If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS AND COMMON METHODS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! Lisa looks at herself in the mirror. She turns around and takes a good look at herself. She is thinking " How can everyone else be so skinny while I am so fat? ". In fact Lisa is a high school student. Lately her situation has been worsening. Not only does she feel guilty when she eats, but she also purges it up when she is finished. This can be the beginning of an eating disorder called Bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders are amongst the most common psychiatric syndromes, and leads to most treatment seeking, inpatient hospitalisation, suicide attempts and mortality (Stice 00). This essay will point out the most significant risk factors for Bulimia nervosa and Anorexia nervosa and the most common methods for treatment and prevention of these factors.

The diagnoses for the diseases Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) are different. However, they are very similar and share many common risk factors with a few variations. Furthermore, the patients are moving frequently between the disorders (Fariburn and Harrison 00). As a result of this, and for the simplicity and the required length for this essay. I will address them both as only eating disorders and allocate the risk factors to both AN and BN. In addition, this essay will be organised by presenting the most common risk factors followed by how they can be prevented and treated.

Fariburn and Harrison (00) along with most researchers advocate that being a female is the most important risk factor concerning eating disorder. Among those who have eating disorder are 0% females. The next significant factor is the age adolescence and early adulthood (Fariburn and Harrison 00). These are both very significant factors and have also led to the fact that the majority of the research reports only target the female population in adolescence. For example, Piran in his longitude research study targets ballet schools in which over 0% of the students are young females (Piran 1). There also exist several other research reports that target female's only, in high schools or similar institutions. This is essential to keep in mind when I will present the other risk factors that are extracted from research studies targeting females in adolescence or areas where this demographic group is in majority.

The media play an important part in creating an image of the "perfect slim body". Adolescences are very sensitive to their own body image and easily perceive the body image media create. They can easily associate this image as a significant factor for success in dating and other general achievements in life. Furthermore, the adolescences are likely to feel unsatisfactory with their own body and therefore seek methods to live up to their ideals presented by the media. Tomori and Rus-Makovec (000) did an interesting research including 4700 high school students. The objective of the study was to measure the level of self-esteem in high school students. The study has a more or less equal balance with 5.% girls and 46.7% boys. The results shows surprisingly that 6.1% of the girls would like to weigh less and only 18.% among the boys. Furthermore the research concluded that there is a correlation between low self-esteem and development of eating disorders. However, the report did not indicate any particular reasons for low self-esteem. Stice (00) on the other hand have evaluated several studies. Stice advocate that the media is an indirect risk factor for eating disorders. The pressure to be thin increases body dissatisfaction, dieting and negative affect that all are important risk factors ( Catarin & Thompson, 14; Field et al., 18; Stice& Whitenton, in press; Wertheim, Koerner, & Paxton, 001 as cited in Stice 000).

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Another risk factor that is clearly pointed out is family relationship. It shares some common feature with media but now the family takes the role as an indirect part that provokes risk factors like body dissatisfaction and lower the self-esteem. The provokers can be parents or siblings (Byely et al. 000; Gowers & Shore 001 cited by (Fariburn and Harrison 00). Tensed family conditions are also shown to be a direct risk factor for development of disordered eating behaviour (Byely et al., 000; Swarr & Richards 16 as cited by Fariburn and Harrison 00). A difficult childhood and strained family relationship seem to be a popular theme and these reports is highly presented in psychINFO. But few reports have revolutionary results. The most effective prevention programs are to maintain a positive family relationship. On the other hand, this scenario can easily be reversed to hypothsized what results a negative family relationship would cause. Therefore, I find this risk factor of great importance.

There exist no published study that can show a preventive result in a high risk setting for the development of eating disorders (Piran 1). A few psychoeducational programs have been tried in high schools without success. The programs had similar settings were different methods have been tried in order to teach the students in how to deal with pressure of thinness, self-esteem enhancement and healthy diet (Littleton and Ollendick 00). Piran (1) launched a similar program in a ballet school. Firstly, the school staffs were instructed to not make evaluative comments to the students regarding body weight or shape. Secondly, they had also assigned staff to act as a support for students with body dissatisfaction. Finally, students had small group meetings regularly discussing issues around eating disorders. The study shows positive results with a decrease in eating disorders and healthier eating habits among the students. Contradictorily, Piran (1) himself advocate that the study needs to be replicated in a more controlled environment before a final conclusion can be made. After searching through articles on psyINFO the factor that has the most empirical support is a positive family relationship. If parents are giving social support and staying closer to the children it greatly reduces the risk for the adolescents to adopt body dissatisfaction and eating disorder. (Byely et al., 000;Swarr & Richards, 16, McVey et al. 00 as cited in Littleton and Ollendick 00) I discovered that a positive family relationship is the most effective preventive method grounded on the research reports I found.

Treatment of eating disorder has received very little attention considering eating disorders are amongst the most common psychiatric syndromes. As mentioned in the first paragraph the adolescents are the age group that are most likely to develop an eating disorder. Luckily it is also the age that offers the greatest opportunity for effective treatment and recovery. It is important to discover the disease early because a treatment in the adolescence is significantly strengthening the outcome of the treatment (Benedetto and Lederhendler 000). Generally all the treatment programs that concerns eating disorders can be divided in to three main phases 1) restoring the severe weight loss; (intravenous very commonly used) ) treating cognitive distortions (regain self-esteem and body image, resolve family conflicts) ) long term rehabilitation (full recovery) (Benedetto and Lederhendler 000). The treatments that seem to be the most promising approaches for adolescents are family systems (Benedetto and Lederhendler 000). For the older population cognitive behaviour therapy is the most effective. No drug has shown to have any effect on eating disorder (Fariburn and Harrison 00).

Mostly people with eating disorders can be placed in a clear demographic group Female adolescences. However, most of the research done in this field is done the last 15 years. Therefore, I find it hard to find any strong conclusions or thread that distinguish apparent risk factors, preventions and treatments. The main overall risk factors are the inputs a person receives from outside environment. This input can comes from media, family or social groups. These inputs can to a great extent be the origins of what destroy a person's own self-image and self-esteem and thereby result in disordered eating. The reason arrives from the way the people perceive themselves related to the rest of the public. They might not be satisfied and therefore tries to adopt the ideals presented. Preventing eating disorder can be conducted by affecting these input sources (i.e. teachers, family) or the receivers (especially adolescences). Psychoeducation programs were found to have some positive results even though there were no significant empirical supports. Contradictorily, positive family relationship was proven to be the most effective prevention. The most common treatments that are shown to be most effective are a family system for adolescents and cognitive behaviour therapy for the older.

Benedetto, V. and I. Lederhendler (000). Reserach on Eating Disorders Current Status and Future Prospects. Biological Psychiatry 47() 777-786.

Fariburn, C. G. and P. J. Harrison (00). Eating disorders. The Lancet 61.

Littleton, H. L. and T. Ollendick (00). Negative Body Image and Disordered Eating Behaviour in Children and adolescents What places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 6(1).

Piran, N. (1). Eating Disorders A Trial of Prevention in a High Risk School Setting. The Journal of Primary Prevention 0(1).

Stice, E. (00). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 18(5)(85-848) 4.

Tomori, M. and M. Rus-Makovec (000). Eating Behaviour, Depression, and Self-esteem in High School Students. Journal Of Adolescent Health 6 61-67.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Shakespeare in Harlem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Shakespeare in Harlem paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Shakespeare in Harlem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Shakespeare in Harlem paper at affordable prices ! James Mercer Langston Hughes was one of the most prominent writers that emerged during the Harlem Renaissance period. Hughes wrote in many genres, but he receives most recognition for his poetry. Hughes's poems are expressions of hope, aspirations, and pride. But most all combine the need for more equal treatment between the white and black races. Many aspects of including racism, the civil rights movement, and pride in black culture affected the work of Hughes.

Racism influenced the themes of Hughes' work. Racism was a part of Hughes' everyday life because discriminatory practices remained largely unchallenged until 141. In Hughes' earlier years he spent much of his time moving, and this added with being an African-American was difficult when it came time of fitting in as the usual student would. Hughes then spent a year with his father in Mexico as a release of the racism of the North. Moreover, Hughes themes of racism in his poems were greatly affected by what he felt inside. Hughes poem "Dream Variations" has the theme for African Americans in following their dreams and not allowing boundaries of race stop them. Also the poem creates a strong suggestion that the light and dark hours of the day correlate with white and black culture and people. The statement "the white day" not only connects the time when the sun is out but also hints that the whole work day world Hughes grew up in was mostly controlled by whites. Much of Hughes' work throughout his career was written about dreams and thought of as the dominant theme in his poetry. Racism greatly affected the themes of Hughes' poems because racism was part of Hughes' everyday life and because of how racism affected his emotions.

The critical analysis of Hughes poems connects how he perceives racism and connects with the reader. For example, "The Bitter River" can be considered one of Hughes' more deeply moving poems. In the eye of Critic Jim Beatty, "The poem offers not only as astute account of dominant oppression in the U.S., it lessons that contemporary critical theory would do well to heed. He speaks of how Hughes' goes beyond the dream of equal treatment and civil rights and describes how Hughes brings up the point equal but separate. Furthermore, in Hughes' poem "The Blackish Blues" the reader sees the identity that a white society has given the black man and how the system does not allow for African-Americans achieving success. In the poem Hughes speaks of the closed hearts and minds of the white man. Hughes also hints of the fact that the poor black man is tired of his living condition and wants a fair chance. The critical analysis of Hughes' poems speaks of the connection of theme and reader by creating a deeply moving poem and by showing the reader the African-American identity.

The greatest civil rights issue in the U.S. has concerned the status of a black minority. For example, in the 10's and 10's the upper Manhattan district of Harlem had became a flourishing capital of African-American culture as writers, musicians, artists, photographers, philosophers, and intellectuals. This would later become known as the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes was among many considered a leading creative figure during the Harlem Renaissance. "We younger Negro artists now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. Hughes spoke for most of the writers and artists when he wrote his essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" where black artists could express themselves freely, no matter what the black public or white public thought. Because Hughess long and distinguished poetic career and his innovations in style and subject matter, he has inspired two generations of black writers and have immeasurably affected the shape of contemporary black literature. In conclusion, Hughes played a major role in the civil rights movement with his poems and writing style.

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Next, the civil rights movement affected many of the themes of Hughes' poems. For instance, the African-American want of being considered a true citizen, the situation with mulatto children, and the attitudes of southern Whites toward a Black man are all themes found in Hughes' poems. Hughes' poem "I, Too shows the perspective of a black man and how he sees no difference in how he values America compared with White people, but the difference lies in how America values him

I, too, sing America.

I am the dark brother.

They send me to eat in the kitchen

When company comes,

But I laugh,

And eat well,

And grow strong.

Then, in Hughes' poem "Mulatto", he speaks of the bitter life a half-black, half-white child faces and the rejection they feel from a dominant white society. Hughes' enlisted as a steward on a freighter bound for West Africa. The Africans considered him white because of his lighter brown skin and straight dark hair. He then met a mulatto child who was ignored by the Africans and the whites. This was a source of inspiration for his poem, Mulatto. The civil rights movement affected many of the themes of Hughes' poems including the African-American want of being considered a true citizen and by the situation with children who were mulatto.

Finally, the civil rights movement was influenced by Hughes' ideals of the attitudes of southern Whites towards Black men. First, in Hughes' poem "The Blackish Blues" Hughes speaks of the closed hearts and minds of the white man

While you're livin' in your mansion

You don't know what hard times means.

While you're livin' in your mansion

You don't know what hard times means.

Poor workin' man's wife is starvin,

Your wife is livin' like a queen.

In the poem Hughes hints of the fact that the poor black man is tired of his living condition and wants a fair chance. Moreover, Hughes' poem creates an insight of the life he lived. For example Hughes' stepfather took a job at the steel mill in Cleveland and Hughes later stated, the heat in the mill beat him down and leaving the only option of quitting. Moreover, Hughes' ideals on White attitudes were greatly affected by his childhood. When Hughes was born his parents soon separated. Langstons childhood was spent dealing with racism in the care of family friends. As the only way in dealing with his loneliness, Hughes began wrote poetry. The civil rights movement was affected by Hughes' ideals and his ideals were affected by the childhood he lived.

As a result, African pride and negritude themes are very prominent in Hughes's works. Subsequently, Hughes' searched for a compromise of being a black poet and writing like a white poet. A major point of Hughes's work includes the bond between African Americans and black culture. One of Hughes's earliest poems "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" speaks of a mystic union of blacks throughout the world and traces back their history back to the creation of the world and for founding the greatest civilizations that humanity has ever known. Though the poem was written in a mere fifteen minutes, the poem contains dramatic expression of the true meaning of being a black American. Also, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" creates awareness and pride in black culture. Moreover, Hughes' takes pride in his culture, imagery plays an important role in his poems. For example, in the poem "The Bitter River" Hughes' uses water in representing time and the heritage of African Americans. Hughes considered the roles the river must have played in human interaction and acknowledges the fact that rivers are more ancient in the history of the earth. In addition, Hughes' brings out the point of harsh and violent treatment his people faced in America. A prominent line "My soul has grown deep like the rivers" can be found again at the end of the poem for reestablishment of the connection of river and man. African pride and negritude themes are very prominent in Hughes' poems while imagery plays an important role.

Hughes pride in black music also led him in creating meaning within his poems. For example in Hughes' poem "The Weary Blues" the speaker expresses his loneliness, displeasure, and uncertainty about his present and his future. Hughes spent his free time in blues and jazz clubs where he would find inspirations for his work. African-American writers and artists were building a great pride and intensity within the black community. These forces pushed for publishing, patriotism, and the promotion of African-American culture. The poem also can be interpreted from the eyes of the audience in the poem. Moreover, many of Hughes poems should be read aloud in feeling pride. "Montage of a Dream Deferred", is a series of verse sketches that should be read aloud with accompaniment. Jazz can also be found in Hughes' poem of "Ask Your Mama Twelve Moods for Jazz", which is considered by some critics one of Hughess finest work. Hughes also founded theatre groups in Harlem, Chicago, and Los Angeles. By founding the clubs he was promoting the spread of the Harlem Renaissance because more African-Americans could write and present their art and music. Hughes pride in Black music and the feeling his poems helped in creating meaning within the poems.

In addition Hughes believed writing for children was important, insuring that pride in the African-American culture was taught. As a result, he wrote the successful "Popo and Fifina," and eventually published a dozen childrens books, on subjects such as jazz, Africa, and the West Indies. In addition, in many ways Hughes always portrayed loyalty within the principles he had laid down for the younger black writers in 16. His art was firmly rooted in race pride and race feeling even as he cherished his freedom as an artist. He was both nationalist and cosmopolitan.

Moreover, in the 10's and 140's Hughes founded theatre groups in Harlem, Chicago, and Los Angeles. By founding the clubs he was promoting the spread of the Harlem Renaissance because more African-Americans could write and present their art and music. Hughes believed insuring pride within children and by founding theatre groups was important in continuing Black pride.

Langston Hughes was a very powerful and inspirational poet. His innovations in form and voice influenced many writers alike. Because of aspects including racism, the civil rights movement, and pride in black culture Hughes produced many pieces that are considered some of the best poems written.

Please note that this sample paper on Shakespeare in Harlem is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Shakespeare in Harlem, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Shakespeare in Harlem will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on monopoly and perfect competition. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality monopoly and perfect competition paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in monopoly and perfect competition, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your monopoly and perfect competition paper at affordable prices ! Economic welfare is the base of two parties in trade. It can be quantified as the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.

Consumer surplus is the amount that a buyer is willing to pay for a product minus the amount the buyer actually pays while producer surplus refers to the difference between the price that a producer is willing to accept and the actual price. As we can see from figure 1, consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the market price. However, producer surplus is the area above the demand curve and below the market price. Needless to say, the sum of the two parts is called economic welfare. Economic welfare will change while the market structure changes. In this essay, I will analyze how economic welfare changes if a market structure changing from perfect competition to a monopoly. However, whether the monopolist charges a single price or a multi price will affect the outcome.

Generally speaking, perfect competition is a market structure where there are a large number of firms and any individual firm, or any individual consumer, will have no effect on market price. It can exist in a market only if the following conditions are satisfied. Firstly, there are a lot of buyers and sellers. Secondly, buyers have perfect knowledge. Furthermore, units of the good sold by different sellers are identical and last, there are no barriers to entry into or exit from the market. Every firm is a ¡®price taker¡¯ and thus had no influence on the market price. However, a firm in a competitive market, like most other firms in the economy, tries to maximize profit. As we know, at the profit maximizing level of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost are exactly equal. This is a general rule for profit maximization. Though in the short run, firms in the perfect competitive market may make a supernomoral profit or loss, in the long run, all the firms just can make a normal profit at an equilibrium price which is determined in the industry by the intersection of MC and MR curve. The reason is clear. In the long run, if firms are making supernomoral profits, new firms will be attracted into the industry as there is few barriers to enter. Thus firms have to reduce their price to ensure output. The price will fall until it gets to the equilibrium point where the market price is just equal to the firm¡¯s long run average cost. I.e. firms can just make normal profit to cover their cost.

By contrast, a firm is considered a monopoly if it is the only seller of a good or service with no substitutes. A monopoly firm is a price maker while a competitive firm is a price taker.

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The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry. It has three sources Ownership of a key resource.

Government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good, such as patent and copyright laws.

Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.

(www.oberlin.edu)

Like a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at

which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal. Nevertheless, unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost.

Figure 1 Firgure

As we can see, perfect competition and monopoly are two absolutely different types of market structure. Which is more efficient? Which has more economic welfare? Firstly, have a look at figure above.

There are two types of efficiency we should pay attention to---productive efficiency and allocative efficiency. Productive efficiency is achieved when the output is produced at a minimum average total cost. Clearly, from figure , we can easily get the conclusion that firms in perfect competition are more productively efficient.

However, economic welfare has a close relationship with the other type of efficiency---allocative efficiency. It is achieved when the value consumers place on a good or service equals the cost of the resources used up in production. (Price=Marginal cost) When this condition is satisfied, total economic welfare is maximized. Again, from figure , we may get the conclusion that allocative efficiency is maximized under perfect competitive conditions. As can be seen in figure , part of consumer surplus is transferred to producer surplus from the perfect competitive market to the monopoly situation. Monopolists control the quantity they produce in order to charge a high price. So they have not allocated the scared resources efficiently. What makes monopoly inefficient is the existence of the area that is a wedge between the consumer¡¯s willingness to pay and the producer¡¯s cost. It is called deadweight welfare loss. In monopoly, the price is higher; the consumer surplus is lower and the producer surplus is higher than a competitive industry. Moreover, the output is lower; the monopoly will lead to a lower overall level of economic welfare. Marginal cost is less that price, so there is allocative inefficiency.

Economics has championed the notion that the best guarantee of social welfare is competition, and perfect competition has always been its ideal

(www.debunking-economics.com/)

All of the above seems to imply that a monopoly necessarily leads to higher price, lower quantity, and deadweight losses relative to perfect competition. But this may not be true, because a monopoly may be able to achieve cost saving unavailable to smaller firms. Consolidation to serve larger number of consumers can allow the firm to take advantage of greater specialization, moving to a lower ATC and corresponding MC. A typical example is natural monopoly that exists when one firm can produce at a lower ATC than can two or more firms because of economies of scale. So we have two effects of greater concentration (fewer firms with greater market share each) in an industry. First, competition is reduced, which tends to drive price up. Second, cost savings may be realized from economies of scale, which tends to drive price down. Which effect dominates? This is an empirical question and highly relevant to many policy questions. Anyway, MC under monopoly is not always the same as under perfect competition. If it is lower, the economic welfare in monopoly will be much more that it is in perfect competition. Because the monopolist in this stage has lower cost thus they charge lower price and produce larger quantity.

In order to gain more profit, monopolists practices price discrimination. It is defined as charging different prices of a same product to different consumers on the basis of non-cost-related characteristics of the consumers.

Examples of price discrimination

Movie prices (for students and seniors)

Airline prices (for business and personal)

Grocery coupons (¡®smart¡¯ versus casual shoppers)

In general, the most important factor for price discrimination is distinguishing different elasticties, to isolate people who are more or less sensitive to price. People with more elastic demand will tend to be charged a lower price; people with more demand will tend to be charged a higher price.

Price discrimination has two main effects. Firstly, it tends to transfer wealth from consumers to producers. Second, it tends to decrease deadweight loss for both consumers and producers.

Now look at figure 4.

MC

CS

DWL

PH

PM

PL

PS

D

QH QM QL

The area between PH and PM and to the left of QH is transferred from the CS to the PS, from consumers who have bought at the single-price monopoly price PM and now buy at the higher price PH. On the other hand, the triangle between PM and PL, between QM and QL, and below the demand curve, is an additional to CS that could have been deadweight loss under a single-price monopoly (because they would not have bought the good at all). The PS is everything left between the demand curve and MC that is not shaded in as CS or DWL.

So consumers as a whole may or may not benefit from price discrimination; it depends on which consumers one has in mind, and how the firm discriminates. As I mentioned before, the DWL is very important. To the extent that price discrimination reduces the size of DWL, it is more efficient.

Furthermore, if a firm can charge a different price for each consumer, with the exactly equal to the maximum price the consumer will pay, then perfect price discrimination occurs. There is no DWL under perfect price discrimination.

Obviously, the output of a multi-price monopoly will be higher than with a non-price discriminating monopoly. The deadweight loss is eliminated. Thus the economic welfare has been increased. Moreover, the increased output may lead to economies of scale and increased productive efficiency. On the other hand, the firm may use the profits from one market segment to allow low predatory prices in another. In the long run this increases monopoly power and prices are likely to rise.

(Adapt from ¡®Introductory Economics¡¯)

In conclusion, the ideal economic welfare can be gained in perfect competitive market. Firms in this market structure produce the largest quantity and sell their products at the lowest market prices. They produce goods and allocate resources efficiently. Monopolists, on the other hand, produce in a limited output in order that they can keep the market price high. This causes a deadweight welfare loss and reduces the economic welfare. However, there are some arguments for monopoly as well. They claim that monopolist may have access to economies of scale and have lower cost in production. So the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus may be higher than in the perfect competition at this time. The problem is controversial and it is hard to get an answer. Anyway, if the monopoly practices price discrimination, they can make more profit. Moreover, economic welfare will increase owing to the reduce of deadweight welfare loss in this way.

References

DAVIS B., HARRISON B., SMITH C. (1) Introductory Economics London; The Macmillan Press LTD.

MANKIW N. G. (18) Principle of Economics U.S.A. The Dryden Pres

MAUNDER P., MILLER R.L., MYERS D., AND WALL N. (187)

Economics Explained London Collins Educational Company.

SLOMAN J. (18) Essentials of Economics Essex; Pearson Education Limited

www.oberlin.edu

www.debunking-economics.com/

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Strand at Lough Beg. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Strand at Lough Beg paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Strand at Lough Beg, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Strand at Lough Beg paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! The Part of this poem that is to be looked at first is imagery in the title of the poem. Shamus Heaney starts us off by giving us this picture of the Strand at Lough Beg, which is the shore of a lake. Already the reader is given the starting point of this story; the Kind of person that Colum McCartney is. Shamus Heaney begins the poem with an image of isolation, confusion, and the loss of safety. Heaney describes what happen the night that his cousin was killed Leaving the white glow of the filling stations. And a few lonely street lamps among the fields. You climbed the hills towards Newtownhamilton Past the Fews Forest. Out beneath the stars- (lines 1-4). The first few lines describe how his cousin started out in the glow of the gas station where he was, and him driving off to an open area in a town with the stars above him. The light here represented safety. Colum has started off in a situation where he was very close to this light where there was, most likely, a store and other people. After he is done at the gas station he then drives away. Heaney gives us the image of the lampposts passing by as he drove. This shows how the light was now outside of where he was but it was still with him. Finally he drives up to Newtownhamilton, passing some forests on the way and place where the only light that he is exposed to is the stars that are shining down at him from the sky. This now represents how the imminent safety that he had at the public gas station was now gone and he was isolated, in these hills only lit by stars. The safety in the light is now, far way leaving him exposed to anything "outside".

The image of the first few lines is of Colum now isolated, surrounded by silence, and open to the dangers they may be lurking. The succeeding lines are expressed through historical imagery. Along that road, a high, bare pilgrim's track Where Sweeney fled before the bloodied heads. Goat beards and dogs eyes in a demon pack Blazing out of the ground snapping and squealing. (Lines 5-8) In these few lines we are given this image of his cousin now driving down an isolated road. Heaney then bestows us with the gruesome image of these bloodied heads and animals referring to the story of Sweeney. This new character that Heaney intimated us to, Sweeney, is an Irish king (around 1000AD) who was titled as a madman for savagely killing a saint. The incentive behind the use of Sweeney was to give the reader the idea that this road is dangerous of that something bad is going to happen. Even though the image of "Goat beards and dogs eyes in a demon pack / Blazing out of the ground snapping and Squealing" is quite appalling and startling, Heaney adds this in order to give the reader a feeling of the unreal, world and that what is happening, really shouldn't be. "Blazing out of the ground snapping and squealing" represents how he thought the killers had approached his cousin in a surprise and unexpected mode. There is a sense of his whole world being intruded upon. It is now, in the middle of the first stanza, which we know that Shamus Heaney, himself, is not sure of what really happened that night. This is evident by the way he questions what he says is happening. What blazed ahead of you? A faked roadblock? The red lamp swung, the sudden brakes and stalling Engine, voices, heads hooded and the cold nosed gun? Or in your driving mirror tailing headlights that pulled out suddenly and flagged you down where you weren't known and far from what you knew.

The lowland clays and waters of Lough Beg. Church Island's spire its soft treeline of yew [Lines -16] Here he uses present imagery to describe what happened, and to make it seem more possible. Again, I think, he uses analogies to light to represent the level of safety around his cousin while this was going on. In line ten, he applies the image of a "red lamp" swinging. In the beginning of the poem we had the image of a white light in our minds, which represented goodness, and purity, but now we have a drastic transition to a red light, which gives us more of a sharp and "warning" sense around him. From these lines we also, now, get the audio connection of what is happening. In line ten and eleven all what he describes is through what Colum must of heard when he made that abrupt stop. This effect makes it even more horrifying because his Colum could probably sense what was going on and that he was in trouble. The description of the cold nose gun moreover makes it seem even more a brutal crime because it makes the killing seem more planned because the gun had still not been fired, as if the gun itself was waiting for him to come. In these lines we are taken back to the feeling of safety when Heaney says how Colum wasn't in familiar territory he was in hostile, protestant territory instead of Catholic. In referring to Lough Beg it implies that Colum's land was peaceful and that there wasn't any feeling of insecurity when you were there. In addition, he mentions that there is a Church near Lough Beg, giving the reader the sense that Lough Beg was a place to be considered close to sanctuary.

The poem takes a turn in the third stanza, and Heaney talks about the way that his cousin lived. Importantly, he also describes his cousin's nature and outlook on what was going on between the Protestants and Catholics. There you use to hear guns fired behind the house Long before rising time, when duck shooters Haunted the marigolds and bulrushes, But still were Scared to find spent cartridges, Acrid, brassy, genital, ejected, On your way across the strand to fetch the cows [Lines 17-] In these lines Heaney describes he lands that Colum lived on and the way he was effected by little things. For example, the fact that the firing of duck shooters scared him as a grown war reflected either how bad the war was (that every loud nose disturbed him and just reminded him of what was going on) or that he was so innocuous, like a child, that he couldn't make sense of what was happening around him. In this case, the reason behind his fear is combination of both these possibilities. I think that when Colum sees these cartridges of bullets he was get reminded of what was happening around him and showed that he feared war he was anti-war. For you and yours and yours and mine fought shy, Spoke an old language of conspirators and could not crack the whip or seize the day Big voiced scullions, herders, feelers round Haycocks and hindquarters, talkers in byres. Slow arbitrators of the burial ground. These few lines support the idea of him being innocent because he was a shy and timid person, not aggressive. He lived on a farm and was simple, he was not like the rest of the people who were always stressed about the problems they may have had; he was more laid back and satisfied. This stanza was to show how Colum McCartney didn't fit into the war picture and gave more reason towards how unnecessary his death was because he was neutral and wanted nothing to do with that war scene.

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In the third, and last stanza of the poem Shamus Heaney now brings into the poem, his own imagination and thoughts. He tells us the way he believes a person should be buried and what the experience of his cousin's death was like for him. "Across that strand of yours the cattle graze Up to their bellies in an early mist And now they turn their unbewildered gaze To where we work our way through speaking sedge The beginning of the third stanza suggests that it might be a continuation of the second because it describes, still, the environment that Colum lived in. I think that it was important that Heaney uses the farm animal the cow, in this poem. Out of all farm animals, cows would be most like the character of Colum. Cows are quiet and don't do anything to anyone, yet they are eventually killed for no good reason just how Colum McCartney was killed. Furthermore, the cows show how even they sense that the environment is not safe and that there is something wrong they know what is happening. The image of the mist is almost used as a way of transitioning from the environment of Colum, into the thoughts of Heaney. "Drowning in dew. Like a dull blade with its edge Honed bright. Lough Beg half-shines under the haze." I turn because the sweeping of your feet Has stopped behind me, to find you on your knees With blood and roadside muck in your hair and eyes, Then kneel in front of you in brimming grass In these lines Shamus Heaney discusses how he feels his relation ship with Colum was, and how it abruptly terminated. It is important that Heaney portrays the image of him and his cousin walking by the lake, to the viewer, in order to express how they had a good relationship because the lake represents safety ["Honed bright."] and positive feelings. Then he goes on to talk about this abrupt termination of his relationship by saying "because the sweeping of your feet / Has stopped behind me." Even though, in his description on how he believed things should have been, he describes Colum as bloody and dying at his knees, perhaps praying he wont die, this exhibits how drastically Heaney wished he could have at least seen his cousin before he died. On account of his cousin being killed in the middle of hostile territory, the chances were that Shamus Heaney never recovered Colum McCartney's body. And gather up cold handfuls of the dew to wash you. Cousin. I dab you clean with moss Fine as the drizzle out of a low cloud. I lift you under the arms and lay you flat. With rushes that shoot green again. I plait Green scapulars to wear over your shroud. [Lines -44] In these six lines Heaney describes the way Colum should of been buried. The way Heaney describes this cleansing of the body and clothing it was depicted in a very ritualistic and loving way. It showed how important it was to Heaney that his cousin was buried correctly and humanely. Shamus Heaney's The Strand at Lough Beg describes Colum McCartney's death in three different ways The way he might have died, why he shouldn't have died, and the way he should have been put to rest. It is important to notice how Heaney doesn't mention, once, any vindictive hatred towards the killers but instead focuses on love and an undying respect for the dead. The poem starts out with a tempestuous seen, that connects to all the readers senses and introduces us to the scene of his death. However, the poem develops into a loving and heartbreaking eulogy to Colum McCartney, through Heaney's expression of light, mystery, change, and way of living.

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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Great West and the Agricultural Revolt. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Great West and the Agricultural Revolt paper right on time.

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Chapter 7

The Great West and the Agricultural Revolt

Indians Embattled In the West

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Civil War crashed to a close; the frontier was still wavering westward. Great west was embracing mountains, plateaus, deserts, and plains; it was the habitat of the Indian, the buffalo, the wild horse, the prairie dog, and the coyote. The entire domain was territories � "Arizona, New Mexico, and the "Indian territory, or Oklahoma.

Native Americans had misfortune with advancing white settlers.

Spanish-introduced horse had transformed the culture of the Plain Indians, causing the tribes to become more nomadic and more warlike.

White intruders spread cholera, typhoid, and smallpox among the native peoples of the plains, with devastating results.

By hunting and grazing their own livestock the whites shrank the Great Plains bison.

Competition among Indian peoples intensified.

Warfare between Indians and whites raged in the West.

The Indian wars in the West were brutal affairs. Aggressive whites sometime shot peaceful Indians on sight. It was terrible.

Cruelty begot cruelty.

A new round of warfare began when Colonel George Armstrong Custer led a "scientific" expedition in to the Black hills of South Dakota to discover gold.

Colonel Custer's Seventh Cavalry set out to suppress the Indians and force them into the reservation.

Little Big Horn River in present-day Montana

Indians defeated Custer and they themselves were relentlessly crushed.

Chief Joseph � Indian Chief

The Fierce Apache tribes of Arizona were the most difficult to subdue. Led by Geronimo � eyes blazed of white hatred. The Apache became successful farmers in Oklahoma.

The fire-and-sword policy of whites shattered the spirit of Indians.

The Indians were also ravaged by the white people's diseases and liquor, to which they showed little resistance. Above all, the virtual extermination of the buffalo resulted in the near-extermination of the Plains Indians.

Bellowing Herds of Bison

Tens of millions of buffalo were in the western prairies when the white Americans arrived. Their animals were the staff of life for Native Americans. The buffaloes provided Indians with food, fuel, and clothing.

A Kansas Pacific locomotive had to wait eight hours for a herd to amble across the tracks. William "Buffalo Bill" Cody Killed a lot of the bison.

The building of the Railroads even worsened the massacre of bison.

The End of the Trail

Helen Hunt Jackson, a Massachusetts writer of children's literature, pricked the moral sense of Americans with "A Century of Dishonor" � talked about the sorry record of governmental ruthlessness and chicanery in dealing with the Indians. �

Also wrote Ramona � story of Injustice to California Indians

Christian reformers sometimes withheld food to force the Indians to give up their tribal religion and assimilate to white society.

Dawes Severalty Act - Act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, set up individual Indian family heads with free acres.

Schools were also started for the Indians

Mining From Dishpan to Ore-Breaker

The conquest of the Indians and the coming of the railroad were life-giving boons to the mining frontier

Avid "Fifty-niners" or Pike's Peakers rushed west to the Rockies

Many miners failed.

"Kings of the Comstock" They mined a lot

A lot of drinking � every third cabin was a saloon.

Theses towns began with a boom, but they ended with a whimper

Gradually the age of big business came to the mining industry.

The mining frontier was magnet like � it attracted population and wealth while advertising wonders of the Wild West.

Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive

The transcontinental railroads helped out the west greatly.

Cattle could now be shipped

Packers could ship their fresh products to the East Coast in the newly perfected refrigerator cars.

The railroad made the Long Drive, and the railroad unmade the Long Drive, primarily because the locomotives ran both ways.

Bowlegged Knights of the Saddle � with colorful trappings and cattle-lulling songs, became an authentic part of American folklore.

Many were blacks � enjoyed freedom of open range.

The Farmer's Frontier

The miners and cattlemen were from the west.

Western farmers got the Homestead Act

Homestead Act � the law provided that a settler could acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years.

Before the act, public land had been sold for revenue, now it was to be given away.

Homestead Act � was "the Backbone of democracy"

Naked fraud spawned in the Homestead Act.

Unscrupulous corporations would use "dummy" homesteaders � often immigrants bribed with cash or beer.

The railways also played a major role in the development of the agricultural West.

Geologist, John Wesley Powell � explorer of the Colorado River's Grand Canyon, He warmed that the Great American Desert had so little rainfall, thus the agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation.

The Farmers quickly went broke with a 6-year drought

Dry farming techniques were used � didn't work very well.

Barbed Wire � perfected by Joseph F. Glidden

Federally financed irrigation projects caused Great American Desert to bloom.

Great West experienced a growth in population.

The Folding Frontier

The "closing" of the Frontier inspired one of the most influential essays ever written About American History � "Frederick Jackson Turner's � The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

The frontier folded and the land that the settler's owned was their most profitable crop.

"Safety Valve" � Theory that said when hard times came, the unemployed moved west, took up farming and prospered.

The Farm Become a Factory

Now high prices persuaded farmers to concentrate on growing single "cash' crops, such as wheat or corn.

They had to buy expensive machinery to plant and to harvest their crops.

Communication by telephone from one part to another helped the farm become a factory.

Deflation Dooms the Debtor

Once farmers were chained to one-crop, they were now like the cotton growers.

They no longer were the masters of their own destines.

The price of their product was determined in a world market.

Low prices deflated currency.

Mortgages engulfed homesteads at an alarming rate.

Farm tenancy rather than farm ownership was spreading like stinkweed.

Unhappy Farmers

Mother Nature ceased smiling on agriculture. Grasshoppers ravaged prairie farms. The cotton-boll weevil was wreaking havoc.

The good earth was going sour.

A long succession of drought s seared the trans-Mississippi West.

High government tariffs poured profits into the pockets of manufacturers, while farmers were forced to sell in competitive, unprotected world markets.

Farmers still made up nearly ½ of the population.

The Farmers Take Their Stand

The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry � better known as the Grange was organized by a leading spirited person of the name Oliver H. Kelley.

Kelley's first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activates.

Grangers went into politics.

Through state legislation, they stove to regulate railway rates and the storage fees charged by railroads.

The Background of Populism

Rural discontent came from the Farmers Alliance.

Farmers came together in the Alliance to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling.

Alliance weakened itself by ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farm workers.

The People's Party � aka The Populists attracted countless recruits from the Farmers' Alliances.

The queen of the "calamity howlers" � Mary Elizabeth (Mary Yellin) Lease. She was called the "Kansas Pythoness"

She had speeches denouncing Wall Street and reportedly cried that Kansas should raise "less corn and more Hell"

The Populists chose General James B. Weaver as their presidential candidate

Coxey's Army and the Pullman Strike

The Most famous march � "General Jacob S. Coxey, a wealth Ohio quarry owner.

His platform included a demand that the government relieve unemployment.

There was a comic opera when "General" Coxey and his "lieutenants" were arrested for walking on the grass.

There were a lot of Labor Protests

Pullman Strike - lead by a lovable labor leader � Eugene V. Debs

He had helped organize the American Railway Union

The Pullman Palace Car Company was hit hard by depression and cut wages.

The workers struck � overturning Pullman Cars and Paralyzed railway traffic.

Golden McKinley and Silver Bryan

Long-standing grievances of the farmers and laborers gave ominous significance to the election of 186.

Republican Candidate � Former Congressman William McKinley of Ohio.

He sponsored to ill-starred tariff bill of 180.

McKinley was the creation of a fellow Ohioan, Marcus Alonzo Hanna.

He had the role of president � maker.

Hanna believed that a prime function of government was to aid business.

The Republican platform declared for the gold standard, even though McKinley's voting record in Congress had for silver.

Cleveland � was dubbed the "Stuffed Prophet" � he was now mare a Republican than a Democrat on the Silver issue.

Democratic Candidate � William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska

He spoke the "Cross of Gold" speech

His platform declared for the unlimited coinage of silver.

Democratic "Gold bugs" � were unable to swallow Bryan.

The Democratic minority hoped for a lost-cause ticket � a McKinley Victory

Populist feared a hard � money McKinley victory � endorsed Bryan for pres.

They became the "Demo-Pop"

Class Conflict Plow Holders Versus Bondholders.

Bryan swept many of the states with his speeches. He even invade the East � "the Enemy's country"

Hanna � used a "Campaign of Education" (Propaganda) to win the election.

Hanna's campaign methods paid off

The Free-silver election of 186 was most significant since Lincoln's victories.

The Bryan�McKinley battle heralded the advent of a new era in American Politics

Republican Standpattism Enthroned

As soon as McKinley took office, the tariff issue, which had played second fiddle to silver in the "battle of 6" quickly forced itself to the fore.

The Gold Standard Act of 100 provided that paper currency was to be freely redeemed in gold.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on regulation of financial services in ireland. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality regulation of financial services in ireland paper right on time.

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Primary and subsidiary legislation affecting financial services

Central Bank Act 14 to 18 Outlines powers and responsibilities of the Central Bank of Ireland.

Insurance Act 18 Gives power to the Department of Employment, Trade and Enterprise for its supervisory role.

Pensions Act, 10 Defines powers and responsibilities of the Pensions Board.

Main supervisory authorities in the financial services sector, their roles and objectives

Ireland has a number of supervisory authorities in the financial services area. The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) looks after the banking sector, the insurance supervisor is the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (DETE), and superannuation (known as pension) funds are regulated by the Pensions Board.

The CBI is a member of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). All the central banks in this group have the same supervisory objectives. The bank's primary duty is maintenance of price stability. In terms of financial sector companies, the CBI is charged with the supervision of "credit institutions' in Ireland. Credit institutions are defined as "an undertaking whose business is to receive deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits for its own account. ' This definition includes licensed banks and building societies but excludes credit unions and friendly societies.

Insurance is looked after by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment. The DETE is a government department whose mission is "To promote the sustainable development of a modern competitive enterprise economy based on quality employment, social inclusion and enhanced working and living standards. ' The DETE is involved in improving and monitoring labour force development; enterprise competitiveness; employment rights and industrial relations; enterprise, science and technology policy; corporate services and economic policy; trade, competition and market rights; and Insurance and company law. With relation to insurance, the department has powers to request information from companies at any time and to act according to the nature of this information. The department also has an obligation to ensure continuing compliance with regulatory requirements.

The Pensions Board regulates occupational pension schemes and Personal Retirement Savings Accounts, as well as supervising the operation of the Pensions Act. The Pensions Board also advises the Minster for Social and Family affairs on pension matters. The Pensions Board aims to promote security and protection in occupational pension schemes, development of an efficient national pension structure, and to increase participation in pensions to such a level that all members of the community can benefit. The Pensions Board is also an important source of information for anyone interested in pension schemes in Ireland.

Prudential requirements in financial services

Banking Sector

The CBI has set out minimum capital requirements to ensure the banking sector has adequate capital resources. It requires the capital to risk weighted assets ratio for credit institutions to be 8 percent. These standards comply with those put forward by the ESCB. Because of the relatively small size of the Irish banking sector, the CBI determines the appropriate capital ratios for credit institutions on an individual basis. Those set out in the standard are simply absolute minimums. The amount of funds (assets) required for each credit institution is determined as the sum of

a) the bank book risk weighted assets multiplied by the solvency ratio applicable to that institution; and

b) the trading book notional risk weighted assets multiplied by the trading book capital ratio for that institution.

Where the trading and banking book risk weighted assets are calculated based on position risk, settlement and counterparty risk, foreign exchange risk and large exposures risk. The ratios differ from institution to institution, and are determined by the CBI.

Life and General Insurance sectors

In Ireland, General insurance is referred to as "non life' insurance, and has basically the same legislated requirements in terms of solvency and calculation of liabilities as life insurance. The primary prudential requirement in the insurance industry is the existence of the "Appointed Actuary'. All licensed insurers in Ireland must have an "Appointed Actuary', who reports to the regulator and company on the financial position of the company on a yearly basis. This annual actuarial review is carried out to ensure that the company has sufficient reserves and premium levels to meet all future liabilities. The actuary also has legislated whistle blowing duties. If, in the opinion of the actuary, the financial position of the company is at risk, he or she must inform the regulator as soon as practicable. Comprehensive rules regarding investment limits, matching by currency and valuation of investments covering technical provisions exist. Technical reserves are calculated with implicit safety margins (through the assumptions).

Superannuation / Pensions

Defined benefit pension schemes require an actuary to determine the level of liabilities, since these liabilities are contingent on uncertain future events (death, retirement, ill health etc). These liabilities, together with recommendations for future contribution rates are determined by an actuarial valuation. These valuations must be carried out at least every three and a half years. In addition to this, every three and a half years each defined benefit scheme must submit an actuarial funding certificate. This certificate sets out the actuary's beliefs regarding the schemes ability cover all of its liabilities and expenses if it were to be wound up on that date. Again, as with Insurance, the actuary has important whistle-blowing duties in the superannuation sector. These are discussed later.

Procedures available to supervisory authorities for dealing with financial institutions in distress

Banks

There are a number of things the CBI can do if it is unhappy with the operation of a credit institution, or believes it to be in distress. The CBI can impose conditions on the bank's license; revoke the bank's license; issue directions on what the bank must do; tell the bank to stop taking deposits from the public; petition to the High Court to have the bank wound up; petition to appoint an examiner; seek (through courts) to prohibit the bank from practicing in a way which contravenes the CBI legislation; and prosecute for certain offences.

Insurance

The DETE has a number of avenues of "attack' if it believes an insurance company is unlikely to be able to meet its future liabilities, insufficient solvency, has failed to comply with the Insurance Acts, has inadequate reinsurance arrangements, defaults on the initial approval conditions (including forecasts), does not in some way meet one or more legislated standards. Actions available include directing the company to refrain from taking on new business for some or all types of contracts; limit premium income; refrain from certain types of investment; realize certain assets within a defined period; and / or retain sufficient assets in Ireland to cover technical reserves.

Pension Funds

A pension fund is in trouble if it has insufficient assets to cover all liabilities and expenses of an immediate wind up. Whether or not a pension scheme has adequate funding is determined at least every three and a half years, when an actuary prepares a funding certificate for the scheme. If the funding certificate certifies that the fund does not satisfy the funding requirements, the Trustees must have a "Funding Proposal' prepared to be submitted to the Pensions Board with the funding certificate. The funding proposal sets out a plan for future contributions to the plan such that, in the actuary's opinion, the scheme could be "reasonably expected' to satisfy the funding standard as at the effective date of the next actuarial funding certificate.

The role of actuaries

Actuaries in Ireland have statutory roles in life insurance, general insurance and pensions.

In Ireland, every insurance company (both life and non-life) must have an "Appointed Actuary', who is required to conduct annual investigations into the financial condition of the company and report this information to the company's directors and the regulator.

The Appointed Actuary must sign off on the company's technical reserves and advise on the solvency of the company. The Appointed actuary must also look at current premiums being charged, and comment as to whether or not these premiums and the company's assets will be likely to be sufficient to cover future liabilities that will arise from writing new business and establish sufficient reserves to ensure the continuity of the company.

The relevant legislation sets out a framework outlining the conduct of annual actuarial valuations, which is based on the European Union life assurance directives. However, there are no specific provisions given on how the actuary should determine premium rates, policy conditions and reserving standards. The reason for this is the belief that the Appointed Actuary is a professional who will apply good judgment, and follow professional standards in order to maintain a strong financial position for the company. This allows companies considerable freedom in policy design. For this reason, it would be fair to say that the actuarial profession has contributed to the continued growth of new products in the Irish industry.

Defined benefit Superannuation or pension schemes in Ireland are heavily dependant on actuarial involvement in the calculation of solvency levels, contribution rates, restructuring, and many other forms of advice. Statutory actuarial work involves regular actuarial valuations; actuarial funding certificates; funding proposals; reporting to the pensions board; calculations and disclosure under Family Law Acts; and calculation of individual transfer values.

Central Bank of Ireland www.cbi.ie

- Implementation of EU directive on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions

- Saving and Investing � Your rights (brochure)

Society of Actuaries, Ireland www.actuaries-soc.ie

- Guidance notes

- "The Role of the Appointed Actuary in Ireland'

- "The Role of the Pension scheme Actuary'

Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment www.entemp.ie

Government of Ireland www.gov.ie

Irish Pension Board www.pensionboard.ie

International Monetary Fund www.imf.org

- Report on observance of standards and codes

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If you order your essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Irish revolution/uprising - Easter 1916. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Irish revolution/uprising - Easter 1916 paper right on time.

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The Easter 116 Irish revolution

An important and bloody piece in the history of Irish and their struggle for a republic was the Easter revolution of 116, which was led by a group of Irish revolutionaries which were determined to release Northern Ireland from British colonial rule and end the conflict between these two enemies.

Background to the revolution

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Before the story of the revolution is told, it is important to give a background to the conflict in Ireland and the events leading up to the Easter 116 revolution.

The history of the conflict goes back to 116, nearly 750 years before the Easter 116 revolution, when English troops landed in Northern Ireland, over the next half millennium the English attempted to colonise the island, this often sparked rebellions by the Irish.

During the 16th century, the English gradually expanded the reach over the island, also during this time, the Protestant English, incited religious persecution over the Catholic Irish. The Irish Catholics suffered greatly during this period of British rule.

Over the next few centuries tensions between the English an Irish grew to breaking point.

In 1800, an act of parliament was passed which joined England and Ireland as one. During the 1th and 0th century, groups of opponents to British rule began to spring up. These groups brought about several uprisings. They also pushed for the implementation of Home rule, an act enabling Ireland to govern its domestic affairs, which was rejected many times in British parliament.

Planning for the revolution

Plans for the Easter 116 revolution began after the breakout of the World War One when the supreme council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood called together leaders of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen army. The supreme council proposed an uprising in Dublin to take advantage of the war between Britain and Germany and to obtain Artillery and ammunition from the Germans through Roger Casement, who had contacts with the German Embassy in New York. All parties agreed to the plan, except for Eoin Macneill, a leader of the Irish volunteers who strongly opposed the uprising on grounds of principle. It was decided in secret that the plans for the uprising would go ahead without the knowledge of Eoin Macneill.

In January 116, the supreme council set a date for the uprising of rd of April 116, but complications arose such as British Intelligence intercepting messages between the rebels and the German Embassy in New York regarding a shipment of Arms and ammunition bound for the rebels. This caused the German cargo ship, Aud, carrying the Artillery and ammunition, to be captured by the British navy off the coast of Ireland. Full knowledge of this sensitive information was not passed onto Dublin authorities. Leaving the authorities unaware of any such uprising.

The Revolution begins

In spite of the setbacks to the uprising, the Easter 116 revolution

began shortly after midday on Monday 4th of April 116, in Dublin, when 00 members of the Irish citizen army and 1500 members of the Irish volunteers met at Liberty Hall, Dublin, to begin an uprising against British power. At 1.04pm, 150 rebels walked down Sackville Street towards their main target, Dublins General Post Office. From here, seven of the rebels proclaimed an Irish republic and the creation of a provisional government with Patrick Pearse as president. Other rebels controlled several other significant buildings in the city centre and in greater Dublin.

On Tuesday 5th the rebels provisional government proclaimed Martial Law throughout Ireland, an additional 500 rebels came to Dublin to help with the uprising along with heavy artillery from Curragh, 56 kilometres outside Dublin.

Also on this day, the British began the task of regaining control of the city by setting up several barriers around Dublin to trap the rebels, particularly around the GPO and the countryside, so no new rebel enforcements could enter Dublin. By Tuesday evening, the rebels steadily began to retreat in the face of fierce street fighting between the rebels and the British who greatly outnumbered the rebels both in men and firepower. In the evening the city was in complete chaos, with many homes and business were destroyed by fire, the British unsure of who was a rebel or not, fired indiscriminately at any male civilian within their rights.

By Wednesday 6th, the tides began to turn greatly against the rebels. A gunboat called Helga, made its way down the River Liffey, destroying many rebel positions such as Liberty Hall and Bolands Mill. By late afternoon on Wednesday, the British infantry and artillery regiments continued street fighting, the rebels began to crumble, by the evening, one group of rebels had surrendered the Mendicity institution. But several rebel groups fought on, at Mount street bridge, 1 rebels held off 400 British reinforcements, causing 00 British casualties.

Throughout the rest of the week, the Irish fought on, in spite of the rebels crumbling hold on Dublin as the British advanced closer to the rebels strongholds. The rebels situation was desperate, 10 000 more British reinforcements had arrived from London on the morning of Thursday 7th, Sackville street was on fire and was engulfing the buildings next to the GPO. By Thursday evening, the oil works opposite the GPO caught fire, the rebels had no choice but to evacuate.

On Friday 8th the British had advanced to within a few blocks

Of the GPO, the rebels were beginning to evacuate from the GPO to their new head quarters in 16 Moore Street, whilst under the constant gunfire of the British, it was during the evacuation that James Connolly was severely injured in the ankle and chest.

The End is Nigh

Saturday th of April, 40 percent of the city centre had been destroyed, the British were only a street away from their new headquarters. Patrick Pearce realised the futility of further resistance and sent a message to the British Commander, requesting a meeting to discuss the terms and conditions for a surrender, but the commander would only allow a unconditional surrender. Pearce, to weak to have any objections, handed over his sword as a formal symbol of surrender, then composed a formal surrender at army headquarters to be circulated amongst the remaining rebel outposts, most rebels surrendered, but some continued fighting until a complete surrender in the early evening.

The uprising had lasted only 6 days, caused 440 British and 75 Irish deaths and destroyed about 00 buildings in Dublin.

The Punishment is dealt

On May , the British brought the leaders of the uprising to different trials before a field court-martial. Fifteen of the leaders including Patrick Pearse and James Connolly (by his hospital bedside) were sentenced to death by firing squad, except for Roger Casement, who was hanged for treason. Five of the executions took place on 10th May 116 while the other ten were executed on 1th of April 116, all executions took place at Kilmainham Jail. Four other rebels were sentenced to death but were commuted to life Imprisonment. Two of the rebel leaders were given amnesty one year later.

The Aftermath

A dramatic increase in support for an Irish republic grew after the 116 Easter uprising, in 118, the Sinn Fein, an extremist political party, won 76 of the 106 seats allotted to Ireland in British party.

In 11, the Sinn Fein party established a separate parliament in Dublin called the Dail Eireann, which was Gaelic for Assembly of Ireland. The newly formed party proclaimed Ireland as a republic, had its own constitution and leader, Eamon de Valera.

British troops were sent to Dublin to suppress the group, this cause a three-year Irish revolution, which involved much Guerilla warfare in the streets of Dublin. The revolution ended in late 11 when the British government offered to instate the Ireland Act of 11, which allowed to states too be created, Ireland and Northern Ireland (Ulster), each run by its own government under the loose control of Britain.

In late 1, the Anglo-Irish treaty was bought before the Dail, who held there parliament in Dublin, if the treaty were to get the vote in the Dail, Ireland (which did not include Northern Ireland) would become a dominion of the United Kingdom Known as the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State would be self-governing but would still acknowledge allegiance to Britain. The treaty narrowly passed in the Dail. De Valera resigned as president weeks before the vote, rather than take the oath of allegiance to Britian.

In 17, De Valera formed the Fianna Fail, which was Gaelic for Soldiers of destiny. The Fianna Fail won the election of 1, which made De Valera Leader of the Irish Free State. In 17, De Valera pushed through a new constitution and changed the countries name to Eire.

On Easter Monday, April 18, 14, by the terms of the New Ireland Act of 14,the Eire became a republic, free of the British, although Northern Ireland was to remain part of the United Kingdom.

Throughout the next 50 years, Northern Ireland would see riots and violence would continue between Catholics and Protestants due to discrimination and hatred. Violence would also break out between Irish extremists and British troops.

Throughout the 160s Catholics held many civil rights marches due to discrimination from the government over the welfare plan. During the 180s Hunger strikes were held due to the treatment of the Irish by the British.

Currently Northern Ireland is still under the control of Britain.

You cannot conquer Ireland. You cannot extinguish the Irish passion for freedom!

-Patrick Pearse at the Field Court Martial where he was sentenced to death

, Martin Wallace, A look Home Rule, 000, available at

http//www.irelandseye.com/aarticles/history/events/dates/homerule.shtm

, M Chirside, A terrible Beauty - The Plans, 18, available at

http//www.geocities.com/Broadway/Alley/544/erplan.htm

, BBC history online, Sir Roger Casement and the German connection, 000

available at

http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/easterrising/insurrection/in0.shtml

, Challenge, Change and Continuity, Events of the Easter Rebellion of 116, Pages -, Jacaranda publishing, Australia, 000.

, Damian Luby, Ireland on the Net - The Liberation of Ireland - The 116 Easter Rising, 1. Available at

http//www.iol.ie/~dluby/history.htm

, Eric Black, World in conflict - A troubled land, Northern Ireland, Lerner Publications, London, 18.

Freedom, Sinn Fein Education program, Sinn Fein publications, Dublin, May 11.

Available at

http//sinnfein.ie/documents/freedom.html

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on 4 Ways to Improve Health. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality 4 Ways to Improve Health paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in 4 Ways to Improve Health, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your 4 Ways to Improve Health paper at affordable prices with custom essay service! In Hey Men, Get Healthy! by Holly McCord, RD (McCord holds a bachelors degree in journalism from Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill. and a masters degree in nutrition from Immaculata College. She completed her dietetic training at Bryn Mawr Hospital in Bryn Mawr, Penn. ) and Gloria McVeigh (Assistant Nutrition Editor) authors of such other articles as "Way Beyond Low Fat" and "Fast Tips for Savvy Eaters", the authors challenge Men to improve their diet and lifestyle to prolong their life as well as well as maintain health. Men were "significantly less likely than women to believe that widely recommended changes in diet and lifestyle could actually reduce their risk of disease"(McCord and McVeigh, par.1). Therefore these two ladies set it upon themselves to attempt to educate men on four simple and widely recommended changes to lifestyle that could improve lifespan and reduce risk of disease. These four simple steps of reducing fat intake, eating more fiber, staying fit, and quitting smoking are outlined as important solutions to assisting maintaining a healthier lifestyle. This article is a basic guideline for Men to improve their health with easy methodology that can be substantiated with evidence from many periodicals and research literature.

The first step outlined in the article is the reduction of fat intake in the diet. In the article Dietary Fat - How Much, What Kind There is an outline that presents the results of increased dietary fat including the increase in cholesterol levels which results in atherosclerosis. McVeigh and McCord present an important point that fat in the diet especially in those men that consume 40-45 percent of their diet in fat are highly susceptible to being overweight, developing cancer, and heart disease. In an article entitled 5 WAYS TO FIGHT FIVE BIG HEALTH RISKS the authors concur that the reduction of fat can reduce the risk of Problem Skin, Diabetes, and Cancer. Evidence that eating less Fat can reduce the risk of Heart Disease was found in the article TAKING FOOD TO HEART-six ways to keep your heart healthy that states

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We also know that a balance of fats in our diet is whats important, including monounsaturated (like olive oil and nuts) and polyunsaturated (like marine and flax oils) varieties. In fact, by eliminating traditional stick margarine, reducing our consumption of fat-laden fast food and foods labeled with "partially hydrogenated" oils, and by increasing our intake of the good fats (like olive, DHA [marine] and flax oils), well be on our way to a heart-healthy diet.

Help with essay on 4 Ways to Improve Health

These articles all correspond with the McCord's and McVeigh's findings of the importance of reduction of fat in improving health and longevity.

The second step stated to improve health is the eating of fiber and it is written in the article that

Since the early 80s a great deal of data has emerged extolling the benefits of a high fiber diet. A Japanese study indicated that eating green and yellow vegetables to be protective against prostate cancer. The Japanese men in the study ate over 50 percent more of these veggies than American men. The researchers made the conjecture the difference in the occurrence of this type of cancer between the two countries may be attributable the difference in green and yellow vegetable intake. These vegetables provide the body with lots of beta carotene.

The high Fiber diet was found to reduce risks of cancer keep the patient regular. In the Articles THE LOWDOWN ON FIBER and Fiber To The Rescue states that increasing fiber in the diet would result in reduction of the absorption of fat. The article Fiber To The Rescue states that "Scientists at the Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center found that if you up the fiber in your meals to the recommended 0 to 0 grams a day without adding calories, youll absorb less fat." This is important to show that fiber has benefits such as the reduction of heart disease by reduction of fat intake in the average male. The Lowdown On Fiber is also important in presenting the benefits of fiber stating

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that "when fiber absorbs water and swells up in the intestines people feel satisfied with fewer calories. Other health bonuses from dietary fiber are a steady blood sugar level, cholesterol regulation and better bowel elimination". Research also shows that the high fiber in the diet can reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer as is shown by research

Dr. Denis Burkitt, a British surgeon who spent 0 years in Africa, is the pioneer of fiber research. While in Uganda, he observed that heart disease and cancer are virtually nonexistent among rural Africans. Those who ate a coarse and fiber-full diet did not suffer, as do Americans, the diseases of constipation, hiatal hernia and varicose veins. The Africans average a total of 5 grams of fiber per day and with this increased bulk their stools have a shorter bowel transit time, approximately 0 hours, instead of the 70 hours or more for the average American. A shorter transit time, as previously explained, means less time for bile wastes to decompose into toxic substances. Bacterial putrefaction is also minimized.

In the article Eleven Healing Foods there is further proof that fiber has healing properties. It states that of these eleven foods six were chosen for their high content in fiber and states that it helps the body rid itself of cholesterol and lowers the risk of heart disease. Overall it is possible to surmise that the evidence and data presented in the article stating that fiber is important to a healthy life.

The next important step presented in improving health is the maintenance of fitness through exercise. The article states that

Regular exercise can fight against heart disease, high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, overweight, stress, osteoporosis, constipation, and maybe cancer. The Center for Disease Control likens a totally sedentary lifestyle to the effect on heart disease risk of smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A further validation of this finding comes from a New Zealand study involving 00 men and women. Fifty-three percent of the heart attacks in the sample subjects could be attributed to a lack of exercise.

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This evidence cannot be refuted with the wide amount of medical research available. There are numerous articles available to show the benefits of exercise in lowering blood pressure by which a reduction in Hypertension is the result. In the Article 7 Perks of Exercise there are numerous mental and physical benefits to maintaining a exercise regime including the reduction of the risk of Cancer. As the article states

Sustained exercise seems to be a key to cancer prevention. According to a 17 Norwegian study of 5,000 women aged 0 to 54, a significantly smaller risk of developing breast cancer was found among women who regularly engaged in at least four hours a week of physical exercise. Colon cancer also occurs less frequently among people who exercise. Exactly how exercise lowers cancer rates is still unknown, but researchers theorize that it may boost the immune systems ability to detect and kill cancer cells

Also included in the article are benefits such as reduction of osteoporosis, strengthens muscles and bones, provides enjoyment and Any physical activity can help lower blood pressure, but we chose walking because its so easy, says Kerrie L. Moreau, PhD, research associate at the University of Colorado in Boulder. It is evident that physical activity is a key building block to health and fitness.

The final step considered necessary by McCord and McVeigh was cessation of smoking. It was the importance of reducing the hazardous effects of smoking that was the focal point of their argument. In the article The Risks Of Smoking Ellen Brown presents data to that states that "cigarette smoke is made up of over 4,000 chemicals, including 4 known to cause cancer". According to the American Cancer Society, tobacco use accounts for 0 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking is responsible for 0 percent of lung cancers in men and more then 70 percent in women. These statistics alone show that quitting smoking is important in reduction of life threatening cancer. In the article Are Some Risks of Smoking More Potent than Others? it is stated that the primary cause of death among smokers was not lung cancer but heart disease because "smoking is a significant cause of the clogging of cardiac blood vessels". It can be concluded that not only is there evidence to be in agreement with McCord and McVeigh's stipulation that smoking is a primary health concern but it is especially a threat for Men causing 0 percent of deaths due to lung cancer.

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In conclusion McVeigh and McCord have presented in their article Hey Men, Get Healthy! many important and viable methods for Men to improve their health. Their arguments were basic and considered fundamental in the area of health and evidence gathered did not refute their arguments. Their four steps to better health of reducing fat intake, eating more fiber, staying fit, and quitting smoking are vital and simple solutions to reduce the risk of such problems as hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. Their research in improving longevity for men can be backed up by various scientific studies and articles. It is in my opinion that this is a good article to read for men to improve quality of life for years to come.

1. Doherty, B. Harrar, S. (00). Walk This Way to Beat High Blood Pressure. Prevention, May00, Vol. 54 Issue 5, p4, p, 1c

. Brown, E (1) The Risks Of Smoking. FDA Consumer, May/Jun, Vol. Issue , p, 1p

. Whelan, E. M. (1) Are Some Risks of Smoking More Potent than Others? Priorities for Health, Sep, Vol. 11 Issue , p16, 1p

4. Dietary Fat - How Much, What Kind? Health & Stress, 1 Issue 8, p, 4p

5. Marandino, C. Eleven Healing Foods. Vegetarian Times, Jun00, Issue 8, p56, 6p

6. Butterer, K. Fiber To The Rescue. Health, Sep7, Vol. 11 Issue 6, p8, 1/6p

7. Gittleman, A. L. The Lowdown On Fiber. Total Health, Nov/Dec7, Vol. 1 Issue 5, p1, p, 1 chart, 1c

8. Mendola, K. F. Health Maintenance Kit Stay Fit on the Road. Yoga Journal, Apr Issue 145, p81, 1p

. Swann, L. 5 Ways to Fight Five Big Health Risks, Heart & Soul, Sep/Oct8 Issue , p10, p

10. Study Majority of Middle-Aged Americans at Risk of Developing Hypertension. FDA Consumer, May/Jun00, Vol. 6 Issue , p7, 1p, 1bw

11. Study finds DASH Diet, Reduced Sodium Lower Blood Pressure in All FDA Consumer, Mar/Apr00, Vol. 6 Issue , p7, /p

1. Keville, K. Taking Food To Heart. Better Nutrition, Sep001, Vol. 6 Issue , p54, 4p

1. Sandroff, R. 7 Perks of Exercise. Vegetarian Times, Mar Issue 5, p5,

Please note that this sample paper on 4 Ways to Improve Health is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on 4 Ways to Improve Health, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on 4 Ways to Improve Health will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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