substituted into the equation we get a graph that looks like this

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Independent Novel Study

Napoleon is considered the chief villain in Animal Farm. Many of his actions are uncalled for, and usually result in pain and suffering for the rest of the animals. Throughout the course of the novel he becomes more and more humanlike. In turn, his cruelty towards the other animals also enhances. He takes all the best food for himself, sells the hens eggs, sells Boxer for a crate of whisky, and takes the life of many animals (just to name a few ferocious actions). What Napoleon does is wrong because the animals don't deserve that kind of treatment. The reason they got rid of Mr. Jones was because he was mistreating them, now Napoleon has put himself in charge without the other animals voting on it, and he is abusing them more than Jones did.

At first Napoleon seems to be a good leader, but he eventually turns bad because he is

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overcome with greed and becomes power-hungry. With the aid of his guard dogs and the manipulative abilities of Squealer, Napoleon knows that he can make anybody do or think what he wants.

I think that Napoleon should have followed the commandments left by Old Major. He should also have taken in account the other animals opinions when making a decision (democracy).

In my opinion the most important episode in Animal Farm is when Snowball and Napoleon are arguing over Snowballs plan to build a windmill. During the debate, something terrible happens. Instead of letting the animals decide whether or not to build the structure, Napoleon signals his private troop of attack dogs who chase Snowball off the stage and under the fence, never to be seen again.

This scene is very important because the animal's future goes downhill from there. From that point on, Napoleon uses his dogs to make the animals do as he pleases.

When I read this chapter I was stunned. It all happened so fast, I had to read the paragraph over about times to make sure I understood what actually happened. At that point in the novel, Napoleon was barely talked about. While Snowball, on the other hand, is the main character in the book at the time.

Napoleon goes through many changes throughout the novel. The two most drastic changes that occur are his consumption of alcohol, and his role as a leader.

Both changes are for the worst. At one time Mr. Jones was a decent master to his animals. At this time the farm was thriving. The farm began to go downhill once he established a drinking problem. Once Napoleon and the other pigs began drinking, the same thing happened, the other animals on the farm had to suffer.

The next change in Napoleon is his leadership role. Once he successfully got rid of Snowball, he quickly became more or less a dictator.

In the past two years I have gone through many changes. The biggest change, in my opinion, is my shyness level. Two years ago, I didn't even have the guts to say hi to someone who passed by me. Now, I find myself being a lot more confident and I'm not afraid to speak to anyone I'm not familiar with. I think I was able to overcome this by going out a lot more. Now I go out to at least one party a week. While before I used to just stay at home and do nothing.

The ending to Animal Farm was very good. It was as though it was right back at the beginning of the book again. Napoleon and the other pigs have invited Mr. Pilkington and his men over for dinner. The farm animals are glancing through the window of the farmhouse while Mr. Pilkington is congratulating the pigs on the low rations, the long working hours, and the general absence which he had observed on animal farm. Not long after starting a card game, an argument breaks out because two of the same card were played simultaneously. While the pigs and the men are in an uproar, the animals looking through the window can't make out which is man, and which is pig.

Orwell uses his allegorical farm to symbolize the communist system. Though the original intention of bringing down Mr. Jones, is not inherently evil in itself, Napoleon's consecutive embrace of nearly all of Mr. Jones' principles and harsh mistreatment of the animals proves that indeed communism is not equality, but just another form of inequality. The pigs and dogs take most of the power for themselves, thinking that they are the best administrators of government. Eventually the power corrupts them, and they turn on their fellow animals, eliminating competitors through propaganda and bloodshed.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Teens and STD's. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Teens and STD's paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Teens and STD's, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Teens and STD's paper at affordable prices ! Teens and young adults have been infected and affected by AIDS and other STD's at very high rates over the past recent years. HIV and AIDS are deadly viruses which attack the bodies' immune system, causing you to lose your ability to fight off sickness and/or disease. Although many think that this young group of people would be the least likely to be infected by an STD or HIV because of their inexperience, these people are those who are at a very high risk because of the excessive amount of curiosity that develops at this age. Today, one in four infections of HIV or AIDS occurs in a person younger than twenty-two.

Unfortunately, much of what puts these adolescents at risk is the fact that being a teenager means taking chances; teenagers want to test limits and question authority. Many of these young adults do not realize that unsafe sex is irreversible. The AIDS Partnership Program in Michigan stated that before they reach age twenty, seventy-seven percent of all girls and eighty-six percent of all boys had experienced sexual intercourse.

Another unfortunate fact about teenagers is that most do not consistently use condoms. The 11 National Survey of Adolescent Males found that condom use is likely to be highest at the beginning of a relationship and then decline once the partner is believed to be "safe". Teenagers in the United States today with larger numbers of sexual partners are less likely to use a condom as well. An article published in 18 titled "Patterns of Condom Use Among Adolescents" suggests that teens that use condoms for their first sexual encounter are twenty times more likely to use condoms on a regular basis.

Teenagers in today's society whom are gay, drug users, juvenile offenders, school dropouts, runaways or of the homeless youth are especially at risk of being infected with HIV, AIDS, or any other STD. This is usually because these groups of teenagers are those most difficult to reach for prevention and education on the particular subjects of HIV, STD's, and/or AIDS. This youth also has a very limited access to health care and service-delivery systems.

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A parent's influence on their teenagers' sexual experiences is under-rated in many situations. A parent is in a very unique position to talk with their children about STD's and AIDS prevention and education. A parent's influence on a child can not only help delay first intercourse amongst teens, but can also increase condom usage amongst those who are already sexually active.

Despite common opinion and/or belief, an STD is only one-hundred percent preventable from passing from one person to another by sexual means when abstinence is practiced. Many people believe that they will never be infected by AIDS or an STD if they use protection. Unfortunately this is not the case for all people, because accidents can happen. However, using a condom or other means of protection greatly reduces the risk of infection in sexually active people. Another way to prevent the spread or infection of AIDS is to never share syringes with other people.

Education among young teenager seems to become more excessive, but many young adults are still unaware of the deadly disease known as HIV or AIDS. Such things as symptoms of STD's or AIDS and/or prevention could be the key to preventing many young people in today's society from being infected by the disease. Common symptoms of AIDS usually include symptoms similar to the common flu, such as recurrent fevers, chills, or night sweats. Decreased appetite, a persistent, dry cough, and extreme, constant tiredness could also be included in a list of common symptoms among young teenagers. Physical signs are much easier to notice however, and these include such things like rapid weight loss for no apparent reason, swollen lymph glands in the neck or underarm, white spots in the mouth, and raised or flat marks or bumps on the skin that are usually a purplish color.

Another issue rarely thought about by the average person is the affect of AIDS in other countries around the world. In Africa alone, there have been more than seventeen million deaths already with numbers greater than that to come if something is not done to prevent the spread of this disease. In some countries, many do not have a choice of whether or not to have safe-sex or practice abstinence.

Over-population is already a problem in many countries in Africa because of the many families that birth children to create free helping hands on their farms. Young women can become married and start a family as young as twelve in many of these countries, which causes the virus to spread to many young children and young adults. When these young women are infected and become pregnant, they also pass this deadly disease on to their unborn child. Condom-use is extremely rare in Africa and almost non-existent in many areas.

Another common reason that young people in Africa and other countries become infected with AIDS is because of their lack of knowledge and understanding on the situation. This lack of knowledge and education on these particular subjects is most likely because of the poverty and lack of sophistication in many of the world's countries today.

Not including AIDS, there are many other STD's in existence that can greatly affect a young person's life without there realization of the risks. These STD's might include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, Genital Warts, Hepatitis B, or Crabs and Scabies. Many of these diseases are easily recognized and curable if caught in the early stages. Unfortunately there are those that are not curable and the infected person will be stuck with the virus for the rest of their lives.

Chlamydia is one of the most common and easily spread STD's. Unfortunately most women and men infected by this STD do not have any signs or symptoms of the disease. However, if Chlamydia is not found and treated in the early stages of the disease, it could lead to serious health problems later in life.

Gonorrhea is another STD which can lead to serious health problem later on in life if not caught and treated in its early stages. If any, symptoms usually include painful urination; however there are usually no symptoms for this disease, especially in men.

Syphilis is one of the more dangerous STD's. The health problems that can occur with this disease if not treated can, and usually are more serious than those with Chlamydia or Gonorrhea. Many people usually are not aware that they have been infected with the disease for it is usually a painless sore.

Herpes is caused by a virus. Signs that a person has been infected with this disease are fairly obvious and include painful sores. These blisters can go away and can be controlled, but there is no cure for the virus.

Hepatitis B is a disease for which there is no known cure, however can be prevented by a series of vaccinations. Hepatitis B can be spread from one person to another without any signs and without the person ever being aware that they have been infected by the disease. The virus attacks a persons liver and can cause serious illnesses.

Crabs and Scabies are tiny bugs that can cause itching. These are the most easily spread because they can be caught by any close physical contact.

Teenagers around the world are experiencing AIDS and many other STD's that should and could be prevented in today's modern world. There are many different reasons and causes for such young people to be experiencing such awful illnesses. Few people realize that these illnesses are not only affecting Americans, but millions of people all over the world. STD's and AIDS are causing millions of deaths to innocent people. Is there any way to stop such a deadly disease from continuing?

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